1.THE ORACLES -DEVI WAGHDARE FATEMA HUSAIN SAILEE GURAV SNEHA SAMALA

2. Receptors-INTRODUCTION Receptor is a molecule found on the surface ofa cell, which receives specific chemical signals from neighboring cells. A molecule which binds to a receptor is called a ligand or other small molecule, such as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, a pharmaceutical drug, or a toxin. Each kind of receptor can bind only certain ligand shapes. 3. Olfactory receptors Olfactory receptors are responsible for the detectionof odor molecules. Olfactory receptors are type of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In humans, but not in mice or dogs, the majority of OR genes have become pseudogenes, suggesting that OR genes in humans evolved than in other mammals. To explore this further ,we compare OR gene of humans with the genome of closest evolutionary relative chimpanzee. 4. Classification Based on protein sequence similarity, mammalian OR genesare divided into two classes, 17 families and 250 subfamilies . When human or gene formed analysis was done bysearching the human genome database, we identified 339 intact OR genes and 297 OR pseudogenes.Location Olfactory epithelium is present at at the top of the nasalcavity. Each olfactory neuron in the epithelium has at least 10 hair-like cilia that protrude into a thin bath of mucus at the cell surface. Somewhere on these cilia, scientists were convinced, there must be receptor proteins that recognize and bind odorant molecules, thereby stimulating the cell to send signals to the brain.Discovery In 2004 Linda B. Buck and Richard Axelwon the 5. OR4D11 Olfactory receptor, family 4,subfamily D, member 11 [ Homosapiens ][ Pseudogene] Official Symbol-OR4D11 or OR4D11P Official Full Name-Olfactory receptor, family 4, subfamily D, member Gene type-Protein coding Organism-Homo sapiens Lineage-Eukaryota, Metazoa,Chordata, Craniata,Vertebrata,Euteleostomi,Mammalia,Eutheria,Euar chontoglires,Primates,Haplorrhini,Catarrhini,Hominidae,H omo. Olfactory receptor 4D11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the 4D11 gene. OR share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter & hormone receptors & are responsible for the recognisation & G-protein mediated transduction 6. LOCATION Chromosome: 11;Location: 11q12.1General Gene informationMarkers:OR4D11__6029 (e-PCR) Homologs of the OR4D11 gene: The OR4D11 gene is conserved in chimpanzee, dog, mouse, and rat. Pathways KEGG pathway: Olfactory transduction 7. Protein attributes Sequence length311 AA.Sequence statusComplete.Protein existence Biological process Cellular componentEvidence at transcript level. Olfaction Sensory transductionGene information FunctionOdorant receptorSubcellular locationCell membrane; Multipass membrane proteinSequence similaritiesBelongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family.Cell membrane Biological processCoding sequence diversityPolymorphismDomainTransmembrane helixMolecular functionG-protein coupled receptor TransducerPTM Technical termCellular componentResponse to stimulus Sensory perception of smell Integral to plasma membraneDisulfide bond Glycoprotein Complete proteomeMolecular functionOlfactory receptor activity 8. Comparison of Chimpanzee & Human Genome Scientists have found that humans are 96 percent similar to the great ape species. Because chimpanzees are our closest relatives, it is easy to understand human biology and evolution.The researchers have identified sequences of genetic code that differ between human and chimp. These sequences may hold good for determining what creates human-specific traits such as speech. 9. The no. of genetic differences betweenhumans and chimps is 10 times smaller than that between mice and rats. Scientists discovered that some classes ofgenes are changing quickly in both humans & chimpanzees, as compared with other mammals. These classes include genes involved in theperception of sound & transmission of nerve signals. 