CHAPTER I.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

A. Digestive System Worksheet1. Add the following labels to the diagram of a mammals gut below.

2. The following vocabulary words are from The Human Digestive System. Fill in the number of each word next to its closest definition_____ organic compounds such as fat and cholesterol

_____ gland which secretes enzymes for all types of digestion

_____ foods that include bread, pasta and potatoes

_____ organ that stores bile

_____ largest gland in the body and producer of bile

_____ group of compounds that includes starches and sugars

_____ aids protein digestion in the stomach

_____ building blocks of protein

_____ fluid which breaks down fats in the small intestine

_____ main building material of all cells

_____ fingerlike projections that increase surface area of the small intestine

_____ first portion of the small intestine3. The Role of the Liver

The liver is located in the upper right-hand portion of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm and on top of the stomach, right kidney, and intestines. The liver, a dark reddish-brown organ that weighs about 3 pounds, has multiple functions.

1) The liver produce bile. Describe the two main function of the bile in digestion

a) .

b) .

2) Describe the two main primary function of the liver related the processing of the digestion product arriving from the gut

a) ..

b) ..

3) Explain the role the gall bladder in digestion

4) Describe in what way bile is an excretory product as well as digestive secretion :..

5) State the stimulus for hormonal stimulation of bile secretion :

4. Match the region of the digestive system in the list below with the correct function. .......................... Produces the enzymes to digest proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the small intestine. Also produces the hormone insulin

......................... Organ that mixes food in the mouth and makes swallowing happen

......................... Micro-organisms digest cellulose in this modified part of the stomach

......................... Produce saliva containing salivary amylase

.......................... Carries the food from the mouth to the stomach

......................... Stores bile

.......................... This muscle controls the passage of food out of the stomach

.......................... Both food and air pass along this

.......................... Indigestible matter held here before defecation

........................ Produces bile

........................ A bag made of muscle where food is held. Gastric juice and hydrochloric acid are added here.

........................ Where food is mixed with bile and digestion of proteins, fats and

carbohydrates takes place

........................... Water and salt are absorbed here

........................... Where micro-organisms digest fiber in rabbits and horses

B. Practical work

Activity 1.1. Calculate the BMR (Basal metabolic Rate)BMR ( Basal metabolic Rate) is average energy required in metabolism process that happens in somebody and in condition of total rest and lies in normal room with normal temperature ( 20 30) oC . BMR in man is 1 cal /kg body weight/hour, while BMR in woman is 0.9 cal/kg body weight/hour.I. Aim : to calculate the BMR of students II. Apparatus and Materials:1. Body scale

2. Writing device

3. TableIII. Procedure :1. Weigh body weight of all your group member2. Put at that data body weight into the following observation table

IV. Results No.NamesAgeBody weightBMR

1.2.3.4.

5.

Calculate BMR value of each person

Example:

Name: Adi Nugroho

Age = 22 years old

Body weight = 43 kg

BMR = 1 x kg Body Weight x 24 hours

= 1 x 43kg x 24 hours

= 1,032 caloriesV. Discussion 1. Describe the two basic energy factors that determine how the persons weight will change..2. What the relationship between body weight with calorie needs in someone ?..3. What the factors that influence energy needs in someone?Activity. 1.2. Food TestI. Aim :

To test for the presence of starch, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, protein and lipid in food sample

II. Materials:

1. starch suspension, glucose 2. food sample (rice, egg, tempe, bread, vegetable oil, butter ,etc)3. Lugol

4. Fehling A and B

5. Benedict

6. BiuretIII. Apparatus:

1. Test tubes

2. Test tubes holders

3. Beaker glass

4. Dropper/ pipette

5. Bunsen burner

6. Wire gauze

7. Tripod stand

8. Mortar

IV. Procedure :

1. Attenuating every food by using and pestle of mortar 2. Keep every food which have been attenuated at Petri cup,3. Each food was test, following procedure table examination of food.Table 1.Procedure of food test

No.Kind of TestHow to test of foodBoldness.

1.Amylum Testing

-Prepare foodstuff to be tested.

-Drop with Lugol solution.

-Perceive change of colour

Foodstuff will be blue until black l if containing amylum.

