orange (fruit) - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Orange (fruit)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation , search This article is about the fruit. For the colour, see Orange (colour). For other uses, see Orange (disambiguation)."Orange trees" redirects here. For the painting by Gustave Caillebotte,see Les orangers .

This article *needs attention from an expert in botany*. The specificproblem is: *Some information seems imprecise and some sources may beoutdated.* See the talk page for details. WikiProjectBotany (or its Portal) may be able to help recruit an expert. /(November2012)/

OrangeOrange blossoms and oranges on treeScientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: /Citrus /Species: /*C. sinensis*/Binomial name */Citrus sinensis/*(L. ) Osbeck ^[1]

The *orange* (specifically, the *sweet orange*) is the fruit of the citrus species /Citrus sinensis/ in the family

Rutaceae .^[2] The fruit of the/Citrus sinensis/ is called sweet orange to distinguish it from that ofthe /Citrus aurantium/, the bitter orange . Theorange is a hybrid , possibly between pomelo (/Citrus maxima/) and mandarin (/Citrus reticulata/), cultivated since ancient times.^[3]

Probably originating in Southeast Asia ,^[4] oranges were already cultivated in China asfar back as 2500 BC. Arabo-phone peoples popularized sour citrus andoranges in Europe;^[5] Spaniards introduced the sweetorange to the American continent in the mid-1500s.

Orange trees are widely grown in tropical and subtropical climates fortheir sweet fruit, which can be eaten fresh or processed to obtainjuice, and for the fragrant peel.^[4] Theyhave been the most cultivated tree fruit in the worldsince 1987,^[6] and sweet oranges account forapproximately 70% of the citrus production.^[7] In 2010, 68.3 million tonnes oforanges were grown worldwide, particularly in Brazil and in the USstates of California^[8] and Florida.^[9]


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Contents

[hide ]

* 1 Botanical information and terminologyo 1.1 Etymology

* 2 Varieties o 2.1 Common oranges

+ 2.1.1 Valencia + 2.1.2 Hart's Tardiff Valencia + 2.1.3 Hamlin + 2.1.4 Other varieties of common oranges

o 2.2 Navel oranges

+ 2.2.1 Cara cara navels + 2.2.2 Other varieties of navels

o 2.3 Blood oranges + 2.3.1 Other varieties of blood oranges

o 2.4 Acidless oranges

* 3 Attributes

o 3.1 Nutritional value o 3.2 Acidity o 3.3 Grading

* 4 History * 5 Cultivation

o 5.1 Climate o 5.2 Propagation

+ 5.2.1 Principal rootstocks + 5.2.2 Other rootstock varieties in the United States

o 5.3 Harvest o 5.4 Degreening o 5.5 Storage

o 5.6 Pests and diseases + 5.6.1 Cottony cushion scale + 5.6.2 Citrus greening disease + 5.6.3 Greasy spot

* 6 Production * 7 Juice and other products

o 7.1 Products made from oranges * 8 Etymology * 9 See also * 10 References * 11 External links

Botanical information and terminology[edit]

refer to caption Orange fruit and cross section

All citrus trees belong to the single genus /Citrus/ andremain almost entirely interfertile. This means that there is only


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one superspecies that includes grapefruits, lemons , limes ,oranges, and various other types and hybrids.^[10] Asthe interfertility of oranges and other citrus has produced numeroushybrids, bud unions, and cultivars , their taxonomy is fairly controversial, confusing orinconsistent.^[3] ^[7] The fruit of any citrus tree isconsidered a hesperidium (a kind of modified berry) because it has numerous seeds , is fleshy andsoft, derives from a single ovary and is coveredby a rind originated by a rugged thickening of theovary wall .^[11] ^[12]

Different names have been given to the many varieties of the genus./Orange/ applies primarily to the sweet orange /Citrus sinensis/ (L.) Osbeck . The orange tree is anevergreen , flowering tree,with an average height of 9 to 10 metres (30 to 33 ft), although somevery old specimens can reach 15 metres (49 ft).^[13] Its oval leaves , alternatelyarranged , are 4 to 10 centimetres(1.6 to 3.9 in) long and have crenulate margins.^[14]

Although the sweet orange presents different sizes andshapes varying from spherical to oblong, it generally has ten segments(/carpels /) inside, and contains up to six seeds (or/pips/)^[15] and a porous white tissue called pith or, more properly, mesocarp or albedo^[16] lines its rind. When unripe, the fruitis green. The grainy irregular rind of the ripe fruit can range frombright orange to yellow-orange, but frequently retains green patches or,under warm climate conditions, remains entirely green. Like all othercitrus fruits, the sweet orange is non-climacteric. The /Citrus sinensis/ is subdivided intofour classes with distinct characteristics: common oranges, blood orpigmented oranges, navel oranges, and acidless oranges.^[17]

^[18] ^[19]

Other citrus species also known as oranges are:

* the bitter orange (/Citrus aurantium/), alsoknown as Seville orange, sour orange especially when used asrootstock for a sweet orange tree , bigaradeorange and marmalade orange;

* the bergamot orange (/Citrus bergamiaRisso/). It is grown mainly in Italy for its peel, which is used toflavour Earl Grey tea;

* the trifoliate orange (/Poncirus

trifoliata/), sometimes included in the genus (classified as /Citrustrifoliata/). It often serves as a rootstock forsweet orange trees, especially as a hybrid with other /Citrus/cultivars . The trifoliate orange is a thorny shrubor small tree grown mostly as an ornamental plant or to set up hedges. It bears a downy fruitsimilar to a small citrus, used to make marmalade. It is native tonorthern China and Korea, and is also known as "Chinese bitterorange" or "hardy orange" because it can withstand subfreezingtemperatures;^[20] and


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Four satsumas Satsumas

* the mandarin orange (/Citrus reticulata/).It has an enormous number of cultivars, most notably the satsuma (/Citrus unshiu/), the tangerine (/Citrus tangerina/) and the clementine (/Citrus clementina/). In some cultivars, themandarin is very similar to the sweet orange, making it difficult todistinguish between the two. The mandarin, however, is generallysmaller and oblate, easier to peel, and less acid.^[21]