10. Despite the similarities in human & chimpgenomes, the scientists identified some 40 million differences among 3 billion nucleotides in each genome however only a couple thousand were significant. Human & chimp sequences differ by only1.2 % in terms of single-nucleotide changes to the genetic code. But 2.7 % of the genetic differencebetween humans and chimps genetic segments code are copied many times in the genome. 11. Mutations Humans & chimps originate from a commonancestor & scientists believe they diverged some 6 million years ago. A few important mutations are responsible forthe differences between the 2 species, according to Wen-Hsiung Li, a molecular evolutionist. Scientists agree that many questions remainunanswered but the chimp genome provides important clues to understanding what makes us human. 12. Homo sapiens olfactory receptor, family 4, subfamily D, member 11 (OR4D11), mRNA ATGGAGTTGGGAAATGTCACCAGAGTAAAAGAATTTATATTTCTGGGACTTACTCAATCCC AAGACCAGA GTTTGGTCTTGTTTCTTTTTTTATGTCTTGTGTACATGACGACTCTGCTGGGAAACCTCCT CATCATGGT CACCGTGACCTGTGAGTCTCGCCTTCACACCCCCATGTACTTCCTGCTCCGCAATCTAG CCATCCTTGAC ATCTGCTTCTCCTCCACAACTGCTCCTAAAGTCTTGCTGGACCTTCTGTCAAAGAAAAAG ACCATATCCT ATACAAGCTGCATGACACAGATATTTCTCTTCCACCTCCTTGGTGGGGCAGACATTTTTTC TCTCTCTGT GATGGCGTTTGACTGCTACATGGCCATCTCCAAGCCCCTGCACTATGTGACCATCATGAG TAGAGGGCAA TGCACTGCCCTCATCTCTGCCTCTTGGATGGGGGGCTTTGTCCACTCCATCGTGCAGAT CTCCCTGTTGC TGCCTCTCCCTTTCTGTGGACCCAATGTTCTTGACACTTTCTACTGCGATGTCCCCCAGG TCCTCAAACT CACTTGCACTGACACTTTTGCTCTTGAGTTCTTGATGATTTCCAACAATGGCCTGGTCAC TACCCTGTGG TTTATCTTCCTGCTTGTGTCCTACACAGTCATCCTAATGACGCTGAGGTCTCAGGCAGGA GGGGGCAGGA GGAAAGCCATCTCCACTTGCACCTCCCACATCACTGTGGTGACCCTGCATTTTGTGCCC TGCATCTATGT CTATGCCCGGCCCTTCACTGCCCTCCCCACAGAAAAGGCCATCTCTGTCACCTTCACTG TCATCTCCCCT CTGCTGAACCCTTTGATCTACACTCTGAGGAACCAGGAAATGAAGTCAGCCATGAGAAG ACTGAAGAGAA GACTCGTGCCTTCTGAAAGGGAATAG 13. olfactory receptor 4D11 [Homo sapiens]MELGNVTRVKEFIFLGLTQSQDQSLVLFLFLCLV YMTTLLGNLLIMVTVTCESRLHTPMYFLLRNLAI LD ICFSSTTAPKVLLDLLSKKKTISYTSCMTQIFLFH LLGGADIFSLSVMAFDCYMAISKPLHYVTIMSRG Q CTALISASWMGGFVHSIVQISLLLPLPFCGPNVL DTFYCDVPQVLKLTCTDTFALEFLMISNNGLVTT LW FIFLLVSYTVILMTLRSQAGGGRRKAISTCTSHIT VVTLHFVPCIYVYARPFTALPTEKAISVTFTVISP LLNPLIYTLRNQEMKSAMRRLKRRLVPSERE 14. PRIMER DESIGNING Using SDSC Workbench Optimal Primer Pair/Probe or4d11 RIGHT PRIMER opt PRIMER3, 20 bp >or4d11_RIGHT_PRIMER_opt CAAACGCCATCACAGAGAGA or4d11 LEFT PRIMER opt PRIMER3, 20 bp >or4d11_LEFT_PRIMER_opt GACCTGTGAGTCTCGCCTTC SEQUENCE SIZE: 936INCLUDED REGION SIZE: 936 PRODUCT SIZE: 215, PAIR ANY COMPL: 6.00, PAIR 3' COMPL: 2.00 or4d11 LEFT PRIMER 3 PRIMER3, 20 bp >or4d11_LEFT_PRIMER_3GACCTGTGAGTCTCGCCTTC or4d11 RIGHT PRIMER 3 PRIMER3, 20 bp >or4d11_RIGHT_PRIMER_3TAGCAGTCAAACGCCATCAC PRODUCT SIZE: 222, PAIR ANY COMPL: 4.00, PAIR 3' COMPL: 1.00 15. RESULTS OF BLASTN OF Homo sapiens 16. RESULTS OF NUCLEOTIDE BLAST OF Homo sapiens & Pan troglodytes 17. Blastp of Homo sapiens 18. PHYLOGENETIC TREEHomo sapiens Pan troglodytes Macaca mulatta Eqqus caballus 19. RIBBON FORMWIREFRAME 20. STICKSBACKBONE 21. SPACEFILLBALL AND STICK 22. CARTOONS STRANDS 23. MOLECULAR SURFACE 24. BIBLOGRAPHYRefrences for Literature: http://genome.cshlp.org/content/15/2/224.long-Genome http://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=OR4D11-Genecards http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8NGI4-Uniprot http://www.ebi.ac.uk/s4/summary/molecular?term=OR4D11&classification=9606&tid=nameOrgENSG0000017 6200-EMBL-EBI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=219986-NCBI http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/08/0831_050831_chimp_genes.htm l- National National geographic 25. References for BLAST,sequences,SDSC workbench,protein structures,etc. http://seqtool.sdsc.edu/CGI/BW.cgi#! http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/55636126?report=genbank&log$=nucltop&blast_rank=5&RID=ZGU8HDAG01N http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/55636127?report=fasta http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ http://www.pdb.org/pdb/home/home.do http://www.uniprot.org/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ http://highwire.stanford.edu/