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Oracle Database Administration   Memory Management 

SGA (Shared Memory)

Shared Pool  Database Buffer Cache Redo Log Buffer Large Pool  Java Pool

Library Cache  Keep   

Shared Sql Area  Cycle   PL/SQL Proc.  Default   

Locks and other     

Data Dict. Cache     

Control Struc.     

Sql Area     

PGA (Non Shared Memory)

Stack Space  Session Info Sort Area

Private SQL Area

Persistant Area  Freed only when cursor is closed

Run Time Area  For insert, update, delete statements freed after the statement has been executed. For queries freed only after all rows are fetched or the query is cancelled. 

Session Memory  In MTS this is stored in SGA.

Sql work area  Memory intensive operations.

   

SQL> show sga “sga_max_size” parameter defınes the max size of the system global area. *_area_size parameter cannot exceed this value  db_cache_size   ‐‐db_keep_cache_size , db_recycle_cache_size log_buffer    ‐‐redo log buffer shared_pool_size   large_pool_size  ‐‐parallel_automatic_tuning=TRUE (init.ora)       ‐‐effects export and import performance java_pool_size   ‐‐for java stored procedures  alter system set db_cache_advice=[ON|OFF]; select * from v$db_cache_advice; -- memory advisories select * from dba_views where view_name like '%ADVICE%' v$java_pool_advice; v$shared_pool_advice; v$sga_target_advice; v$pga_target_advice; dba_hist_java_pool_advice dba_hist_shared_pool_advice dba_hist_sga_target_advice dba_hist_pga_target_advice select name,CEIL(value/1024/1024) MB from v$parameter where name in ('db_cache_size','shared_pool_size','large_pool_size', 'java_pool_size','log_buffer');

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alter system set sga_max_size=1024M; alter system set db_cache_size=512M; alter system set shared_pool_size=256M; alter system set large_pool_size=64M; alter system set java_pool_size=64M; -- directly effects pga usage alter system set open_cursors = 50; -- automatically manage private global area for user sessions alter system set work_area_size_policy = AUTO; alter system set pga_aggregate_target = 1500M; After setting work_area_size_policy to auto all *_area_size parameters dont take effect: sort_area_size, hash_area_size, bitmap_merge_area_size, create_bitmap_area_size 

related views: v$sga v$sgastat v$pgastat  Connect as sysdba  # sqlplus /nolog SQL> connect / as sysdba # orapwd file=”filename” password=”password” entries=”user_count” SQL> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=[EXCLUSIVE|SHARED|NONE]; desc v$PWFILE_USERS; grant sysdba to <user_name>; grant sysoper to <user_name>; -- database operations with sysdba SQL> alter database <db_name> mount | open | open readonly | readwrite |

open exclusive; alter system enable restricted session; alter system kill session ‘integer1,integer2’ [IMMEDIATE];

-- int1:SID, int2:SERIAL# -- select SID, SESSION# from v$session;

shutdown abort | immediate | transactional | normal; show parameter db_cache_size; col <col_name> format a30; show parameter shared_pool_size; alter system set shared_pool_size=256M scope= spfile | memory | both; SQL> alter system enable restricted session; startup restrict; select logins from v$instance; grant restricted session to <user_name>;   Creating database from sqlplus  

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1‐ with filesystem storage SQL> create database <db_name> logfile group1(‘/$home/..’) size 100M, group2(‘/$home/../redo21.log’) size 100M maxlogfiles 5 maxlogmembers 5 maxloghistory 1 maxdatafiles 100 maxinstances 1 datafile ‘/$home/oradata/u01system01.dbf’ size 325M undo tablespace undotbs datafile ‘/$home../undotbs01.dbf’ size 200M autoextend on next 512K maxsize unlimited default temporary tablespace temp character set ‘US7ASCII’ national character set ‘AL6UTF16’ set time_zone = ‘America/Newyork’ Archivelog | NoArchivelog

2‐ with oracle managed files storage -- user should set the following parameteres db_create_file_dest --db_create_online_log_dest_n db_create_online_dest_1 db_create_online_dest_2 SQL> @cddba01.sql Create database dba01; Alter procedure <procedure name> compile; Alter package <package name> compile; Alter package <backage name> compile body;

--creates the data dictionary views @?/rdbms/admin/sql.bsq; @?/rdbms/admin/catalog.sql; @?/rdbms/admin/catproc.sql;

Control the following views after database creation v$logfile v$controlfile v$datafile v$tempfile  Control the operating system variables for memory allocation and optimization SHMMAX SHMMNI SHMSEG   control file management  -- moving control files to a new location -- moving with spfile SQL> alter system set control_files=’/$home/oradata/u01/control01.ctl’, ‘/$home/oradata/u02/control02.ctl’ scope=spfile; shutdown immediate; !cp $home/oradata/u01/control01.ctl $home/oradata/u02/control02.ctl Startup; -- moving with pfile SQL> shutdown immediate; !cp $home/oradata/u01/control01.ctl $home/oradata/u02/control02.ctl --Open the initSID.ora file and update the control_files variable Startup;

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-- backup controlfile SQL> alter database backup controlfile to ‘<backup_controlfile_name>’; alter database backup controlfile to trace; alter database backup controlfile to trace as '<os_path>'; related views: v$controlfile 

  Redo log file   SQL> Alter system set log_checkpoints_to_alert = TRUE; --each checkpoint will be recorded in the alertSID.log file alter system switch log file; alter system checkpoint; alter system set fast_start_mttr_target=600; (sec?) alter database add logfile group 3 (‘/data1/u01/redo3_1.log’,‘/data2/u01/redo3_2.log’)size = 100M; alter database add logfile member ‘...’ to group 3; alter database drop logfile group 3; alter database drop logfile member ‘...’; shutdown immediate; alter database clear logfile ‘...’; alter database clear logfile group <group#>; --recreate the damaged redo files alter database clear unarchived logfile group <group#> --force to recreate unarchived redo files !cp ; alter database rename file ‘..’ to ‘..’;

related views: v$log v$loghist v$logfile v$log_history  log miner --@?/rdbms/admin/dbmslogmnrd.sql; -- related views SELECT * FROM V$LOGMNR_DICTIONARY; SELECT * FROM V$LOGMNR_PARAMETERS; --contents of the logs SELECT * FROM V$LOGMNR_CONTENTS; --which redo logs are being analyzed in the current logminer session SELECT * FROM V$LOGMNR_LOGS; -- minimal supplemental logging ALTER DATABASE ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG DATA; ALTER DATABASE ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG DATA (PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE INDEX) COLUMNS; ALTER DATABASE DROP SUPPLEMENTAL LOG DATA; ALTER TABLE scott.emp ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG GROUP