Orange trees generally are grafted . The bottom of thetree, including the roots and trunk, is called rootstock, while thefruit-bearing top has two different names: budwood (when referring tothe process of grafting) and scion (whenmentioning the variety of orange).^[22]

Etymology[edit]

The origin of the term /orange/ is presumably the Sanskrit word for "orange tree" (, /nraga/),^[23] whose form has changed over time, after passingthrough numerous intermediate languages. The fruit is known as "Chineseapple" in several modern languages. Some examples are Dutch/sinaasappel/^[24] (literally, "China's apple") and/appelsien/, or Low German /Apfelsine/. In English,however, /Chinese apple/ usually refers to the pomegranate.^[25]

Varieties[edit

]

Common oranges[edit]

Common oranges (also called "white", "round", or "blond" oranges)constitute about two-thirds of all the orange production. The majorityof this crop is used mostly for juice extraction.^[17] ^[19]

Valencia[edit

]

Main article: Valencia orange

The Valencia orange is a late-season fruit, and therefore a popularvariety when navel oranges are out of season. This is why ananthropomorphic orange was chosen as the mascot for the1982 FIFA World Cup , held in Spain. Themascot was named Naranjito ("little orange")and wore the colours of the Spanish national football team kit.


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Hart's Tardiff Valencia[edit]

Thomas Rivers, an English nurseryman, imported this variety from theAzores Islands and catalogued it in 1865 under the name Excelsior.Around 1870, he provided trees to S. B. Parsons, a Long Islandnurseryman, who in turn sold them to E. H. Hart of Federal Point,Florida.^[26]

Hamlin[edit]

This cultivar was discovered by A. G. Hamlin near Glenwood, Florida, in1879. The fruit is small, smooth, not highly coloured, seedless, andjuicy, with a pale yellow coloured juice, especially in fruits that comefrom lemon rootstock. The tree is high-yielding and cold-tolerant and itproduces good quality fruit, which is harvested from October toDecember. It thrives in humid subtropical climates. In cooler, more aridareas, the trees produce edible fruit, but too small for commercialuse.^[13]

Trees from groves in hammocks or areas covered with pineforest are budded on sour orange trees, a methodthat gives a high solids content. On sand, they are grafted on roughlemon rootstock.^[6] The Hamlin orange is one ofthe most popular juice oranges in Florida and replaces the Parson Brownvariety as the principal early-season juice orange. This cultivar isnow^[/needs update/]the leading early orange in Florida and, possibly, in the rest of theworld.^[13]

Other varieties of common oranges[edit

]refer to caption Indian hybrid Orange

* Belladonna: grown in Italy* Berna: grown mainly in Spain* Biondo Commune ("ordinary blond"): widely grown in the Mediterranean

basin, especially in North Africa, Egypt, Greece (where it is called"koines"), Italy (where it is also known as "Liscio"), and Spain; italso is called "Beledi" and "Nostrale";^[17] in Italy, this variety ripens in December, earlier than the

competing Tarocco variety^[27] * Biondo Riccio: grown in Italy* Cadanera: a seedless orange of excellent flavour grown in Algeria,

Morocco, and Spain; it begins to ripen in November and is known by awide variety of trade names, such as Cadena Fina, Cadena sin Jueso,Precoce de Valence ("early from Valencia"), Precoce des Canaries,and Valence san Pepins ("seedless Valencia");^[17] it was first grown in Spain in 1870^[28]

* Calabrese or Calabrese Ovale: grown in Italy


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* Carvalhal: grown in Portugal* Castellana: grown in Spain* Clanor: grown in South Africa* Dom Joo: grown in Portugal* Fukuhara: grown in Japan* Gardner: grown in Florida, this mid-season orange ripens around the

beginning of February, approximately the same time as the Midsweetvariety; Gardner is about as hardy as Sunstar and Midsweet^[29]

* Homosassa: grown in Florida* Jaffa orange : grown in the Middle East, also

known as "Shamouti"* Jincheng: the most popular orange in China* Joppa: grown in South Africa and Texas* Khettmali: grown in Israel and Lebanon* Kona: a type of Valencia orange introduced in Hawaii in 1792 by

Captain George Vancouver ; for many decadesin the nineteenth century, these oranges were the leading exportfrom the Kona district on the Big Island of Hawaii; in Kailua-Kona,some of the original stock still bears fruit

* Lue Gim Gong: grown in Florida, is an early scion developed by LueGim Gong , a Chinese immigrant known as the"Citrus Genius"; in 1888, Lue cross-pollinated two orange varieties the Hart's late

Valencia and the Mediterranean Sweet and obtained a fruit bothsweet and frost-tolerant; this variety was propagated at the GlenSt. Mary Nursery, which in 1911 received the Silver Wilder Medal bythe American Pomological Society;^[6] ^[30] originally considered a hybrid, the Lue Gim Gongorange was later found to be a nucellar seedling of the Valenciatype,^[31] which is properly called Lue Gim Gong;since 2006, the Lue Gim Gong variety is grown in Florida, althoughsold under the general name Valencia

* Macetera: grown in Spain, it is known for its unique flavour* Malta: grown in Pakistan* Maltaise Blonde: grown in north Africa* Maltaise Ovale: grown in South Africa and in California under the

names of Garey's or California Mediterranean Sweet* Marrs: grown in Texas, California and Iran, it is relatively low in acid* Midsweet: grown in Florida, it is a newer scion similar to the

Hamlin and Pineapple varieties, it is hardier than Pineapple andripens later; the fruit production and quality are similar to thoseof the Hamlin, but the juice has a deeper colour ^[29]

* Moro Tarocco: grown in Italy, it is oval, resembles a tangelo, and has a distinctive caramel-coloured endocarp;this colour is the result of a pigment called anthocarpium, notusually found in citruses, but common in red fruits and flowers; theoriginal mutation occurred in Sicily in the seventeenth century