2.Glucose Testing

-Prepare food-stuff to be tested,

-Fill the food-stuff at reaction tube,

-Drop with A Fehling and of B,

-Perceive and note what is happened, -Then heat in wire gauze and perceive change of colour

Blue colour will be change to green until orange if the foodstuff containing glucose

3.Protein testing

-Prepared foodstuff to be tested

-Fill the foodstuff at reaction tube

-Drop with Biuret solution

-Perceive change of colour

The foodstuff will be

purple colour containing protein. If you test this food with biuret reagen

4.Emulsion test - for Fats and Oils

-Prepared foodstuff to be tested.

Add ethanol (alcohol) to a very small amount of the test substance. Shake or crush (and possibly heat gently using a water-bath - CAREFULLY - DO NOT USE A BURNER! - ethanol is flammable!) in order to dissolve. Filter or dilute if necessary to obtain fairly clear liquid (which is of course a solution of fat in ethanol).If there is a white mist on the surface of the solution in the tube, indicating that foodstuff containing fat

Table .2. Observation resultResults (final colour) from the following tests

Food substance testedBenedict's test (Simple sugars)Iodine test (Starch)Others to be demonstrated conclusions - food substance contains

Biuret test (proteins)Emulsion test (fats)

..................

..................

..................

..................

..................

..................

..................

V. Discussion :a. From some examine of food-stuff, please grouped the foodstuff based on content of amylum, sugar, fat and protein

b. At this activity, what function of lugol, Fehling A and of B and Biuret?,

c. Make the tables of appliance / gland, function and change of foodd. Explain about malnutrition in children! CHAPTER 2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEMA. Respiratory System Worksheet

1. Add the following labels to the diagram of a the Respiratory System below.

Test yourself: fill in the blanks:

NameDescription & Function

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

2. Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

air

lungs

carbon dioxide

hiccup

mouthoxygen

trachea

yawn

diaphragm

sneezeinhale

respiratory

bronchi

water vapor

bloodexhale

cough

pharynx

nose

All animals need ________________ to make energy from food. We get this oxygen from the _____________ that we breathe. In order to get the oxygen into the blood where it can be transported to the rest of the body, the air travels through a system of organs called the _______________ system.

When you ________________, air enters the body through the _______________ or the ____________. From there it passes through the ______________, which forces air into the _______________ and food into the esophagus. The air travels down the trachea into two branching tubes called ________________ and then on into _______In the lungs oxygen from the air enters the _______________. At the same time, the waste gas ____________________ leaves the blood and then leaves the body when you ___________________. Some __________________ also leaves the body when you exhale, which is why mirrors get foggy when you breathe on them. The ______________ is the muscle that controls the lungs. It is important to keep the respiratory system clear so oxygen can keep flowing into your body. If something gets in your nose and irritates it, you ___________________If something gets in your trachea or bronchi and irritates it, you _________________If something irritates your diaphragm, you _________________. Finally, if the brain thinks you are not getting enough oxygen, then it forces you to _________________.3. Lung volume

Measuring Changes in Lung VolumeChanges in lung volume can be measured using spirometry. Total adult lung volume varies between 4 6 liters.

A

B

C

D

1) Using the definitions given previously, identify the volume and capacities indicated by the labels A,B,C and D on the spirogram diagram above.

For each, indicated the volume in liters. The inspiratory reserve volume has been indicated for you:

(A).. vol ..

(B).. vol

(C) vol ..

(D) vol ..

2) Calculate PV (pulmonary ventilation) when breathing rate is 15 breaths per minutes and tidal volume is 4,0L (PV=breathing rate tidal volume):

4. Diseases Caused by Smoking

Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of chemicals. Some smoke components, such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and nitrogen oxides, are gases. Others, such as formaldehyde, acrolein, benzene, and certain N-nitrosamines, are volatile chemicals contained in the liquid- vapor portion of the smoke aerosol. Still others, such as nicotine, phenol, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and certain tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), are contained in the submicron-sized solid particles that are suspended in cigarette smoke. In view of this chemical complexity, cigarette smoke has multiple, highly diverse effects on human health. It is not unexpected that multiple chemicals in cigarette smoke can contribute to any single adverse health effect. Thus, HCN may affect the human respiratory system by its toxic effects on the cilia that line the respiratory tract. At the same time, HCN may cross the placenta and have toxic effects on the growing fetus. In addition, HCN also may cause nerve damage in cigarette smokers with optic neuropathy (Costagliola et al., 1989). Although the PAHs and TSNAs in the particulate phase of cigarette smoke are known carcinogens, catechols and phenols in the particulate phase also are considered carcinogens or tumor promoters. Benzene and formaldehyde in the liquid-vapor portion of the smoke also may be carcinogenic.