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emp_parttime (empno, ename, deptno) ALWAYS; ALTER TABLE scott.emp ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG GROUP emp_parttime (empno, ename, deptno); ALTER TABLE scott.emp DROP SUPPLEMENTAL LOG GROUP emp_parttime; -- to create all logminer objects in to the specified tablespace EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR_D.SET_TABLESPACE('logmnrts$'); EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR_D.BUILD ('dictionary.ora', '/oracle/database/', OPTIONS => DBMS_LOGMNR_D.STORE_IN_FLAT_FILE); EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR_D.BUILD (OPTIONS=>DBMS_LOGMNR_D.STORE_IN_REDO_LOGS); EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.ADD_LOGFILE(LOGFILENAME => 'log1orc1.ora', OPTIONS => DBMS_LOGMNR.NEW); EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.ADD_LOGFILE(LOGFILENAME => 'log2orc1.ora', OPTIONS => DBMS_LOGMNR.ADDFILE); EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.ADD_LOGFILE(LOGFILENAME => 'log3orc1.ora', OPTIONS => DBMS_LOGMNR.REMOVEFILE); EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.START_LOGMNR( OPTIONS => DBMS_LOGMNR.DICT_FROM_REDO_LOGS); EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.START_LOGMNR ( OPTIONS => DBMS_LOGMNR.DICT_FROM_ONLINE_CATALOG); -- For example, to see all the DDLs executed by user SYS, you could issue the following query SELECT USERNAME, SQL_REDO FROM V$LOGMNR_CONTENTS WHERE USERNAME = 'SYS' AND OEPRATION = 'DDL'; -- filtering redo_log actions EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.START_LOGMNR( OPTIONS => DBMS_LOGMNR.COMMITTED_DATA_ONLY); EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.START_LOGMNR(OPTIONS => DBMS_LOGMNR.SKIP_CORRUPTION); EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.START_LOGMNR(DICTFILENAME => '/oracle/dictionary.ora', STARTTIME => TO_DATE('01-Jan-1998 08:30:00', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH:MI:SS'), ENDTIME => TO_DATE('01-Jan-1998 08:45:00', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH:MI:SS')); EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.START_LOGMNR(DICTFILENAME => '/oracle/dictionary.ora', STARTSCN => 100, ENDSCN => 150); EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.END_LOGMNR; -- a session example ALTER DATABASE ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG DATA; EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.ADD_LOGFILE(LOGFILENAME => 'log1orc1.ora', OPTIONS => DBMS_LOGMNR.NEW); EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.ADD_LOGFILE(LOGFILENAME => 'log2orc1.ora', OPTIONS => DBMS_LOGMNR.ADDFILE); EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.START_LOGMNR( DICTFILENAME =>'/oracle/database/dictionary.ora'); EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.START_LOGMNR(OPTIONS => DBMS_LOGMNR.DICT_FROM_ONLINE_CATALOG + DBMS_LOGMNR.COMMITTED_DATA_ONLY); EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.START_LOGMNR(OPTIONS => DBMS_LOGMNR.DICT_FROM_REDO_LOGS + DBMS_LOGMNR.COMMITTED_DATA_ONLY); EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.START_LOGMNR(DICTFILENAME => 'orcldict.ora', STARTTIME => TO_DATE('01-Jan-1998 08:30:00', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH:MI:SS'), ENDTIME => TO_DATE('01-Jan-1998 08:45:00', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH:MI:SS')); tablespaces and datafiles -- -- maximum number of datafiles can a database own. --

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select * from v$parameter where upper(name) like 'DB_FILES'; -- ************************************* -- creating a locally managed tablespace -- ************************************* create tablespace ts_data datafile 'C:\ts_data_01.dbf' size 50m autoextend on next 5m maxsize 200m | unlimited extent management local segment space management auto logging online permanent|temporary; /* extent management dictionary default storage ( initial 1m next 1m pctincrease 0 uniform size 512k); */ -- dropping a tablespace drop tablespace ts_data including contents and datafiles; -- altering tablespace alter tablespace ts_data [read only|read write]; alter tablespace ts_data [offline|online] [immediate|normal]; alter database datafile '<datafile_name>' resize 200m; alter database datafile '<datafile_name>' online | offline; --archivelog alter database datafile '<datafile_name>' offline for drop; --noarchivelog -- altering datafiles for autoextend properties ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE '/home/oracle/oradata/pq1.dbf' AUTOEXTEND OFF; ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE '/home/oracle/oradata/pq10.dbf' AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 100M MAXSIZE 20480M; alter tablespace ts_data add datafile 'C:\ts_data_02.dbf' size 200m; alter tablespace ts_data rename file 'C:\ts_data_02.dbf' to 'D:\ts_data_02.dbf'; alter tablespace ts_data drop datafile '<datafilename>'; alter tablespace ts_data coalesce; -- ***************************** -- creating temporary tablespace -- ***************************** create temporary tablespace ts_temp tempfile 'C:\ts_temp_01.dbf' size 10m extent management local; -- altering for default temporary tablespace alter database default temporary tablespace ts_temp; -- checking systems default temporary tablespace select * from database_properties; alter tablespace ts_temp add tempfile 'C:\ts_temp_02.dbf' size 100m; alter tablespace ts_temp drop tempfile '<tempfilename>'; alter database tempfile | datafile '<filename>' drop including datafiles;

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/* inittrans & maxtrans: initial and the maximum transaction that are created in an index or a data block. inittrans: default is 1 for data segment. Default is 2 for index segment. maxtrans: default 255. pctfree: default %10. pctused: default %40. */ select file_name, autoextensible from dba_data_files; -- renaming files alter tablespace user_data offline; --!copy the files as you need --dbms_file_transfer can also be used here /* dbms_file_transfer.copy_file dbms_file_transfer.put_file dbms_file_transfer.get_file */ alter database rename file 'C:\ts_data_02.dbf' to 'D:\ts_data_02.dbf'; alter tablespace ts_data rename file 'C:\ts_data_02.dbf' to 'D:\ts_data_02.dbf'; alter tablespace user_data online; dba_extents dba_segments dba_data_files dba_free_space v$tablespace dba_tablespaces v$temp_extent_map dba_users v$sort_usage --join with v$session undo management optimal undo_retention parameter = actual undo size / (db_block_size/undo_block_per_sec)

-- ********************** -- manual undo management -- ********************** create rollback segment r01 tablespace rbs; create public rollback_segment r01 tablespace rbs; alter rollback segment r01 offline; drop rollback segment r01; -- ************************* -- automatic undo management -- ************************* alter system set undo_management = auto; alter system set undo_tablespace = <ts_name>; alter system set undo_suppress_errors = true|false ; alter system set undo_guarantee = true|false ; alter system set undo_retention = 900; --seconds select name, value from v$parameter where name like 'undo_management'

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select name, value from v$parameter where name like 'undo_tablespace' select name, value from v$parameter where name like 'undo_retention' -- creating undo tablespace create undo tablespace ts_undo datafile 'C:\ts_undo_01.dbf' size 20m; alter tablespace ts_undo add datafile 'C:\ts_undo_02.dbf' size 40m; alter system set undo_tablespace = ts_undo; drop tablespace ts_undo; alter tablespace ts_undo retention guarantee; select retention, tablespace_name from dba_tablespaces; select begin_time, end_time, tuned_undoretention from v$undostat; -- calculating undo space select ceil(((UR * (UPS * DBS)) + (DBS * 24))/1024/1024) as MB from (select value as UR from v$parameter where name='undo_retention'), (select (sum(undoblks)/sum(((end_time - begin_time) * 84600))) as UPS from v$undostat), (select value as DBS from v$parameter where name = 'db_block_size'); set transaction read only; set transaction isolation level serializable; -- possible negative impact on performance -- Actual Undo Size SELECT SUM(a.bytes) "UNDO_SIZE" FROM v$datafile a, v$tablespace b, dba_tablespaces c WHERE c.contents = 'UNDO' AND c.status = 'ONLINE' AND b.name = c.tablespace_name AND a.ts# = b.ts#; -- Undo Blocks per Second SELECT MAX(undoblks/((end_time-begin_time)*3600*24)) "UNDO_BLOCK_PER_SEC" FROM v$undostat; -- DB Block Size SELECT TO_NUMBER(value) "DB_BLOCK_SIZE [KByte]" FROM v$parameter WHERE name = 'db_block_size'; -- optimal undo retention SELECT d.undo_size/(1024*1024) "ACTUAL UNDO SIZE [MByte]", SUBSTR(e.value,1,25) "UNDO RETENTION [Sec]", ROUND((d.undo_size / (to_number(f.value) * g.undo_block_per_sec))) "OPTIMAL UNDO RETENTION [Sec]" FROM ( SELECT SUM(a.bytes) undo_size FROM v$datafile a, v$tablespace b, dba_tablespaces c WHERE c.contents = 'UNDO' AND c.status = 'ONLINE' AND b.name = c.tablespace_name AND a.ts# = b.ts# ) d, v$parameter e, v$parameter f, ( SELECT MAX(undoblks/((end_time-begin_time)*3600*24)) undo_block_per_sec FROM v$undostat ) g WHERE e.name = 'undo_retention' AND f.name = 'db_block_size';