* Mosambi: grown in India and Pakistan, it is so low in acid and

insipid that it might be classified as acidless* Narinja: grown in Andhra, South India* Parson Brown: grown in Florida, Mexico, and Turkey, it once was a

widely-grown Florida juice orange, its popularity has declined sincenew varieties with more juice, better yield, and higher acid andsugar content have been developed; it originated as a chanceseedling in Florida in 1865; its fruits are round, medium large,have a thick, pebbly peel and contain 10 to 30 seeds; it still isgrown because it is the earliest maturing fruit in the UnitedStates, usually maturing in early September in the Valley district


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of Texas,^[19] and from early October toJanuary in Florida;^[29] its peel and juicecolour are poor, as is the quality of its juice ^[19]

* Pera: grown in Brazil, it is very popular in the Brazilian citrusindustry and yielded 7.5 million tonnes in 2005

* Pera Coroa: grown in Brazil* Pera Natal: grown in Brazil* Pera Rio: grown in Brazil* Pineapple: grown in North and South America and India* Premier: grown in South Africa* Rhode Red: is a mutation of the Valencia orange, but the colour of

its flesh is more intense; it has more juice, and less acidity andvitamin C than the Valencia; it was discovered by Paul Rhode in 1955in a grove near Sebring, Florida

* Roble: it was first shipped from Spain in 1851 by Joseph Roble tohis homestead in what now is Roble's Park in Tampa, Florida; it isknown for its high sugar content

* Queen: grown in South Africa* Salustiana: grown in North Africa* Sathgudi: grown in Tamil Nadu, South India* Seleta, Selecta: grown in Australia and Brazil, it is high in acid* Shamouti Masry: grown in Egypt; it is a richer variety of Shamouti* Sunstar: grown in Florida, this newer cultivar ripens in mid-season

(December to March) and it is more resistant to cold and fruit-dropthan the competing Pineapple variety; the colour of its juice isdarker than that of the competing Hamlin ^[29]

* Tomango: grown in South Africa* Verna: grown in Algeria, Mexico, Morocco, and Spain* Vicieda: grown in Algeria, Morocco, and Spain* Westin: grown in Brazil

Navel oranges[edit]

Navel oranges are characterized by the growth of a second fruit at the

apex , which protrudes slightly andresembles a human navel. They are primarily grown for human consumptionfor various reasons: their thicker skin make them easy to peel, they areless juicy and their bitterness a result of the high concentrations oflimonin and other limonoids rendersthem less suitable for juice.^[17] Theirwidespread distribution and long growing season have made navel orangesvery popular. In the United States, they are available from November toApril, with peak supplies in January, February, and March.^[32]

refer to caption

A navel orange, peeled and sectioned; the underdeveloped twin fruit islocated on the bottom right

According to a 1917 study by Palemon Dorsett, Archibald Dixon Shamel andWilson Popenoe of the United States Department ofAgriculture (USDA), asingle mutation in a Selecta orange tree planted on thegrounds of a monastery near Bahia , Brazil,


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probably yielded the first navel orange between 1810 and 1820.^[33] Nevertheless, a researcher at the Universityof California, Riverside, has suggested that the parent variety was morelikely the Portuguese navel orange (/Umbigo/), described by AntoineRisso and Pierre Antoine Poiteau in their book /Histoire naturelle desorangers/ ("Natural History of Orange Trees", 18181822).^[33] The mutation caused the orange to develop asecond fruit at its base, opposite the stem, as a conjoined twin in a set of smaller segments embedded within thepeel of the primary orange.^[34] Navel orangeswere introduced in Australia in 1824 and in Florida in 1835. In 1870,twelve cuttings of the original tree were transplanted to Riverside,California, where the fruit became known as "Washington".^[35] This cultivar was very successful, and rapidly spread toother countries.^[33] Because the mutationleft the fruit seedless and, therefore, sterile, the only method tocultivate navel oranges was to graft cuttings onto other varieties ofcitrus trees. The California Citrus State Historic Park and the Orcutt RanchHorticulture Center preservethe history of navel oranges in Riverside.

Today, navel oranges continue to be propagated through cutting

and grafting . This does notallow for the usual selective breeding methodologies, and so all navel oranges can be considered fruits fromthat single, nearly two-hundred-year-old tree: they have exactly thesame genetic make-up as the original tree and are, therefore, clones. This case is similar to that of the common yellowseedless banana, the Cavendish . On rareoccasions, however, further mutations can lead to new varieties.^[33]

Cara cara navels[edit]

Slices of common and cara cara oranges on a plateCara cara orange slices (left)

Cara cara oranges (also called "red navel") area type of navel orange grown mainly in Venezuela, South Africa and inCalifornia's San Joaquin Valley. They are sweet and comparatively low inacid,^[36] with a bright orange rind similar to thatof other navels, but their flesh is distinctively pinkish red. It isbelieved that they have originated as a cross between the Washingtonnavel and the Brazilian Bahia navel,^[37] and

they were discovered at the Hacienda Cara Cara inValencia, Venezuela, in 1976.^[38]

South African cara caras are ready for market in early August, whileVenezuelan fruits arrive in October and Californian fruits in lateNovember.^[36] ^[37]

Other varieties of navels[edit]


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* Bahianinha or Bahia* Dream Navel* Late Navel* Washington or California Navel

Blood oranges[edit]

Sectioned oranges on a plate Comparison between the inside and the outside of regular and blood orangesMain article: Blood orange

Blood oranges are a natural mutation of /C. sinensis/, although todaythe majority of them are hybrids. High concentrations of anthocyanin give the rind, flesh, and juice of the fruit theircharacteristic dark red colour. Blood oranges were first discovered andcultivated in Sicily in the fifteenth century. Since then they havespread worldwide, but are grown especially in Spain and Italyunder thenames of /sanguina/ and /sanguinella/, respectively.

The blood orange, with its distinct colour and flavour, is generally

considered the most delicious juice orange,^[17] and has found a niche as an ingredient variation in traditional Sevillemarmalade.

Other varieties of blood oranges[edit]

* Maltese: a small and highly coloured variety, generally thought tohave originated in Italy as a mutation and cultivated there forcenturies. It also is grown extensively in southern Spain and Malta.It is used in sorbets and other desserts due to its rich burgundycolour.

* Moro: originally from Sicily, it is common throughout Italy. Thismedium-sized fruit has a relatively long harvest, which lasts fromDecember to April.

