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Oreste Signore- Quality/1 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 Standards for quality of cultural websites Ministerial NEtwoRk for Valorising Activities in digitisation Slide 2 Oreste Signore- Quality/2 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 Quality: what is it? Easy perception Difficult to measure Metrics User experience Usability Maintanability ... Slide 3 Oreste Signore- Quality/3 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 Quality factors Transparency (easily identifiable) Portability (adaptable, light) Interoperability Data structuring Slide 4 Oreste Signore- Quality/4 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 Interoperability (technological) Interoperability is: applications can exchange data and services in a consistent and effective way facing different hardware and software platforms ... .. a key success factor... Some advantages: saving of investments (cope with hw/sw evolution) enlarging the market (compatibility with other vendors solutions) Is a real quality issue The key point: a consistent framework/technology Slide 5 Oreste Signore- Quality/5 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 Interoperability (semantic) Web for Everyone: access to everyone, overcoming differences in culture, language, education, ability, material resources, and physical limitations of users on all continents Consider "cultural barriers" A message is: Content: the true content of the message, the originator wants to communicate; Structure: the way the information is organized (e.g. title, author, body, signature) Presentation: the way the information is presented to the user (fonts, colours, page layout, etc.) Semantic interoperability is a must Slide 6 Oreste Signore- Quality/6 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 Standards A quality code conforms to Formal grammars defined for the Web Conform to W3C Recommendations Technologies defined by W3C Members (the whole technical Web community) Slide 7 Oreste Signore- Quality/7 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 Some standards HTML XML XHTML XSLT WCAG CSS RDF OWL Slide 8 Oreste Signore- Quality/8 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 Compatibility This site is best seen using In the future, heavy site maintenance will be needed New devices can access the Web Old documents can be seen with new browsers New documents can be seen with old browsers Let us see some examples of different presentation of the same information (CSS) Slide 9 Oreste Signore- Quality/9 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 Restrictions? NO! Using web standards: Doesnt limit your imagination or creativity Gives several important advantages Compatibility Lighter documents Adaptable documents Easier maintenance Slide 10 Oreste Signore- Quality/10 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 Separing content and presentation (1) Slide 11 Oreste Signore- Quality/11 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 Separing content and presentation (2) Slide 12 Oreste Signore- Quality/12 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 Separing content and presentation (3) Slide 13 Oreste Signore- Quality/13 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 Separing content and presentation (4) Slide 14 Oreste Signore- Quality/14 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 Separing content and presentation (5) Slide 15 Oreste Signore- Quality/15 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 Separing content and presentation (6) Slide 16 Oreste Signore- Quality/16 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 Information Integration Standard vocabularies definition difficult and time consuming once defined, standards don't adapt well people don't implement standards correctly anyway Common schema in principle the simplest way different schemas, different cultural traditions failure! Metadata level a typical example: Dublin CoreDublin Core the number of metadata vocabularies will continue to grow (M. Doerr) doubtful metadata vocabularies can exploit the full richness of possible associations Slide 17 Oreste Signore- Quality/17 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 Metadata vs ontology A base for understanding Core metadata intended for integration created, edited, viewed by humans human factors play a primary role Core ontology underlying formal model for tools that integrate source data and perform a variety of extended functions higher levels of complexity are tolerable completeness and logical correctness are the driving forces base for deriving knowledge Slide 18 Oreste Signore- Quality/18 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 What is an ontology? An ontology is a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualisation. A 'conceptualisation' refers to an abstract model of some phenomenon in the world by having identified the relevant concepts of that phenomenon. 'Explicit' means that the type of concepts used, and the constraints on their use are explicitly defined. For example, in medical domains, the concepts are diseases and symptoms, the relations between them are causal and a constraint is that a disease cannot cause itself. 'Formal' refers to the fact that the ontology should be machine readable, which excludes natural language. 'Shared' reflects the notion that an ontology captures consensual knowledge, that is, it is not private to some individual, but accepted by a group. Slide 19 Oreste Signore- Quality/19 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 Levels of knowledge representation The degree of formalization of concepts and their relations varies considerably between various domains of knowledge Lower end lexicons and simple taxonomies (ordered classification system where terms are related hierarchically) example: IconclassIconclass Middle level thesauri (controlled vocabularies that are structured to show relationships between terms and concepts, and, for example, allow for retrieving them from a database) example: Art & Architecture Thesaurus ( AAT)AAT High end axiomatised logic theories, which include rules to ensure the well- formedness and logical validity of statements expressed in the language of the scientific discipline example: CIDOC object-oriented Conceptual Reference Model (CIDOC CRM)CIDOC CRM Slide 20 Oreste Signore- Quality/20 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 The Semantic Web A metadata based infrastructure for reasoning on the Web Slide 21 Oreste Signore- Quality/21 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 Semantic Web Technologies RDF basis for coding, exchanging and reusing structured metadata allows interoperability among applications exchanging machine-understandable information on the web OWL is a Web Ontologies Language to define: the terminology used in a specific context more constraints on properties the logical characteristics of properties the equivalence of terms across ontologies etc. Slide 22 Oreste Signore- Quality/22 Amman, 12-13 December 2006 Thank you for your attention! Questions? References http://www.minervaeurope.org http://www.minervaeurope.org http://www.minervaeurope.org/MEDCULT/home.html http://www.minervaeurope.org/MEDCULT/home.html http://www.w3c.it/events/minerva20040706/ http://www.w3c.it/events/minerva20040706/ Oreste Signore oreste.signore@isti.cnr.it oreste.signore@isti.cnr.it