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-- optimal undo size SELECT d.undo_size/(1024*1024) "ACTUAL UNDO SIZE [MByte]", SUBSTR(e.value,1,25) "UNDO RETENTION [Sec]", (TO_NUMBER(e.value) * TO_NUMBER(f.value) * g.undo_block_per_sec) / (1024*1024) "NEEDED UNDO SIZE [MByte]" FROM ( SELECT SUM(a.bytes) undo_size FROM v$datafile a, v$tablespace b, dba_tablespaces c WHERE c.contents = 'UNDO' AND c.status = 'ONLINE' AND b.name = c.tablespace_name AND a.ts# = b.ts# ) d, v$parameter e, v$parameter f, ( SELECT MAX(undoblks/((end_time-begin_time)*3600*24)) undo_block_per_sec FROM v$undostat ) g WHERE e.name = 'undo_retention' AND f.name = 'db_block_size'; -- undo consumer sessions SELECT TO_CHAR (s.SID) || ',' || TO_CHAR (s.serial#) sid_serial, NVL (s.username, 'None') orauser, s.program, r.NAME undoseg, t.used_ublk * TO_NUMBER (x.VALUE) / 1024 || 'K' "Undo", t1.tablespace_name FROM SYS.v_$rollname r, SYS.v_$session s, SYS.v_$transaction t, SYS.v_$parameter x, dba_rollback_segs t1 WHERE s.taddr = t.addr AND r.usn = t.xidusn(+) AND x.NAME = 'db_block_size' AND t1.segment_id = r.usn AND t1.tablespace_name = 'UNDOTBS1'; -- undo advisory views select begin_time, end_time, undoblks, maxquerylen, ssolderrcnt, nospaceerrcnt from v$undostat; select begin_time, end_time, tuned_undoretention from v$undostat; related views: dba_rollback_segs dba_undo_extents v$rollname v$rollstat v$undostat dba_hist_undostat v$session v$transaction 

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Oracle Managed Files  init parameters DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST -- datafiles tempfiles DB_CREATE_ONLINE_LOG_DEST_n -- 1 <= n <= 5 -- redologs and controlfiles DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST -- archivedlogs, rman backups, flashback logs DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST_SIZE = 20G DB_UNIQUE_NAME = <db_name> <destination_location>/<db_unique_name>/<datafile>/o1_mf_%t_%u_.dbf examples  CREATE DATABASE sample; -- system and sysaux datafiles will be 100MB and autoextend on -- redo log files will be two members 100MB -- undo file will be 10M with autoextend on if undo_management=AUTO CREATE DATABASE sample DATAFILE SIZE 400M SYSAUX DATAFILE SIZE 200M DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE dflt_ts TEMPFILE SIZE 10M UNDO TABLESPACE undo_ts DATAFILE SIZE 10M; CREATE DATABASE sample DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE temp; /* * datafiles will have the specified properties * name of the datafiles will be oracle managed */ ALTER SYSTEM SET DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST = '/u01/oradata'; CREATE TABLESPACE tbs_1; CREATE TABLESPACE tbs_2 DATAFILE SIZE 400M; CREATE TABLESPACE tbs_3 DATAFILE AUTOEXTEND ON MAXSIZE 800M; CREATE TABLESPACE tbs_4 DATAFILE SIZE 200M SIZE 200M; CREATE UNDO TABLESPACE undotbs_1; ALTER TABLESPACE tbs_1 ADD DATAFILE AUTOEXTEND ON MAXSIZE 800M; CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE temptbs_1; ALTER TABLESPACE TBS_1 ADD TEMPFILE; ALTER TABLESPACE tbs_1 ADD DATAFILE; DROP TABLESPACE tbs_1; -- Creating Controlfiles -- NORESETLOGS EXAMPLE CREATE CONTROLFILE DATABASE sample LOGFILE GROUP 1 ('/u01/oradata/SAMPLE/onlinelog/o1_mf_1_o220rtt9_.log', '/u02/oradata/SAMPLE/onlinelog/o1_mf_1_v2o0b2i3_.log') SIZE 100M,

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GROUP 2 ('/u01/oradata/SAMPLE/onlinelog/o1_mf_2_p22056iw_.log', '/u02/oradata/SAMPLE/onlinelog/o1_mf_2_p02rcyg3_.log') SIZE 100M NORESETLOGS DATAFILE '/u01/oradata/SAMPLE/datafile/o1_mf_system_xu34ybm2_.dbf' SIZE 100M, '/u01/oradata/SAMPLE/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_aawbmz51_.dbf' SIZE 100M, '/u01/oradata/SAMPLE/datafile/o1_mf_sys_undotbs_apqbmz51_.dbf' SIZE 100M MAXLOGFILES 5 MAXLOGHISTORY 100 MAXDATAFILES 10 MAXINSTANCES 2 ARCHIVELOG; -- RESETLOGS EXAMPLE -- Some combination of DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST, DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST, and -- DB_CREATE_ONLINE_LOG_DEST_n or must be set. CREATE CONTROLFILE DATABASE sample RESETLOGS DATAFILE '/u01/oradata/SAMPLE/datafile/o1_mf_system_aawbmz51_.dbf', '/u01/oradata/SAMPLE/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_axybmz51_.dbf', '/u01/oradata/SAMPLE/datafile/o1_mf_sys_undotbs_azzbmz51_.dbf' SIZE 100M MAXLOGFILES 5 MAXLOGHISTORY 100 MAXDATAFILES 10 MAXINSTANCES 2 ARCHIVELOG; -- Adding Redo Logs DB_CREATE_ONLINE_LOG_DEST_1 = '/u01/oradata' DB_CREATE_ONLINE_LOG_DEST_2 = '/u02/oradata' ALTER DATABASE ADD LOGFILE; -- Creating Archived Logs Using Oracle-Managed Files DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST_SIZE = 20G DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST = '/u01/oradata' LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1 = 'LOCATION=USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST'

ASM  init parameters of ASM instance INSTANCE_TYPE -- must be ASM ASM_POWER_LIMIT -- [1-10] ASM_DISKSTRING ASM_DISKGROUPS Css should be up and running for synchronizing db instance and asm instance -- crsctl check cssd SELECT NAME,TYPE,TOTAL_MB,FREE_MB FROM V$ASM_DISKGROUP; -- insufficient number of failure groups or disks running out of disk space select redundancy_lowered from v$asm_file;

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-- free_mb – required_mirror_free_mb = 2 * usable_file_mb select required_mirror_free_mb, usable_file_mb from v$asm_diskgroup; creating diskgroup -- disk names are available in v$asm_disk view -- set ORACLE_SID and ORACLE_HOME for asm instance sqlplus /nolog SQL> connect / as sysdba startup nomount; create diskgroup <disk_group_name> normal|high|external redundancy [force|noforce] [failgroup <failgroupname>] DISK ‘<disk name>’ [NAME <diskname>], ‘<disk name>’ [failgroup <failgroupname> DISK ‘<disk name>’, ‘<disk name>’] create diskgroup dg1 disks '/dev/sdc', '/dev/sdd', '/dev/sde', '/dev/sdf'; create diskgroup dgroupa normal redundancy failgroup controller2 disk '/dev/rdsk/c2*' failgroup controller3 disk '/dev/rdsk/c3*';

alter diskgroup <disk_group_name> add disk ‘disk_name’ NAME diska1, ‘disk_name’ NAME diska2, ‘disk_name[5678]’, ‘disk_name*’ [FORCE] [REBALANCE POWER 5 WAIT|NOWAIT]

alter diskgroup <disk_group_name> drop disk <disk_name> alter diskgroup <disk_group_name> resize disks [in failgroup <failgroupname> [size 100M]] alter diskgroup <disk_group_name> rebalance [WAIT|NOWAIT] [POWER n]; select * from v$asm_operation; alter diskgroup <disk_group_name>|ALL MOUNT | DISMOUNT; alter diskgroup <disk_group_name> check [REPAIR|NOREPAIR] all; drop diskgroup <disk_group_name> INCLUDING | EXCLUDING contents; alter diskgroup <disk_group_name> add directory ‘+<disk_group_name>/<dir_name>/..’; alter diskgroup <disk_group_name> rename directory ‘<dir1>’ to ‘<dir2>’; alter diskgroup <disk_group_name> drop directory ‘<dir_name>’; alter diskgroup <disk_group_name> add alias ‘..’ FOR ‘..’; select * from v$asm_alias; alter diskgroup <disk_group_name> drop file ‘..’; select software_version, compatible_version from v$asm_client; ‐‐ fully qualified asm filename +group/dbname/file_type/file_type_tag.file.incarnation +dgroup2/sample/controlfile/Current.256.541956473 ‐‐ numeric asm filename +group.file.incarnation +dgroup2.257.541956473 ‐‐ incomplete ASM filenames 