* Sanguinelli: a mutant of the Doble Fina, discovered in 1929 inAlmenara, in the Castelln province of Spain. It is cultivated inSicily.

* Scarlet navel: a variety with the same mutation as the navel orange.* Tarocco: a relatively new variety developed in Italy. It begins to

ripen in late January.^[27]

Acidless oranges[edit]

Acidless oranges are an early-season fruit with very low levels of acid,which are rather insipid. They also are called "sweet" oranges in theU.S., with similar names in other countries: /douce/ in France,/sucrena/ in Spain, /dolce/ or /maltese/ in Italy, /meski/ in NorthAfrica and the Near East (where they are especially popular), /ekerportakal/ ("sugar orange") in Turkey,^[39] /succari/ inEgypt, and /lima/ in Brazil.^[17]

The lack of acid, which protects orange juice against spoilage in other


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groups, renders them generally unfit for processing as juice, so theyare primarily eaten. They remain profitable in areas of localconsumption, but rapid spoilage renders them unsuitable for export tomajor population centres of Europe, Asia, or the United States.^[17]

Attributes[edit]

Nutritional value[edit]

Oranges, raw,all commercial varieties Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)Energy 197 kJ (47 kcal)Carbohydrates 11.75 g- Sugars 9.35 g- Dietary fibre 2.4 gFat 0.12 gProtein 0.94 gWater 86.75 gVitamin A equiv. 11 g (1%)

Thiamine (vit. B_1 ) 0.087 mg (8%)Riboflavin (vit. B_2 ) 0.04 mg (3%)Niacin (vit. B_3 ) 0.282 mg (2%)Pantothenic acid (B_5 ) 0.25 mg (5%)Vitamin B_6 0.06 mg (5%)Folate (vit. B_9 ) 30 g (8%)Choline 8.4 mg (2%)Vitamin C 53.2 mg (64%)Vitamin E 0.18 mg (1%)Calcium 40 mg (4%)Iron 0.1 mg (1%)Magnesium 10 mg (3%)Manganese 0.025 mg (1%)

Phosphorus 14 mg (2%)Potassium 181 mg (4%)Zinc 0.07 mg (1%)Link to USDA Database entryPercentages are roughly approximatedusing US recommendations for adults.Source: USDA Nutrient Database

[icon] This section requiresexpansion with:nutritional properties (see talk page). /(November 2012)/

Oranges, like most citrus fruits, are a good source of vitamin C.

Acidity[edit]

Being a citrus fruit, the orange is acidic: its pH levels areas low as 2.9,^[40] and as high as 4.0.^[40]


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^[41]

Grading[edit]

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has establishedthe following grades for Florida oranges, which primarily apply tooranges sold as fresh fruit: US Fancy, US No. 1 Bright, US No. 1, US No.1 Golden, US No. 1 Bronze, US No. 1 Russet, US No. 2 Bright, US No. 2,US No. 2 Russet, and US No. 3.^[42] The generalcharacteristics graded are colour (both hue and uniformity), firmness,maturity, varietal characteristics, texture, and shape. /Fancy/, thehighest grade, requires the highest grade of colour and an absence ofblemishes, while the terms /Bright/, /Golden/, /Bronze/, and /Russet/concern solely discolouration.

Grade numbers are determined by the amount of unsightly blemishes on theskin and firmness of the fruit that do not affect consumer safety. TheUSDA separates blemishes into three categories:

1. General blemishes: ammoniation, buckskin, caked melanose, creasing,decay, scab, split navels, sprayburn, undeveloped segments, unhealed

segments, and wormy fruit2. Injuries to fruit: bruises, green spots, oil spots, rough, wide, orprotruding navels, scale, scars, skin breakdown, and thorn scratches

3. Damage caused by dirt or other foreign material, disease, dryness,or mushy condition, hail, insects, riciness or woodiness, andsunburn.^[42]

The USDA uses a separate grading system for oranges used for juicebecause appearance and texture are irrelevant in this case. There areonly two grades: US Grade AA Juice and US Grade A Juice, which are givento the oranges before processing. Juice grades are determined by threefactors:

1. The juiciness of the orange2. The amount of solids in the juice (at least 10% solids are required

for the AA grade)3. The proportion of anhydric citric acid in fruit

solids

History[edit ]

There are no reports of sweet oranges occurring in the wild. In general,it is believed that sweet orange trees have originated in SoutheastAsia, northeastern India, or southern China,^[6]

and that they were first cultivated in China around 2500 BC.^[/citationneeded /]

In Europe, citrus fruitsamong them the bitter orange, introduced toItaly by the crusaders in the 11th centurywere grown widely in thesouth for medicinal purposes,^[6] but the sweetorange was unknown until the late 15th century or the beginnings of the16th century, when Italian and Portuguese merchants brought orange treesinto the Mediterranean area.^[6] Shortlyafterward, the sweet orange quickly was adopted as an edible fruit. It


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also was considered a luxury item and wealthy people grew oranges inprivate conservatories, called orangeries . By 1646,the sweet orange was well known throughout Europe.^[6]

Spanish explorers introduced the sweet orange into the Americancontinent. On his second voyage in 1493, Christopher Columbus took seedsof oranges, lemons, and citrons to Haiti and theCaribbean. Subsequent expeditions in the mid-1500s brought sweet orangesto South America and Mexico, and to Florida in 1565, when Pedro Menndezde Avils founded StAugustine .^[43] Spanishmissionaries brought orange trees toArizona between 1707 and 1710, while the Franciscans did the same in San Diego,California, in 1769. An orchard was planted at the San Gabriel Mission around 1804 and a commercialorchard was established in 1841 near present-day Los Angeles. InLouisiana, oranges probably were introduced by French explorers.

Archibald Menzies , the botanist and naturaliston the Vancouver Expedition , collectedorange seeds in South Africa, raised the seedlings onboard and gave themto several Hawaiian chiefs in 1792. Eventually, the sweet orange was

grown in wide areas of the Hawaiian Islands, but its cultivation stoppedafter the arrival of the Mediterranean fruit fly in the early 1900s.^[6] ^[44]

As oranges are rich in vitamin C and do not spoil easily, during the Ageof Discovery , Portuguese, Spanish , and Dutch sailors planted citrus trees along trade routes toprevent scurvy .