Discussion :

1) Discuss the physical changes to the lung that result from long-term smoking

..

2) Determine the physiological effect of each of the following constituents of tobacco smoke when inhaled :

a. Tar

:.

b. Nicotine

:.

c. Carbon monoxide:.

3) Describe the symptom of the following disease associated with long-term smoking :

a. Emphysema :

b. Chronic bronchitis:

c. Lung cancer :

4) Evaluate the evidence linking cigarette smoking to increase d incidence of respiratory and cardiovascular disease .

..C. Respiratory System Practical WorkActivity 2.1. The differences between inhaled air and exhaled air

I. Aim: To investigate the differences between inhaled air and exhaled air in term of heat content

II. Problem statement : Is there any difference in the heat content in inhaled air and exhaled air?

III. Hypothesis :

Exhaled air contains more heat than inhaled airIV. Apparatus : A ThermometerV. Procedure :

1. The temperature of atmospheric air (inhaled air) is measured using a thermometer. The reading of the thermometer is recorded as x

2. The thermometer is held close to the mouth and the exhaled air is breathed out into the bulb of the thermometer. The reading of the thermometer is recorded as y

VI. Result :

The temperature of inhaled air (x).

The temperature of exhaled air (y).

VII. Discussion :

Why The temperature of exhaled air is higher than the temperature of inhaled air?Activity 2.2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN ANIMAL( INSECT)Insects breathe using air tubes called trachea. Air vessel out into the trachea through a small hole every body segments called stigma or spiracles. The air from the spiracles through the trachea, leading to trakeol and trakeolus.I. Aim:

1. To p rove that the insects need oxygen for respiration 2. To understand the factors that affect the amount of oxygen demand on insects during breathing3. To Calculate the average respiration in insects ml per minuteII. Apparatus and Materials: 1. Stop Watch2. Respirometer

3. Vaseline

4. NaOH/KOH(crystal)

5. Eosin

6. Crickets

7. Pipette

8. Balance III. Procedure

1. Prepare the required apparatus and materials2. Wrapping NaOH crystals by using a cotton swab and put it in the respirometer3. Measure weight of insects by using a scale / balance sheet , then enter 1 cricket and closed respirometer by giving vaseline to make free from air4. drop eosin by using pipette in hole of respirometer tube

5. write down result of observation in the table of observationsTable

NoBody Weight (gr)Decrease volume (ml) each 2 minutes periods .Total volume

1234

6. Make a graph that shows the relationship between body weight crickets with the required amount of oxygen to breatheIV. Discussion :

1. What the function of eosin and NaOH/KOH in experiment?

2. why eosin moving towards cricket?3. What are the factors that influence move position of eosin in the pipeline?

http://www.lessontutor.com/jm_respiratory.htmlhttp://www.biology-resources.com/all-teaching-CDs.htmlhttp://semangatpagislalu.blogspot.com/2012/03/contoh-laporan-praktikum-biologi.htmlhttp://www.edoctoronline.com/medical-atlas.asp?c=4&id=22004CHAPTER 3.

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

A. Excretory System Worksheet

1. Excretory organ :

Indicates the excretory organ :

(1.) A.

(2.) B

(3.) C

(4.) D5. Add the following labels to the diagram below of the urinary system of a mammal.

2. Add the following labels to the diagram of a the Excretory System below.

Test yourself: fill in the blanks:

NameDescription & Function

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

3. Add the following labels to the diagram below of a kidney tubule or nephron.

4. Skin

1) Add the following labels to the diagram below of skin structure

2) Please answer the following questions and place your answers in the appropriate blanks provided

What is the major function of the blood vessel in the diagram? (1.) releasing carbon dioxide into the sweat gland (2.) filtering starch out of the sweat gland (3) transporting wastes to the sweat gland (4.) transporting oxygen away from the sweat gland.

State another function of the sweat gland which assists in homeostasis besides its work as an incidental organ of excretion!

..