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‐‐ asm creates the unique filename  alter system set db_create_file_dest=’+diskgroup1’; ‐‐ if you want asm to be default destination set the following init parameters DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST DB_CREATE_ONLINE_LOG_DEST_n DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST CONTROL_FILES LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_n LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST STANDBY_ARCHIVE_DEST LARGE_POOL_SIZE – minimum 1mb

‐‐Using an ASM Filename in a SQL Statement: Example CREATE TABLESPACE tspace2 DATAFILE '+dgroup2' SIZE 200M AUTOEXTEND ON;

‐‐Creating a Database in ASM DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST = '+dgroup1' DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST = '+dgroup2' DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST_SIZE = 10G CREATE DATABASE sample;

‐‐Creating a Tablespace in ASM DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST = '+dgroup2' CREATE TABLESPACE tspace2;

‐‐the file is not an Oracle‐managed file CREATE UNDO TABLESPACE myundo DATAFILE '+dgroup3(my_undo_template)/myfiles/my_undo_ts' SIZE 200M; ALTER DISKGROUP dgroup3 DROP FILE '+dgroup3/myfiles/my_undo_ts'; ‐‐Adding New Redo Log Files DB_CREATE_ONLINE_LOG_DEST_1 = '+dgroup1' DB_CREATE_ONLINE_LOG_DEST_2 = '+dgroup2' ALTER DATABASE ADD LOGFILE; ‐‐Creating a Control File in ASM ‐‐noresetlogs example, script is from “alter database backup controlfile to trace” CREATE CONTROLFILE REUSE DATABASE "SAMPLE" NORESETLOGS ARCHIVELOG MAXLOGFILES 16 MAXLOGMEMBERS 2 MAXDATAFILES 30 MAXINSTANCES 1 MAXLOGHISTORY 226 LOGFILE GROUP 1 ( '+DGROUP1/db/onlinelog/group_1.258.541956457', '+DGROUP2/db/onlinelog/group_1.256.541956473' ) SIZE 100M, GROUP 2 ( '+DGROUP1/db/onlinelog/group_2.257.541956477', '+DGROUP2/db/onlinelog/group_2.258.541956487' ) SIZE 100M DATAFILE '+DGROUP1/db/datafile/system.260.541956497',

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'+DGROUP1/db/datafile/sysaux.259.541956511' CHARACTER SET US7ASCII ; ‐‐resetlogs example CREATE CONTROLFILE REUSE DATABASE "SAMPLE" RESETLOGS ARCHIVELOG MAXLOGFILES 16 MAXLOGMEMBERS 2 MAXDATAFILES 30 MAXINSTANCES 1 MAXLOGHISTORY 226 LOGFILE GROUP 1 ( '+DGROUP1', '+DGROUP2' ) SIZE 100M, GROUP 2 ( '+DGROUP1', '+DGROUP2' ) SIZE 100M DATAFILE '+DGROUP1/db/datafile/system.260.541956497', '+DGROUP1/db/datafile/sysaux.259.541956511' CHARACTER SET US7ASCII ; SQL> create tablespace new_tbs datafile '+dg1' size 100m; SQL> alter tablespace system add datafile '+system_dg' size 1000m; SQL> alter database add logfile group 4 '+dg_log1','+dg_log2' size 100m; SQL> alter system set log_archive_dest_1='location=+dg_arc1'; SQL> alter system set log_archive_dest_2='location=+dg_arc2'; SQL> alter system set db_recovery_file_dest='+dg_flash'; ‐‐ system views V$ASM_DISKGROUP V$ASM_DISK V$ASM_DISKGROUP_STAT V$ASM_DISK_STAT V$ASM_FILE V$ASM_TEMPLATE V$ASM_ALIAS V$ASM_OPERATION V$ASM_CLIENT Table Partititions: 

Range partition: The example below creates a table of four partitions, one for each quarter's sales. The columns sale_year, sale_month, and sale_day are the partitioning columns, while their values constitute a specific row's partitioning key. The VALUES LESS THAN clause determines the partition bound: rows with partitioning key values that compare less than the ordered list of values specified by the clause are stored in the partition. Each partition is given a name (sales_q1, sales_q2, ...), and each partition is contained in a separate tablespace (tsa, tsb, ...). 

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CREATE TABLE sales ( invoice_no NUMBER, sale_year INT NOT NULL, sale_month INT NOT NULL, sale_day INT NOT NULL ) PARTITION BY RANGE (sale_year, sale_month, sale_day) ( PARTITION sales_q1 VALUES LESS THAN (1999, 04, 01) TABLESPACE tsa, PARTITION sales_q2 VALUES LESS THAN (1999, 07, 01) TABLESPACE tsb, PARTITION sales_q3 VALUES LESS THAN (1999, 10, 01) TABLESPACE tsc, PARTITION sales_q4 VALUES LESS THAN (2000, 01, 01) TABLESPACE tsd ); ALTER TABLE sales ADD PARTITION jan96 VALUES LESS THAN ( '01-FEB-1999' ) TABLESPACE tsx; ALTER TABLE sales DROP PARTITION dec98; ALTER INDEX sales_area_ix REBUILD; (if global index exists) ALTER TABLE <table_name> move partition <partition_name> tablespace <ts_name> COMPRESS; ALTER TABLE <table_name> move partition <partition_name> tablespace <ts_name> UPDATE INDEXES; ALTER TABLE <table_name> add partition <part_name> values less than (TO_DATE('01.03.2007', 'DD.MM.YYYY')) UPDATE INDEXES; ALTER TABLE <table_name> EXCHANGE PARTITION <partition_name> WITH TABLE <table_name> WITH VALIDATION UPDATE INDEXES; ALTER TABLE <table_name> SPLIT PARTITION <partition_name> AT <range_definition> INTO (PARTITION <first_partition>, PARTITION <second_partition>) UPDATE GLOBAL INDEXES; DELETE FROM sales WHERE TRANSID < 10000; ALTER TABLE sales DROP PARTITION dec98; ALTER TABLE sales DROP PARTITION dec98 UPDATE GLOBAL INDEXES; ALTER TABLE four_seasons MERGE PARTITIONS quarter_one, quarter_two INTO PARTITION quarter_two; CREATE INDEX i_four_seasons_l ON four_seasons ( one,two ) LOCAL ( PARTITION i_quarter_one TABLESPACE i_quarter_one, PARTITION i_quarter_two TABLESPACE i_quarter_two, PARTITION i_quarter_three TABLESPACE i_quarter_three, PARTITION i_quarter_four TABLESPACE i_quarter_four ); ALTER TABLE four_seasons MODIFY PARTITION quarter_two REBUILD UNUSABLE LOCAL INDEXES; ALTER TABLE four_seasons TRUNCATE PARTITION quartes_one [UPDATE INDEXES]; SELECT * FROM schema.table PARTITION(part_name); alter table pq.smsgateway add partition PTI_200911 values less than

(to_date('01.12.2009','DD.MM.YYYY')); alter table pq.smsgateway add partition PTI_200912 values less than

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(to_date('01.01.2010','DD.MM.YYYY')); alter table pq.smsgateway add partition PTI_MAX values less than (MAXVALUE);