Around 1872, Florida farmers obtained seeds from New Orleans, so manyorange groves were established by grafting the sweet orange on to sour

orange rootstocks.

Cultivation[edit]

Climate[edit]

refer to caption Orange tree in the National Botanic Garden of Belgium

in Meise

Like most citrus plants, oranges do well under moderatetemperaturesbetween 15.5 and 29 C (60 and 84 F)and requireconsiderable amounts of sunshine and water. It has been suggested thatthe use of water resources by the citrus industry in the Middle East isa contributing factor to the desiccation of theregion. ^[/citation needed /] Anothersignificant element in the full development of the fruit is thetemperature variation between summer and winter and, between day and


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night. In cooler climates, oranges can be grown indoors.

As oranges are sensitive to frost , there are differentmethods to prevent frost damage to crops and trees when subfreezingtemperatures are expected. A common process is to spray the trees withwater so as to cover them with a thin layer of ice that will stay just/at/ the freezing point, insulating them even if air temperatures dropfar lower. This is because water continues to lose heat as long as theenvironment is colder than it is, and so the water turning to ice in theenvironment cannot damage the trees. This practice, however, offersprotection only for a very short time.^[45] Anotherprocedure is burning fuel oil in smudge pots putbetween the trees. These devices burn with a great deal of particulateemission, so condensation of water vapour on the particulate sootprevents condensation on plants and raises the air temperature veryslightly. Smudge pots were developed for the first time after adisastrous freeze in Southern California in January 1913 destroyed awhole crop.^[46]

Propagation[edit]

See also: Fruit tree propagation

It is possible to grow orange trees directly from seeds, but they may beinfertile or produce fruit that may be different from its parent. Forthe seed of a commercial orange to grow, it must be kept moist at alltimes. One approach is placing the seeds between two sheets of damppaper towel until they germinate and then planting them, although manycultivators just set the seeds straight into the soil.

Commercially grown orange trees are propagated asexually by grafting amature cultivar onto a suitable seedling rootstock to ensure the same yield, identical fruit characteristics, and resistance to

diseases throughout the years. Propagation involves two stages: first, arootstock is grown from seed. Then, when it is approximately one yearold, the leafy top is cut off and a bud taken from aspecific scion variety, is grafted into itsbark. The scion is what determines the variety of orange, while therootstock makes the tree resistant to pests and diseases and adaptableto specific soil and climatic conditions. Thus,rootstocks influence the rate of growth and have an effect on fruityield and quality.^[47]

Rootstocks must be compatible with the variety inserted into thembecause otherwise, the tree may decline, be less productive, and evendie.^[47]

Among the several advantages to grafting are that trees mature uniformlyand begin to bear fruit earlier than those reproduced by seeds (3 to 4years in contrast with 6 to 7 years),^[48] andthat it makes it possible to combine the best attributes of a scion withthose of a rootstock.^[49]

Principal rootstocks[edit]


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Today, five types of rootstock predominate in relatively cool climateswhere cold or freezing weather is probable, especially Florida andsouthern Europe.

* Sour rootstock: it is the only rootstock that truly is an orange(the /Citrus/ /aurantium/ or bitter orange).It is vigorous and highly drought-resistant.

* /Poncirus trifoliata/: it is a close relative of the /Citrus/ genus,sometimes classified as /Citrus trifoliata/. It is especiallyresistant to cold, the tristeza virus ,and the fungus /Phytophthora parasitica/ (root rot) and grows well in loam soil. Among its disadvantages are its slow growthit isthe slowest growing rootstockand its poor resistance to heat anddrought. It is primarily used in China, Japan, and areas ofCalifornia with heavy soils.^[50]

* Swingle citrumelo: it is tolerant of tristeza virus and/Phytophthora parasitica/ and moderately resistant to salt andfreezing.^[48] This rootstock selection washybridized from the Duncan grapefruit (/Citrus paradisi Macfadyen/)and the /Poncirus trifoliata/ (L.) Raf. by Walter Tennyson Swingle in Eustis, Florida, in 1907. It was

released by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to nurserymen in 1974.* /Troyer/ citrange and /Carrizo/ citrange : thesereasonably vigorous rootstocks are resistant to /Phytophthoraparasitica/, nematodes , and tristeza virus and showgood cold tolerance. They also are highly polyembryonic, so growers can obtain multiple plants from asingle seed. Citrange, however, does not do well in clay, calcareous or high-pH soils, and is sensitive to salinity.It is not feasible as rootstock for mandarin scions, as it overgrowsthem by producing branches of its own in competition with thegrafted budwood.^[51] Citranges are hybrids of theWashington navel orange and the /Poncirus trifoliata/. The originalcrosses, made in the early 1900s by the U.S. Department of

Agriculture with the intention of producing cold tolerant scionvarieties, were later identified as suitable for use as rootstocks.The commercial use of these rootstocks began in Australia in the1960s. The /Troyer/ variety generally is found in California, whilethe /Carrizo/ variety is used in Florida.

* Cleopatra mandarin: it is tolerant of salinity and soil alkalinity and also suitable for shallow soils. It is usedprimarily in Spain, Australia, and Florida. Dade County, forexample, has 85% calcareous soil, atypical trait of land that has been under water.^[52] The Cleopatra mandarin, originated in India andintroduced into Florida from Jamaica in the mid-nineteenth century,has been distributed and tested as a rootstock throughout the world.

Nowadays, however, it is considered an inferior rootstock because itis sensitive to many diseases, grows slowly, and is difficult topropagate.^[53]

Other rootstock varieties in the United States[edit]

* African shaddock X trifoliate hybrid^[33] * Benton citrange trifoliate hybrid^[33]


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* Borneo Rangpur lime^[33] * Bitters C-22 citrange (/X Citroncirus sp./ Rutaceae): it was

hybridized at the USDA U.S. Date and Citrus Station in Indio,California, and developed further by the University of California,Riverside. It is used primarily as rootstock for navel oranges inCalifornia. In 2009, a report suggested it also may be useful toreplace sour orange rootstock for grapefruit in Texas because it istolerant of calcareous soil.^[54] ^[55] Its name is not related to thebitter orange: it was named after Dr William Bitters, professor ofHorticulture and a curator of the Citrus Variety Collection.