..D. Excretory System Practical WorkActivity 3.1. The Urine TestI. Aim: To test for the presence of glucose, protein in urine sample

II. Apparatus : 1. Test tubes

2. Test tubes holders

3. Beaker glass

4. Dropper/ pipette

5. Bunsen burner

6. measuring cupIII. Materials :

1. Indikator universal2. Biuret3. Benedict4. Urine sampleIV. Procedure :1. Measuring the pH of urine by using universal indicator

2. To knowing the urea : heated urine (1ml) and smell it3. Glucose test : 2 ml of urine add 5 drops of benedict, boiled, observe the color that occurs4. Protein test: 2 ml of urine add 5 drops of biuret. Observe the color that occursV. Result :

No Urine SamplepHOdor Result (colour change)Urine Contain

benedictbiuret

VI. Discussion :

1. What score on the urine pH is checked and what does it mean?2. Is the content of the urine checked?3. From the results of the urine, whether members indicate that the person is suffering from the disease?http://www.lessontutor.com/jm_respiratory.htmlhttp://www.biology-resources.com/all-teaching-CDs.htmlCHAPTER 4. REGULATORY SYSTEM

E. Nervous System Worksheet

6. Diagram of human nervous system

1) Identify and briefly describe the three main functions of human nervous system:

a.

b.

c. ...

2) In the human nervous system, briefly explain the structure and role of each of the following:

a. The Central Nervous System (CNS):

.

b. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):..3) Explain the significance of the separation of the motor division of the PNS into somatic and automatic division

..

.. 7. Figure 7-3 is a diagram of the right lateral view of the human brain. Match the letters on the diagram with the following list of terms and insert the appropriate letters in the answer blanks

1) Frontal lobe ( )

2) Parietal lobe ( )

3) Temporal lobe ( )

4) Occipital lobe ( )

5) Cerebellum ( )

6) Pons ( )

7) Medulla ( )

8. Neuron structure and function

Pain withdrawal : A polysynaptic reflex arc

stimulus

spinal cord sensory neuron

Motor neuron

1) Describe a structural difference between a motor and a sensory neuron

.

.

2) Describe a functional difference between a motor and a sensory neuron

.

.

3) Predict what would happen to the part of an axon if it is cut so that it is no longer connected to its nerve cell body..

Explain your prediction ..

.

4) Distinguish between a spinal and cranial reflex and give an example

.

.

9. Transmission of Nerve Impulses

Chemical synapses

a) Explain what is meant by a synapses .

b) Explain what cause the release of neurotransmitter into synapses cleft

..

c) State how the neurotransmitter is deactivated

d) Explain why its important for the neurotransmitter substance to be deactivated soon after its release

..

10. Using the key choices, identify the terms defined in the following statements. Place the correct term or letter response in the answer blanks.

Key Choices

A. Action potential D. Potassium ions G. Sodium ions

B. Depolarization E. Refractory period H. Sodium-potassium pump

C. Polarized F. Repolarization

_______________ 1. Period of repolarization of the neuron during which it cannot respond to a second stimulus

_______________ 2. State in which the resting potential is reversed as sodium ions rush into the neuron

_______________ 3. Electrical condition of the plasma membrane of a resting neuron

_______________ 4. Period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron

_______________ 5. Transmission of the depolarization wave along the neurons membrane

_______________ 6. The chief positive intracellular ion in a resting neuron

_______________ 7. Process by which ATP is used to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions back into the cell; completely restores the resting conditions of the neuron

http://www.lessontutor.com/jm_respiratory.htmlhttp://www.biology-resources.com/all-teaching-CDs.htmlpancreas; caecum; stomach; rectum; gall bladder; pyloric sphincter; small intestine; colon; liver; oesophagus; bile duct

1. amino acids. 7. lipids

2. bile 8. liver

3. carbohydrates 9. pancreas

4. duodenum 10. proteins

5. gallbladder 11. starches

6. hydrochloric acid 12.villi

A. Rectum, B. Pancreas, C. Functional caecum, D. Pharynx, E. Stomach, F. Gall bladder ,G. Colon, H. Tongue, I. Liver, J. Small intestine, K. Oesophagus, L. Salivary glands, M. Pyloric sphincter, N. Rumen

kidney; bladder; ureters; urethra, renal artery and vein, caudal vena cava, sphincter

collecting duct; branch of renal artery; loop of Henle; distal convoluted tubule; glomerulus; proximal convoluted tubule; Bowmans capsule

Oil Gland, Arrector Muscle, Sweat Gland, Nerve, Blood Vessels, Fat Cells, EPIDERMIS, DERMIS, SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE

Biology workbook and practical work 5