Dropping index partitions: ALTER INDEX npr DROP PARTITION P1; ALTER INDEX npr REBUILD PARTITION P2; Hash Partition: The following example creates a hash‐partitioned table. The partitioning column is id, four partitions are created and assigned system generated names, and they are placed in four named tablespaces (gear1, gear2, ...).  CREATE TABLE scubagear (id NUMBER, name VARCHAR2 (60)) PARTITION BY HASH (id) PARTITIONS 4 STORE IN (gear1, gear2, gear3, gear4); ALTER TABLE scubagear ADD PARTITION p_named TABLESPACE gear5; List Partition: The following example creates a list‐partitioned table. It creates table q1_sales_by_region which is partitioned by regions consisting of groups of states. CREATE TABLE q1_sales_by_region (deptno number, deptname varchar2(20), quarterly_sales number(10, 2), state varchar2(2)) PARTITION BY LIST (state) (PARTITION q1_northwest VALUES ('OR', 'WA'), PARTITION q1_southwest VALUES ('AZ', 'UT', 'NM'), PARTITION q1_northeast VALUES ('NY', 'VM', 'NJ'), PARTITION q1_southeast VALUES ('FL', 'GA'), PARTITION q1_northcentral VALUES ('SD', 'WI'), PARTITION q1_southcentral VALUES ('OK', 'TX')); ALTER TABLE q1_sales_by_region ADD PARTITION q1_nonmainland VALUES ('HI', 'PR') STORAGE (INITIAL 20K NEXT 20K) TABLESPACE tbs_3 NOLOGGING; ALTER TABLE q1_sales_by_region MERGE PARTITIONS q1_northcentral, q1_southcentral INTO PARTITION q1_central PCTFREE 50 STORAGE(MAXEXTENTS 20); Range‐Hash Partition: The following statement creates a range‐hash partitioned table. In this example, three range partitions are created, each containing eight subpartitions. Because the subpartitions are not named, system generated names are assigned, but the STORE IN clause distributes them across the 4 specified tablespaces (ts1, ...,ts4).  CREATE TABLE scubagear (equipno NUMBER, equipname VARCHAR(32), price NUMBER)

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PARTITION BY RANGE (equipno) SUBPARTITION BY HASH(equipname) SUBPARTITIONS 8 STORE IN (ts1, ts2, ts3, ts4) (PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (1000), PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (2000), PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE)); Range‐List Partition: The following example illustrates how range‐list partitioning might be used. The example tracks sales data of products by quarters and within each quarter, groups it by specified states.  CREATE TABLE quarterly_regional_sales (deptno number, item_no varchar2(20), txn_date date, txn_amount number, state varchar2(2)) TABLESPACE ts4 PARTITION BY RANGE (txn_date) SUBPARTITION BY LIST (state) (PARTITION q1_1999 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('1-APR-1999','DD-MON-YYYY')) (SUBPARTITION q1_1999_northwest VALUES ('OR', 'WA'), SUBPARTITION q1_1999_southwest VALUES ('AZ', 'UT', 'NM'), SUBPARTITION q1_1999_northeast VALUES ('NY', 'VM', 'NJ'), SUBPARTITION q1_1999_southeast VALUES ('FL', 'GA'), SUBPARTITION q1_1999_northcentral VALUES ('SD', 'WI'), SUBPARTITION q1_1999_southcentral VALUES ('OK', 'TX') ), PARTITION q2_1999 VALUES LESS THAN ( TO_DATE('1-JUL-1999','DD-MON-YYYY')) (SUBPARTITION q2_1999_northwest VALUES ('OR', 'WA'), SUBPARTITION q2_1999_southwest VALUES ('AZ', 'UT', 'NM'), SUBPARTITION q2_1999_northeast VALUES ('NY', 'VM', 'NJ'), SUBPARTITION q2_1999_southeast VALUES ('FL', 'GA'), SUBPARTITION q2_1999_northcentral VALUES ('SD', 'WI'), SUBPARTITION q2_1999_southcentral VALUES ('OK', 'TX') ), PARTITION q3_1999 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('1-OCT-1999','DD-MON-YYYY')) (SUBPARTITION q3_1999_northwest VALUES ('OR', 'WA'), SUBPARTITION q3_1999_southwest VALUES ('AZ', 'UT', 'NM'), SUBPARTITION q3_1999_northeast VALUES ('NY', 'VM', 'NJ'), SUBPARTITION q3_1999_southeast VALUES ('FL', 'GA'), SUBPARTITION q3_1999_northcentral VALUES ('SD', 'WI'), SUBPARTITION q3_1999_southcentral VALUES ('OK', 'TX') ), PARTITION q4_1999 VALUES LESS THAN ( TO_DATE('1-JAN-2000','DD-MON-YYYY')) (SUBPARTITION q4_1999_northwest VALUES ('OR', 'WA'), SUBPARTITION q4_1999_southwest VALUES ('AZ', 'UT', 'NM'), SUBPARTITION q4_1999_northeast VALUES ('NY', 'VM', 'NJ'), SUBPARTITION q4_1999_southeast VALUES ('FL', 'GA'), SUBPARTITION q4_1999_northcentral VALUES ('SD', 'WI'), SUBPARTITION q4_1999_southcentral VALUES ('OK', 'TX') ) ); ALTER TABLE quarterly_regional_sales MODIFY SUBPARTITION q1_1999_southeast ADD VALUES ('KS');

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ALTER TABLE quarterly_regional_sales MODIFY SUBPARTITION q1_1999_southeast DROP VALUES ('KS');

Parallel Execution  Parallel Hints 

Select /*+PRALLEL(<tb_name>, 8|DEFAULT)*/ /*+NOPARALLEL(<tb_name>)*/ /*+PARALLEL_INDEX(<tb_name>, <ind_name>,3,2)*/ /*+NOPARALLEL_INDEX*/

1- alter table <tb_name> parallel (degree 8) 2- select degree from user_tables where table_name = 'EMP'; 3- select /*+ PARALLEL(<tb_name>,<degree>) */ from <tb_name> 4- select count(*) from emp; 5- select /*+ PARALLEL(emp,4) */ COUNT(*) from emp; 6- alter table emp noparallel;

PARALLEL_AUTOMATIC_TUNING ‐‐deprecated 10g PARALLEL_ADAPTIVE_MULTI_USER ‐‐if <number of sessions is getting higher> then <degree of 

parallelism should be lower> )  Parallel DML|DDL:  alter session [enable|disable] parallel [dml|ddl]; insert /*+ PARALLEL(emp_big,4,1) */ into <table_name> insert /*+ PARALLEL(emp_big,4,1) */ into emp_big select * from emp; commit; Parallel DDL:  create table <tb_name> parallel (degree 8) alter table <tb_name> parallel (degree 8) create index <ind_name> on <tb_name> (<col_name>).... parallel (degree 8) create index emp_ix on emp(emp_id) tablespace ts_index parallel (degree 4); Parallel  Loading:  sqlldr direct=true parallel=true Parallel Recovery:  recover tablespace <tbs_name> parallel (degree [8|DEFAULT]) Parallel Replication:  DBMS_DEFER_SYS.SCHEDULE_PUSH ( DESINATION -> ‘par1.world’, INTERVAL -> ‘sysdate+1/24, NEXT_DATE -> ‘sysdate+1/24’,

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PARALLELISM -> 6 ); Alter session force parellel DDL parallel 5;

degree of parallelism  ‐‐number of parallel execution servers 

‐ A PARALLEL clause in a statement  ‐ The PARALLEL clause that was used when the object was created or altered  ‐ A parallel hint inserted into the statement  ‐ A default determined by Oracle  