* Carpenter C-54 citrange^[55] * C-32 citrange trifoliate hybrid^[33] * C-35 citrange trifoliate hybrid^[33] * Calamondin kumquat hybrid^[33] * Carrizo citrange trifoliate hybrid^[33] * Citradia trifoliate hybrid^[33] * Citremon trifoliate hybrid (CRC 1449)^[33] * Citrumelo trifoliate hybrid C190^[33] * Citrumelo trifoliate hybrid (CRC 1452)^[33] * Citrumelo trifoliate hybrid (CRC 4475)^[33] * /Citrus macrophylla/ (Alemow)^[33] * /Citrus volkameriana/ (Volkamer lemon)^[33]

* Cleopatra mandarin X trifoliate hybrid X639^[33]* Flying dragon trifoliate (CRC 3330A)^[33] * Fraser Seville sour orange^[33] * Furr C-57 citrange^[55] * Goutoucheng sour orange (CRC 3929)^[33] * Goutoucheng sour orange (CRC 4004)^[33] * Grapefruit seedling (CRC 343)^[33] * Pomeroy trifoliate^[33] * Rangpur lime X Troyer citrange hybrid^[33] * Rich 16-6 trifoliate^[33] * Rubidoux trifoliate^[33] * Rusk citrange trifoliate orange^[33]

* Satsuma X trifoliate hybrid^[33] * Schaub rough lemon^[33] * Small-leaf trifoliate^[33] * Smooth Flat Seville sour orange^[33] * Sun Chu Sha Kat mandarin^[33] * US 119 (Grapefruit X trifoliate) X Sweet Orange hybrid^[33]

* Vangassay rough lemon^[33] * Yuma Ponderosa lemon pummelo hybrid^[33] * Zhuluan sour orange hybrid (CRC 3930)^[33] * Zhuluan sour orange hybrid (CRC 3981)^[33]

Harvest[edit]

[icon] This section requiresexpansion./(November 2012)/

Canopy-shaking mechanical harvesters are being used increasingly inFlorida to harvest oranges. Current canopy shaker machines use a series


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of six-to-seven-foot long tines to shake the tree canopy at a relativelyconstant stroke and frequency.^[56]

Degreening[edit]

Oranges cannot be ripened artificially and must be mature whenharvested.^[/citation needed /] In theUnited States, laws forbid harvesting immature fruit for humanconsumption in Texas, Arizona, California and Florida.^[57] Ripe oranges, however, often have some green oryellow-green colour in the skin. Ethylene gas is usedto turn green skin to orange. This process is known as "degreening",also called "gassing", "sweating", or "curing".^[57]

Storage[edit]

A stand with oranges, a man next to it, a cat on the floorA stand with oranges in a market at Agadir , Morocco

Commercially, oranges can be stored by refrigeration incontrolled-atmosphere chambers for up to 12 weeks after harvest. Storagelife ultimately depends on cultivar, maturity, pre-harvest conditions,and handling.^[58] In stores and markets, however,oranges should be displayed on non-refrigerated shelves.

At home, oranges have a shelf life of about one month.^[59] In either case, optimally, they are stored looselyin an open or perforated plastic bag.^[59]

Pests and diseases[edit]

See also: List of citrus diseases

Cottony cushion scale[edit]

The first major pest that attacked orange trees in the United States wasthe cottony cushion scale (/Icerya purchasi /),imported from Australia to California in 1868. Within 20 years, it wipedout the citrus orchards around Los Angeles, and limited orange growth

throughout California. In 1888, the USDA sent Alfred Koebele toAustralia to study this scale insect in its nativehabitat. He brought back with him specimens of /Novius cardinalis/, anAustralian ladybird beetle , and within a decadethe pest was controlled.^[26]

Citrus greening disease[edit]


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The citrus greening disease , caused by thebacterium /Liberobacter asiaticum/, hasbeen the most serious threat to orange production since 2010. It ischaracterized by streaks of different shades on the leaves, anddeformed, poorly-coloured, unsavoury fruit. In areas where the diseaseis endemic, citrus trees live for only five to eight years and neverbear fruit suitable for consumption.^[60] In thewestern hemisphere, it was discovered in Florida in 1998, where it hasattacked nearly all the trees ever since. It was also reported in Brazilby Fundecitrus Brasil in 2004.^[60] As from2009, 0.87% of the trees in Brazil's main orange growing areas (SoPaulo and Minas Gerais) showed symptoms of greening, which means anincrease of 49% over 2008.^[61]

The disease is spread primarily by two species of psyllid insects. One of them is the Asian citrus psyllid(/Diaphorina citri / Kuwayama), an efficientvector of the /Liberobacter asiaticum/.Generalist predators such asthe ladybird beetles /Curinus coeruleus/, /Ollav-nigrum /,/Harmonia axyridis /, and /Cycloneda sanguinea

/, and the lacewings /Ceraeochrysa spp./ and /Chrysoperla spp./ make significant contribution to the mortalityof the Asian citrus psyllid, which results in 80100% reduction inpsyllid populations. In contrast, parasitism by /Tamarixia radiata/, aspecies-specific parasitoid of the Asian citrus psyllid, is variable andgenerally low in southwest Florida: in 2006, it amounted to a reductionof less than 12% from May to September and 50% in November.

In 2007, foliar applications of insecticides reduced psyllid populationsfor a short time, but also suppressed the populations of predatoryladybird beetles. Soil application of aldicarb provided

limited control of Asian citrus psyllid, while drenches of imidacloprid to young trees were effective for two months ormore.^[62]

Management of citrus greening disease is difficult and requires anintegrated approach that includes use of clean stock, elimination ofinoculum via voluntary and regulatory means, use of pesticides tocontrol psyllid vectors in the citrus crop, and biological control ofpsyllid vectors in non-crop reservoirs. Citrus greening disease is notunder completely successful management.^[60]

Greasy spot[edit

]

Greasy spot, a fungal disease caused bythe /Mycosphaerella citri /, produces leafspots and premature defoliation, thus reducing the tree's vigour andyield. Ascospores of /M. citri/ are generated inpseudothecia in decomposing fallen leaves.^[63] Once mature, ascospores are ejected and subsequentlydispersed by air currents.


