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ORBIT AND EYE Mr. P Mazengenya Room 2B04, Tel 2204

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Page 1: ORBIT AND - Loginanatomical-sciences.health.wits.ac.za/gross-anat... · Orbit & Eye • Bony orbit o Cavity containing and protecting eyeball, muscles & neurovasculature o Opening

ORBIT AND EYE 

Mr. P Mazengenya 

Room 2B04, Tel 2204

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AIMS • Define the boundaries, content, and 

function of the bony orbit• Know the foramina of the bony orbit• Describe the anatomy of the eyelids• Describe the anatomy of the lacrimal

apparatus• Know the anatomy of the eyeball• Understand the roles of the refractive 

structures and media of the eyeball• Outline the key extraocular muscles• Know the vascular supply of the eye• Outline the innervation of the eye

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Orbit & Eye 

• Bony orbit o Cavity containing and 

protecting eyeball, muscles & neurovasculature

o Opening is protected by the eyelid.

o Supports, protects and maximizes the functions of the eye

o Pyramidal shape with apex directed posteriorly and base anteriorly

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• Boundarieso Roof

• Orbital plate frontal bone• Lesser wing sphenoid

o Floor• Orbital plate of maxilla• Some contributions from zygomatic and palatine bones

• Contains inferior orbital fissure

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o Medial wall• Orbital plate of ethmoidbone

• Some contributions from frontal, lacrimal, and sphenoid bones

• lacrimal fossa for lacrimalsac

o Lateral wall• Frontal process of zygomatic bone

• Greater wing of sphenoid

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o Apex• Lesser wing of sphenoid• Contains optic canal medial to superior orbital fissure

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EYELIDS • Eyelids

o Protect the eye from injury and excessive light and keep the corneas moist.

o Palpebral fissure.o Covered by thin skin 

externally and palpebralconjunctive internally Palpebral conjunctive 

continuous with bulbar conjunctive of eyeball

conjunctival forniceso Strengthened by tarsal plates

Tarsal glands embedded in plates

Produce a lipid secretion– Lubricates eye

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o Medial palpebralligamentsAttach tarsal plates to medial margin of orbit

Orbicularis oculi attaches to this ligament

o Lateral palpebralligaments ‐ attach tarsal plates to lateral margin of orbit

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• Eyelashes • Ciliary glands 

o Muscles of the eyelidsOrbicularis oculiLevator palpebraesuperioris

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• Lacrimal apparatuso Functions

• Secretes tears, antibacterial 

• Lubricates eye and eyelid

o Consists of• Lacrimal glands• Lacrimal ducts• Lacrimal canaliculi• Nasolacrimal ducts

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• Lacrimal glando Lies in fossa for lacrimalgland in superolateralorbit

o Consists of two parts:• Larger orbital• Smaller palpebral• Divided by  levatorpalpebrae superioris

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• Lacrimal gland o secretomotor fibers

from CN VIIo (parasympathetic)o Lacrimal canaliculi

Drain tears from lacrimallake at medial angle of eye

Drain to lacrimal saco Lacrimal sac drains to nasal cavity via nasolacrimal duct

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• nasolacrimal duct 

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• Eyeballo Surrounded by fascialsheath (Tenon's capsule)

o Three layersOuter fibrous = sclera and cornea

Middle vascular = choroid, ciliary body and iris

Inner pigmented and nervous = retina

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o Fibrous coat• Sclera = opaque part of fibrous coat

o Covers posterior five sixths of eyeball

o To the corneoscleral jxno Pierced posteriorly by optic nerve

• Corneao Transparent part of fibrous coat

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• Middle vascular layero Choroid

o Outer pigmented layero Inner vascular layero Lies between sclera and 

retinao Ciliary body

o Connects choroid with iriso Contains smooth muscle that 

alters the shape of lenso Iris

o Pigmented diaphragm with central aperture: the pupil

o Radial fibers of the dilator pupillae open the pupil

o Circular fibers of the sphincter pupillae close the pupil

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o Inner (retinal) layer• Consists of three parts1. Optic part

o Receives light2. Ciliary3. Iridial parts • Fundus

o Optic disc contains no photoreceptors = "blind spot"

• Macula luteao Fovea centralis = area of 

most acute vision

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o Vasculature of retinaCentral artery of retina from ophthalmic artery

Retinal veins drain to central vein of retina

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• Aqueous chamber (aqueous humor)o Anterior chambero Posterior chamber 

• Vitrous chamber

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• Lenso Transparent, enclosed in capsule

o Shape changed by ciliarymuscles via suspensoryligaments attached around periphery

o Convexity varies to adjust for focus on near or far objects

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VISION 

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Muscles of the orbit 

• Intrinsic (intraocular) muscleso Ciliary muscleo Constrictor pupillae of iris

o Dilator pupillae of iris

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o Extrinsic (extraocular) muscleso Six muscleso Four arise from common 

tendineus ring• Lateral and medial rectus (2)

o Lie in same horizontal planeo Rotate eyeball laterally and 

medially, respectively• Superior and inferior rectus (2)

o Lie in same vertical planeo Pull eyeball superiorly and 

inferiorly, respectivelyo Inferior oblique

• Works with superior rectus• Pulls eyeball superiorly and laterally

o Superior oblique• Works with inferior rectus• Pulls eyeball inferiorly and laterally

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• Extra ocular muscles o Lateral rectus –abducent nerve (VI)

o Superior oblique‐trochlear nerve (IV)

o Occulomotor nerve (III)

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• Arterieso Ophthalmic artery (main 

supply)• Enters orbit through optic 

canal• Lateral to optic nerve

o Infraorbital artery from maxillary

o Branches of ophthalmic artery

• Supraorbital• Supratrochlear• Lacrimal• Dorsal nasal• Ethmoidal‐anterior and 

posterior• Central artery of the retina

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• Venous drainageo Superior ophthalmic vein

• Formed by union of supraorbital and angular vein of face

• Drains to cavernous sinuso Inferior ophthalmic vein

• Forms in floor of orbit• Drains to cavernous sinus

• Communicates with pterygoid plexus of veins through inferior orbital fissure

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• Innervation :o Optic nerve o Ophthalmic nerveo Trochlea nerve o Abducent nerve o Oculomotor nerve o Short ciliary nerve 

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Summary 

• Understand the orbit and its contents 

• Testing of extraocularmuscles 

• Cataract• Glaucoma • Intracranial pressure 

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THANK YOU