Parallel execution can be tuned for you automatically by setting the initialization parameter;  PARALLEL_AUTOMATIC_TUNING = TRUE Alter session ENABLE | DISABLE PARALLEL DDL | DML ; Alter session force PARALLEL DDL | DML PARALLEL 5; Related init.ora parameters parallel_threads_per_cpu cpu_count parallel_max_servers parallel_min_servers parallel_adaptive_multi_user parallel_min_percent  Tables  /* Extended rowid needs 10 bytes of storage on disk, is displayed by 18 chars. Data object number table,index 32 bits Relative file number unique for each file 10 bits Block number position of the block 22 bits Row number position of the row 16 bits */ select row_id, department_id from hr.departments; create table hr.employees ( employee_id number(6), first_name varchar2(20), last_name varchar2(25), hire_date date default sysdate ) storage( initial 200k, next 200k, pctincrease 0, minextents 1, maxextents 5, tablespace data); -- delete rows on commit CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE gtt_zip2 ( zip_code VARCHAR2(5), by_user VARCHAR2(30), entry_date DATE )

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ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS; -- delete rows on end session CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE gtt_zip3 ( zip_code VARCHAR2(5), by_user VARCHAR2(30), entry_date DATE ) ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS; CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE <temp_table_name> ( as select * from hr.employees ) ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS; /* Compute pctfree and pctused values Pct used: [(Average row size - initial row size) * 100] / Average row size Pct used: [100 - pct free - (average row size * 100)] / Available data space */ alter table hr.employees pctfree 30 pctused 50 storage( next 500k minextents 2 maxextents 100); alter table hr.employees allocate extent (

size 500k datafile '/disk3/data1.dbf');

alter table hr.employees move tablesapce data1; truncate table hr.employees; drop table hr.employees cascade constrains; alter table hr.employees drop column comments cascade constrains

checkpoint 1000; alter table <table_name> add <col_name> char(1); alter table <table_name> rename column <old_col_name> to <new_col_name>; alter table <table_name> drop column <col_name>; alter table <table_name> set unused column <col_name>; alter table <table_name> drop unused columns checkpoint 1000; alter table <table_name> set unusued column cascade constrains; alter table <table_name> drop unusued columns checkpoint 1000; alter table <table_name> modify (<column_name> number); alter table <table_name> modify (<column_name> not null); alter table <table_name> modify (<column_name> number null); alter table <old_table_name> rename to <new_table_name>; alter table <table_name> move; alter table <table_name> move parallel 4 compress; alter table <table_name> move nocompress; alter table <table_name> move tablespace <ts_name>; alter table <table_name> move tablespace <ts_name> parallel 4; alter table <table_name> move nologging; alter trigger <trigger_name> rename to <new_trigger_name> alter table <table_name> rename constraint

<constraint_name> TO <new_constraint_name>; --related views: dba_tables

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dba_objects dba_segments dba_extents dba_tab_columns dba_tab_partitions dba_ind_partitions

indexes  logical unique nonunique concetaneted function based physical partioned B-tree Bitmap create index hr.employees_last_name_idx on hr.employees(last_name) Pctfree 30 Storage ( Initial 200k next 200k Pctincrease 0 Maxextents 50 Tablespace indx); create bitmap index orders_region_id_idx on orders(region_id) Pctfree 30 Storage ( initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50 tablespace indx); alter index orders_region_id_idx allocate extent (size 200k datafile '/disk1/...'); alter index orders_region_id_idx deallocate unused; --move index to a different tablespace alter index orders_region_id_idx rebuild tablespace indx02; alter index orders_region_id_idx rebuild online; alter index orders_region_id_idx coalesce; alter index orders_region_id_idx rebuild compress; alter index orders_region_id_idx rebuild compress online; alter index orders_region_id_idx rebuild parallel 2 compress online; --query index_stats analyze index orders_region_id_idx validate structure; drop index hr.employees_name_index; --query v$object_usage alter index hr.dept monitoring alter index hr.dept_id_idx monitoring usage nomonitoring Constrains not null unique primary key foreign key check States of constrains disable novalidate disable validate

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enable novalidate enable validate create table hr.employees ( id number(7) constraint employee_id_pk primary key deferrable using index, last_name varchar2(25) constraint employee_last_name_nn not null); alter table hr.employee enable validate constraint emp_dept_fk; --related views: dba_constraints dba_objects dba_indexes dba_ind_partitions dba_ind_column

  

Constraints  -- unique index alter table t_ep_test add constraint con_object_id_number unique (object_id) -- adding foreign key and primary key constraints alter table t_ep_test2 add constraint con_object_id_primary_key primary key (object_id) alter table t_ep_test_child add constraint con_object_id_foreign_key2 foreign key (object_id) references t_ep_test2 (object_id) on delete set null alter table t_ep_test_child add constraint con_object_id_foreign_key2 foreign key (object_id) references t_ep_test2 (object_id) on delete cascade -- dropping foreign key and primary key constraints alter table t_ep_test_child drop constraint con_object_id_foreign_key2 alter table t_ep_test2 drop constraint con_object_id_primary_key -- adding not null constraint alter table t_ep_test2 modify (owner constraint cons_not_null_owner not null) -- removing not null constraint alter table t_ep_test2 drop constraint cons_not_null_owner -- check constraints CREATE TABLE divisions (div_no NUMBER CONSTRAINT check_divno CHECK (div_no BETWEEN 10 AND 99) DISABLE, div_name VARCHAR2(9) CONSTRAINT check_divname CHECK (div_name = UPPER(div_name)) DISABLE, office VARCHAR2(10) CONSTRAINT check_office CHECK (office IN ('DALLAS','BOSTON', 'PARIS','TOKYO')) DISABLE); CREATE TABLE dept_20 (employee_id NUMBER(4) PRIMARY KEY, last_name VARCHAR2(10), job_id VARCHAR2(9), manager_id NUMBER(4), salary NUMBER(7,2), commission_pct NUMBER(7,2), department_id NUMBER(2), CONSTRAINT check_sal CHECK (salary * commission_pct <= 5000));

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-- adding check constraint alter table t_ep_test2 add constraint cons_check_status check (STATUS IN ('VALID','INVALID')) enable validate; -- altering constraints alter table t_ep_test2 modify constraint cons_check_status disable novalidate alter table t_ep_test2 drop constraint cons_check_status;

 alter table t_ep_test2 disable constraint cons_check_status; alter table t_ep_test2 enable validate constraint cons_check_status;  ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name FOREIGN KEY (col1, col2) REFERENCES table_2 (cola,colb);

 alter table tbl add constraint pk_tbl primary key (col_1, col_2) using index tablespace ts_idx

  alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique (column_name)

 alter table table-name disable constraint-specification; alter table table-name disable constraint constraint-name; alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;

 

Triggers  

‐ DML statements (DELETE, INSERT, UPDATE) ‐ DDL statements (CREATE, ALTER, DROP) ‐ Database operations (SERVERERROR, LOGON, LOGOFF, STARTUP, SHUTDOWN) ‐ BEFORE TRUNCATE, BEFORE RENAME, AFTER LOGON, BEFORE LOGOFF, BEFORE DDL, 

 -- ### TRIGGER TEMPLATE CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER SYSADM.PRM_LOG AFTER INSERT ON SYSADM.PARAMETER_VALUE REFERENCING NEW AS New OLD AS Old FOR EACH ROW WHEN (NEW.PARAMETER_ID = 34) DECLARE tmpVar NUMBER; CurrentUserName VARCHAR2(16); BEGIN SELECT USERNAME INTO CurrentUserName FROM V$SESSION WHERE AUDSID = (SELECT USERENV('SESSIONID') FROM DUAL); INSERT INTO PARAMETER_VALUE_ENTRY_LOG VALUES(:NEW.PRM_VALUE_ID, sysdate, CurrentUserName); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN -- Consider logging the error and then re-raise RAISE; END PRM_LOG;

 -- ### TRIGGER TEMPLATE CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER Print_salary_changes

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BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON Emp_tab FOR EACH ROW WHEN (new.Empno > 0) DECLARE sal_diff number; BEGIN sal_diff := :new.sal - :old.sal; dbms_output.put('Old salary: ' || :old.sal); dbms_output.put(' New salary: ' || :new.sal); dbms_output.put_line(' Difference ' || sal_diff); END;