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Production[edit]

Main article: Citrus production

Brazil is the world's leading orange producer, with an output almost ashigh as that of the next three countries combined (the United States,India, and China). Orange groves are located mainly in the state of SoPaulo , in the southeastern region of Brazil, and account forapproximately 80% of the national production. As almost 99% of the fruitis processed for export, 53% of total global frozen concentrated orangejuice productioncomes from this area and the western part of the state of Minas Gerais. In Brazil, the four predominant orange varietiesused for obtaining juice are Hamlin, Pera Rio, Natal, and Valencia.^[64] ^[65]

The United States is the second largest producer. Groves are locatedespecially in Florida, California, Texas, and Arizona. The majority ofCalifornia's crop is sold as fresh fruit, whereas Florida's oranges aredestined to juice products. Mid-south Florida produces about half asmany oranges as Brazil, but the bulk of its orange juice is not

exported. The Indian River area ofFlorida is known for the high quality of its juice, which often is soldfresh in the U.S. and frequently blended with juice produced in otherregions because Indian River trees yield very sweet oranges, but inrelatively small quantities.^[66]

Production of orange juice between the So Paulo and mid-south Floridaareas makes up roughly 85% of the world market. Brazil exports 99% ofits production, while 90% of Florida's production is consumed in theU.S.^[67]

Orange juice is traded internationally in the form of frozen,concentrated orange juice to reduce the volume used so that storage and

transportation costs are lower.^[68] The European Union is the third largest producer of orangesworldwide.^[65]

Top orange producers(million tonnes ) 2005 2008 2010Brazil 17.9 18.5 18.1United States 8.4 9.1 7.5India 3.3 4.9 6.0China 2.7 4.2 5.0*Mexico 4.1 4.3 4.1Spain 2.4 3.4 3.1

Egypt 1.9 2.1 2.4Italy 2.3 2.2 2.4Indonesia 2.2 2.5 2.0Turkey 1.4 1.4 1.7Pakistan 1.7 1.6 1.5Iran 2.3 2.6 1.5*World Total* *63.1* *69.6* *68.3****= unofficial figure. All figures for 2005 and 2008 are official.Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).


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Economic and Social Department: the Statistical Division^[69]

Other countries with a significant production of oranges are SouthAfrica , Morocco , and Argentina.

Juice and other products[edit]

Oranges, whose flavour may vary from sweet to sour, are commonly peeled and eaten fresh or squeezed for juice.The thick bitter rind is usually discarded, but can be processed intoanimal feed by desiccation , using pressure and heat. It also is used in certain recipes as a foodflavouring or garnish . The outermost layer of therind can be thinly grated with a zester to produce orangezest . Zest is popular in cooking because itcontains the oil glands and has a strong flavour similar to that of theorange pulp. The white part of the rind, including the pith, is a sourceof pectin and has nearly the same amount of vitamin C asthe flesh and other nutrients.

Although not so juicy or tasty as the flesh, orange peel is edible andhas higher contents of vitamin C and more fibre .It also contains citral , an aldehyde that antagonizes the action of vitamin A , Particularlyin environments where resources are scarce and therefore maximumnutritional value must be obtained with the minimum generation of waste,for example, on a submarine, orange peels have been consumed routinely.Since large concentrations of pesticides have beenfound in orange peels,^[70] some organizations^[/which?/] recommend consumption of the peelof only organically grown and processed oranges,where chemical pesticides or herbicides would not have been used.^[71]

Products made from oranges[edit]

* Orange juice is obtained by squeezing the fruiton a special tool (a /juicer/ or /squeezer/) and collecting thejuice in a tray underneath. This can be made at home or, on a muchlarger scale, industrially. Brazil is the largest producer of orangejuice in the world, followed by the U.S., where it is one of thecommodities traded on the New York Board of Trade.

Skeletal model of octyl acetate Octyl acetate is responsible for the fragrance oforanges

* Frozen orange juice concentrate is made from freshly squeezed andfiltered orange juice.^[72]

* Sweet orange oil is a by-product of the juice industry produced by pressing thepeel. It is used for flavouring food and drinks


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and also in the perfume industry and aromatherapy for its fragrance . Sweetorange oil consists of approximately 90% D-limonene, a solvent used in varioushousehold chemicals, such as wood conditioners for furnitureandalong with other citrus oilsdetergents and hand cleansers. Itis an efficient cleaning agent with a pleasant smell, promoted forbeing environmentally friendly and therefore, preferable topetrochemicals. D-limonene is, however, classified from slightlytoxic to humans,^[73] to very toxic to marine lifein different countries.^[74]

Although once thought to cause renal cancer in rats, limonene is now considered a natural chemopreventive agent in humans,^[75] ^[76] since there is no evidence for its carcinogenicity or genotoxicity . The CarcinogenicPotency Project estimates that D-limonene causes human cancer on a levelroughly equivalent to that caused by exposure to caffeic acid via dietary coffee intake,^[77] whereas the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies itunder Class 3 , which means itis /not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans/.^[78]

Orange blossoms are used in several differentways, as are fruit peels and the leaves and wood of the tree.

* The orange blossom, which is the state flower of Florida,^[79] is highly fragrant andtraditionally associated with good fortune. It has long been popularin bridal bouquets and head wreaths.

* Orange blossom essence is an important component in the making ofperfume.

* Orange blossom petals can also be made into a delicatelycitrus-scented version of rosewater , known as

"orange blossom water" or "orange flower water". It is a commoningredient in French and Middle Eastern cuisines, especially indesserts and baked goods. In some Middle Eastern countries, drops oforange flower water are added to disguise the unpleasant taste ofhard water drawn from wells or stored in/qullahs/ (traditional Egyptian water pitchers made of porous clay).In the United States, orange flower water is used to make orangeblossom scones and marshmallows.