 -- ### LOGON TRIGGER CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE foo (c VARCHAR2) AS BEGIN INSERT INTO Audit_table (user_at) VALUES(c); END; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER logontrig AFTER LOGON ON DATABASE -- Just call an existing procedure. The ORA_LOGIN_USER is a function -- that returns information about the event that fired the trigger. CALL foo (ora_login_user) -- ### INSERTING, UPDATING and DELETING IF INSERTING THEN ... END IF; IF UPDATING THEN ... END IF; CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER ... ... UPDATE OF Sal, Comm ON Emp_tab ... BEGIN ... IF UPDATING ('SAL') THEN ... END IF; END; -- ### TRIGGERS ON OBJECT TABLES CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE t AS OBJECT (n NUMBER, m NUMBER) / CREATE TABLE tbl OF t / BEGIN FOR j IN 1..5 LOOP INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (t(j, 0)); END LOOP; END; / CREATE TABLE tbl_history ( d DATE, old_obj t, new_obj t) / CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER Tbl_Trg AFTER UPDATE ON tbl FOR EACH ROW BEGIN INSERT INTO tbl_history (d, old_obj, new_obj) VALUES (SYSDATE, :OLD.OBJECT_VALUE, :NEW.OBJECT_VALUE); END Tbl_Trg; / UPDATE tbl SET tbl.n = tbl.n+1 / BEGIN FOR j IN (SELECT d, old_obj, new_obj FROM tbl_history) LOOP Dbms_Output.Put_Line ( j.d|| ' -- old: '||j.old_obj.n||' '||j.old_obj.m|| ' -- new: '||j.new_obj.n||' '||j.new_obj.m); END LOOP; END; /

 -- ### DDL TRIGGERS

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CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER my_trigger AFTER CREATE ON DATABASE BEGIN null; END; ALTER TRIGGER <TRIGGER_NAME> COMPILE; ALTER TRIGGER <TRIGGER_NAME> ENABLE|DISABLE; ALTER TABLE <TABLE_NAME> ENABLE|DISABLE ALL TRIGGERS; /**** BEFORE / AFTER ALTER BEFORE / AFTER ANALYZE BEFORE / AFTER ASSOCIATE STATISTICS BEFORE / AFTER AUDIT BEFORE / AFTER COMMENT BEFORE / AFTER CREATE BEFORE / AFTER DDL BEFORE / AFTER DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS BEFORE / AFTER DROP BEFORE / AFTER GRANT BEFORE / AFTER NOAUDIT BEFORE / AFTER RENAME BEFORE / AFTER REVOKE BEFORE / AFTER TRUNCATE AFTER SUSPEND ****/ CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER <trigger_name> <BEFORE | AFTER> <triggering_action> ON <SCHEMA | DATABASE> DECLARE -- variable declarations BEGIN -- trigger code EXCEPTION -- exception handler END <trigger_name>; / Related views: USER_TRIGGERS ALL_TRIGGERS DBA_TRIGGERS

Recyclebin  ALTER SYSTEM SET recyclebin = OFF|ON; SELECT * from DBA_RECYCLEBIN; SELECT * FROM USER_RECYCLEBIN; SELECT object_name, original_name FROM dba_recyclebin WHERE owner = 'HR'; SQL> show recyclebin SELECT * FROM "BIN$yrMKlZaVMhfgNAgAIMenRA==$0"; PURGE TABLE BIN$jsleilx392mk2=293$0; PURGE TABLE int_admin_emp; PURGE TABLESPACE example;

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PURGE TABLESPACE example USER oe; PURGE RECYCLEBIN; PURGE DBA_RECYCLEBIN; FLASHBACK TABLE int_admin_emp TO BEFORE DROP [RENAME TO int2_admin_emp]; SELECT object_name, original_name, createtime FROM recyclebin; OBJECT_NAME ORIGINAL_NAME CREATETIME ------------------------------ --------------- ------------------- BIN$yrMKlZaLMhfgNAgAIMenRA==$0 INT2_ADMIN_EMP 2006-02-05:21:05:52 BIN$yrMKlZaVMhfgNAgAIMenRA==$0 INT2_ADMIN_EMP 2006-02-05:21:25:13 BIN$yrMKlZaQMhfgNAgAIMenRA==$0 INT2_ADMIN_EMP 2006-02-05:22:05:53 FLASHBACK TABLE BIN$yrMKlZaVMhfgNAgAIMenRA==$0 TO BEFORE DROP; Shared Server  ------------------ --Init parameters ----------------- -- at least DISPATCHERS and SHARED_SERVERS must be set to enable oracle shared server -- example of DISPATCHERS parameter setting ALTER SYSTEM SET DISPATCHERS='(PROTOCOL=TCP)(DISPATCHERS=2)'; ALTER SYSTEM SET DISPATCHERS='(PROT=tcp)(DISP=5)', '(PROT-tcps)(DISP=3)' ALTER SYSTEM SET DISPATCHERS="(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=144.25.16.201))(DISPATCHERS=2)" ALTER SYSTEM SET DISPATCHERS="(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(PORT=5000))" -- altering dispatchers ALTER SYSTEM SET DISPATCHERS = '(INDEX=0)(DISP=3)', '(INDEX=1)(DISP=1)'; --or ALTER SYSTEM SET DISPATCHERS = '(PROT=tcp)(DISP=3)', '(PROT-tcps)(DISP=1)'; ALTER SYSTEM SET MAX_DISPATCHERS=5; ALTER SYSTEM SET SHARED_SERVERS=5; ALTER SYSTEM SET MAX_SHARED_SERVERS=50; ALTER SYSTEM SET SHARED_SERVER_SESSIONS=500; --SESSIONS, PROCESSES ALTER SYSTEM SET CIRCUITS=500; ALTER SYSTEM SET MTS_CIRCUITS=500; -------------- --System views -------------- V$DISPATCHER V$DISPATCHER_RATE V$DISPATCHER_CONFIG --10g V$QUEUE V$SHARED_SERVER V$CIRCUIT V$SHARED_SERVER_MONITOR V$SGA V$SGASTAT V$SHARED_POOL_RESERVED --Identifying Contention Using the Dispatcher-Specific Views

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select * from v$dispatcher select * from v$dispatcher_rate --Identifying Contention for Shared Servers SELECT DECODE(TOTALQ, 0, 'No Requests', WAIT/TOTALQ || ' HUNDREDTHS OF SECONDS') "AVERAGE WAIT TIME PER REQUESTS" FROM V$QUEUE WHERE TYPE = 'COMMON'; SELECT COUNT(*) "Shared Server Processes" FROM V$SHARED_SERVER WHERE STATUS != 'QUIT'; -- shutting down dispatchers -- Each dispatcher is uniquely identified by a name of the form Dnnn. -- To shut down dispatcher D002, issue the following statement: ALTER SYSTEM SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE 'D002'; -- To terminate dispatchers once all shared server clients disconnect, enter this statement: ALTER SYSTEM SET DISPATCHERS = ''; -------------------------------- --Using Shared Server on Clients -------------------------------- sales= (DESCRIPTION= (ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=sales-server)(PORT=1521)) (CONNECT_DATA= (SERVICE_NAME=sales.us.acme.com) (SERVER=shared))) ------------------------------------- --Overriding Shared Server on Clients ------------------------------------- sales= (DESCRIPTION= (ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=sales-server)(PORT=1521)) (CONNECT_DATA= (SERVICE_NAME=sales.us.acme.com) (SERVER=dedicated))) /* bppserp00> ps -ef | grep oracle | wc -l 153 bppserp00> sqlplus "/ as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.7.0 - Production on Fri Sep 19 16:34:20 2008 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.7.0 - Production With the Partitioning and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.7.0 - Production SQL> select count(*) from v$session; COUNT(*) ---------- 565

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*/   User and password management     ‐‐To enable password management, run utlpwdmg.sql as sys user.  Related parameters: Failed_login_attempts Password_lock_time Password_life_time Password_Grace_time Password_reuse_time Password_reuse_max Password_verify_function    ‐‐this function must be created in sys schema and must have the          following specification  function_name ( userid_parameter in varchar2(30),         password_parameter in varchar2(30),         old_password_parameter in varchar2(30)       ) return boolean;  SQL> create profile grace_s [LIMIT] failed_login_attemps 3 Password_lock_time unlimitied ... alter profile ... drop profile <profile_name> [cascade]; alter system set resouce_limit=true;