* In Spain, fallen blossoms are dried and used to make tea.* Orange blossom honey

(or citrushoney) is obtained by putting beehives in thecitrus groves while trees bloom. By this method, bees also pollinate

seeded citrus varieties. This type of honey hasan orangey taste and is highly prized.* Marmalade usually is made with Seville oranges

. All parts of the fruit are used: the pithand pips (separated and placed in a muslin bag) are boiled in amixture of juice, slivered peel, sliced-up flesh, sugar, and waterto extract their pectin, which helps the conserve to set.

* Orange peel is used by gardeners as a slug repellent.* Orange leaves can be boiled to make tea.* Orangewood sticks are used as cuticle pushers in manicures and


21/36

pedicures, and as spudgers for manipulating slenderelectronic wires.

* Orangewood is used in the same way as mesquite, oak, and hickory forseasoning grilled meat.

A jar of orange juice with oranges around itOranges and orange juice

refer to caption Juice squeezer

refer to caption A jar of marmalade

Etymology[edit]

Main article: Orange (word)

The word /orange/ derives from the Sanskrit word for"orange tree" (/ nraga/), probably of Dravidian origin.^[23] TheSanskrit word reached European languages through Persian (/nrang/) and its Arabic derivative (/nranj/).

The word entered Late Middle English in the fourteenth century viaOld French /orenge/ (in the phrase /pommed'orenge/).^[80] The French word, in turn, comes fromOld Provenal /auranja/, based on Arabic/nranj/.^[23] In several languages, the initial

/n/ present in earlier forms of the word dropped off because it may havebeen mistaken as part of an indefinite article ending in an /n/ soundinFrench, for example, /une norenge/ may have been heard as /une orenge/.This linguistic change is called juncture loss .The colour was named after the fruit,^[81] and the first documented use in this sense dates to1542.^[/citation needed /]

As Portuguese merchants were presumably the first to introduce the sweetorange in Europe, in several modern Indo-European languages the fruit has been named after them.Some examples are Albanian portokall, Bulgarian

(/portokal/), Greek (/

a

/), Persian (/porteghal/), and Romanian portocal.^[82] ^[83]


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Related names can be found in other languages, such as Arabic (/bourtouqal/), Georgian (/p'ort'oxali/), and Turkish portakal.^[82] In Italy, words derived from /Portugal/(/Portogallo/) to refer to the sweet orange are in common use in mostdialects throughout the country, in contrast to standard Italian /arancia/.^[84]

In other Indo-European languages, the words for /orange/ allude to theeastern origin of the fruit and can be translated literally as "applefrom China". Some examples are Low German /Apfelsine/, Dutch /appelsien/ and /sinaasappel/, Swedish /apelsin/, andNorwegian /appelsin/.^[83] A similarcase is Puerto Rican Spanish /china/.^[85] ^[86]

Various Slavic languages use the variants/pomaran/ (Slovak), /pomeran/ (Czech), /pomarana/ (Slovene), and/pomaracza/ (Polish), all from Old French /pomme d'orenge/.^[87]

^[/not in citation given /]

See also[edit]

* Cam snh (Green orange or Longan. /Citrusreticulata maxima/)

* Orange production in Brazil * University of California Citrus Experiment Station

* Eliza Tibbets (for the history of orange

groves in California, US)

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"Limonene"./PAN Pesticide Database/. Pesticide Action Network.

74. *Jump up ^ * "D-LIMONENE".International Programme on Chemical Safety. April 2005.

75. *Jump up ^ * Crowell PL (1999). "Prevention andtherapy of cancer by dietary monoterpenes". /The Journal ofNutrition/ *129* (3): 775S778S. PMID 10082788.

76. *Jump up ^ * Tsuda H; Ohshima Y; Nomoto H et al.

(2004). "Cancer prevention by natural compounds". /Drug Metabolismand Pharmacokinetics/ *19* (4): 24563. doi:10.2133/dmpk.19.245. PMID 15499193.

77. *Jump up ^ * "Ranking Possible Cancer Hazards on theHERP Index" . Retrieved2007-03-19.

78. *Jump up ^ * /IARC Monographs on the evaluation


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of carcinogenic risks to humans/.73-16. 1999. pp. 30727.

79. *Jump up ^ * "Florida State Symbols".Florida Department of State. Division of Historical Resources.

80. *Jump up ^ * "Definition of /orange/".OED online (www.oxforddictionaries.com).

81. *Jump up ^ * Paterson, Ian (2003). /A Dictionary ofColour: A Lexicon of the Language of Colour/ (1st paperback ed.).London: Thorogood (published 2004). p. 280. ISBN 1-85418-375-3. OCLC 60411025

82. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ ^/*b*/ "Multilingual Multiscript Plant NameDatabase: Sorting Citrus Names".University of Melbourne (www.search.unimelb.edu.au). Retrieved 11 December 2012.

83. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ ^/*b*/ Robert C. Ostergren; Mathias LeBosse (15 March 2011). /The Europeans, Second Edition: A Geography

of People, Culture, and Environment/. GuilfordPress . p. 129. ISBN 978-1-60918-140-6.

84. *Jump up ^ * (Italian) Citrus sinensis Wikipedia.It.wikipedia.org (2011-09-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-02.

85. *Jump up ^ * Charles Duff (1 January 1971)./Spanish for beginners/.HarperCollins. p. 191. ISBN

978-0-06-463271-3. Retrieved 4 August 2011.86. *Jump up ^ * See also List of Puerto Rican slang words

and phrases 87. *Jump up ^ * Hoad, T. F. (1996). "orange"

. /The ConciseOxford Dictionary of English Etymology/. HighBeam Research. Retrieved May 19, 2010.

External links[edit]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: /*Oranges*/

Wikimedia Commons has media related to /*Citrus sinensis*/.

Wikispecies has information related to: /*Citrussinensis */

* /Citrus sinensis/ List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and


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Ethnobotanical Databases),USDA , Agricultural Research Service.

* Fundecitrus (Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura) (Portuguese)

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Citrus List of citrus fruits Important species

* Citron * Citrus limetta * Key lime * Mandarin orange * Pomelo

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* *Wikipedia book Book:Citrus ** *Category Category:Citrus *

Retrieved from"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_(fruit)&oldid=578010054"

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