/* cpu_per_session sessions_per_user connect _time idle_time logical_reads_per_session private_sga (for shared server only) */

create user <user_name> identified by <password> default tablespace data default temporary tablesapce temp quota 15m on data quota 10m on users password expire;

 related views: dba_users dba_profiles dba_ts_quotas  SQL> Alter system set os_authent_prefix = [OPS$] //default Alter system set remote_os_authent = true|false

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Create user ops$user identified by <password>; Alter|drop <user name> [cascade]; Grant create session to emi [with admin option]; Revoke create table from emi; Grant update on emi.customers to jeff with grant option; Grant execute on dbms_output to jeff;

 Related views: Dba_sys_privs Session_privs Dba_tab_privs Dba_col_privs  SQL> create role ol_clerk; Create role hr_clerk identified by bonus; Grant ol_cleck to scott; Grant hr_clerk to hr_manager [with admin option]; Show parameter max_enabled_roles; Alter user scott default role all [except hr_clerk]; Drop role <role name;>

 SQL> Audit <table name>; Audit create any trigger; Audit select on emi.orders; SQL> Alter system kill session ‘sid, serial#’; SQL> Select status, username from v$session; --On Unix: SQL> select spid from v$process where not exists (select 1 from v$session where paddr=addr); !kill <spid>; --On Windows: SQL> select spid, osuser, s.program from v$process p, v$session s where p.addr=s.paddr; !orakill sid thread

 -- create user with ts quota template CREATE USER <user_name> IDENTIFIED BY <password> DEFAULT TABLESPACE data_ts QUOTA 100M ON test_ts QUOTA 512K ON data_ts TEMPORARY TABLESPACE temp_ts PROFILE <profile_name>; GRANT connect TO <user_name>;

 Related views: All_def_audit_opts Dba_stmt_audit_opts 

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Dba_priv_audit_opts Dba_obj_audit_opts  Dba_audit_trail Dba_audit_exists Dba_audit_object Dba_audit_session Dba_audit_statement   

BACKUP and RECOVERY  Mean_time_between_failures  ‐‐should be bigger in value Mean_time_to_recover    ‐‐should be smaller in value  Problem  Solution

Statement failure     ‐logic error     ‐insufficient privileges 

Change the user quota (alter user) Add filespace to the tablespace 

Process failure     ‐user session abnormally terminated 

Pmon

User errors     ‐drop table     ‐truncate table     ‐delete...commit 

Recover from a backup

Instance failure  Restart the instance

   fast_start_mttr_target:  expected mttr specified in seconds amount of the time that has          passed since the incremental checkpoint at the position where          the last write to redo log file occured. log_checkpoint_interval:  number of redo log file blocks that can exist between an          incremental checkpoint and the last block written to the redo          log.  Related views: v$datafile v$controlfile v$logfile dba_datafiles v$backup    v$datafile_header v$sgastat v$log v$logfile v$fast_start_servers v$fast_start_transactions v$instance recovery 

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  recovery_estimated_ios:  number of dirty buffers in the buffer cache   actual_redo_blks:  current actual number of redo blocks required for recovery   taret_redo_blks:    current number of redo blocks that must be processed for recovery   log_file_size_redo_blks:  current number of redo blocks required to guarantee that a log switch          does not occur before checkpoint. 

log_chkpt_timeout_redo_blks:   estimated_mttr:    current estimated mean time to recover (mttr). Based on the number of          dirty buffers and redo log blocks.   ckpt_block_writes:  number of blocks written by checkpoint writes. 

  rolling forward phase   set recovery_parallelism <integer>   use parallel clause in the recover database statement   rolling back phase    set fast_start_parallel_rollback [false | low | high]    ‐‐low is default   

user managed backup and recovery      offline backup – consistant whole database setup (scripts will be supplied) online backup – the database should be in archive log mode (scripts will be supplied)  user managed recovery 

- time based - cancel based - change based 

 recovery steps 

1‐ damaged files are restored from backup 2‐ changes from archived redo logs or online redo logs are applied if necessary 3‐ the database may now contain commited and uncommited changes 4‐ the undo block are used to rollback any uncommited changes 5‐ the database is now in recoverd state 

 recovery in noarchivelog mode 

1‐ restore all datafiles even one of them needs recovery 2‐ shutdown the instance 3‐ perform cancel based recovery 4‐ open database with resetlogs 

 SQL> shutdown immediate

!cp ‘...’ ‘...’ recover database until cancel using backup control file cancel alter database open resetlogs

 recovery in archivelog mode 

1‐ query the v$recover_file, v$archived_log, v$recovery_log 

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2‐ recover database    ‐‐mounted database 3‐ recover datafile ‘...’    ‐‐mounted database 4‐ recover tablespace users  ‐‐open database 5‐ recover datafile ‘...’    ‐‐open database 

 SQL> shutdown abort Startup mount Recover database --recover datafile ‘...’ Alter database open !cp ‘...’ ‘...’ alter database rename file ‘...’ to ‘...’ startup mount alter database datafile ‘...’ offline alter database open restore datafile alter database rename file ‘...’ to ‘...’ alter database recover recover datafile ‘...’ --recover tablespace <tablespace name> alter database datafile ‘...’ online; alter tablespace user_data offline immediate; alter database create datafile ‘...’ [as] ‘...’; alter database recover; alter tablespace table_data online; create controlfile; recover database using backup controlfile;

 1‐ shutdown and backup the database 2‐ restore all datafiles, dont restore controlfile, redo logs, password file and parameter 

file 3‐ mount database 4‐ recover datafiles 5‐ open database with resetlogs 6‐ perform a closed database backup 

 SQL> Recover database until cancel; Recover [automatic] database until time ‘2001-03-04:14:22:03’;

 Time based database recovery 

1‐ shutdown and backup the database 2‐ restore all datafiles    ‐‐may need to recover archivelogs 3‐ mount database 4‐ recover database until time 5‐ open with resetlogs 6‐ backup the database 

 cancel based database recovery 

1‐ redo logs are not multiplexed one of the redo logs is missing the missing redo log is not archived 

2‐ shutdown database 3‐ restore all datafiles from backup 4‐ mount the database 5‐ recover database until cancel 6‐ open database with resetlogs 

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7‐ backup database  loss of current redo log files 

- attempt to open database - find the current log sequence number  ‐‐select * from v$log - recover database until cancel - drop and recreate log files if necessary - open database with resetlogs - perform whole database backup 

 SQL> alter database clear unarchived logfile group 2;

import and export  export utility 

- table mode - user mode - tablespace mode - database mode 

 $  exp hr/hr tables=employees, departments, ... rows=y file=expdat.dmp   exp system/manager owner=hr direct=y file=expdat.dmp   exp \’username/password as sysdba\’ transport_tablespace=y tablespaces=ts_emp      log=emp.log  export parameters 

- buffer - compress (y) - file (expdat.dmp) - full (n) - help - indexes (y) - log (none) - owner (none) - rows (y) - tables (none) - tablespaces (none) - userid (none)  user/password - parfile (none) 

 import utility 

- table - user - tablespace - full database 

 $  imp hr/hr tables=employees, departments rows=y file=expdat.dmp   imp system/manager fromuser=hr file=expdat.dmp   imp \’user/password as sysdba\’ transport_tablespace=y tablespaces=ts_employees  import parameters 

- buffer - datafiles (none) 

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- destroy (n) - file (expdat.dmp) - fromuser (none) - full (n) - help - ignore (n) - indexes (y) - log (none) - parfile (none) - rows (y) - tables (none) - tablespaces (none) - touser (none) - userid (none) 

 import sequence 

- create new tables - import data - build index - import trigger - integtarity constaints enable - built bitmap, functional, domain indexes