organic chemistry ! ! !. alkanes simplest organic compounds - ane ending hydrocarbons compounds made...
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Organic Chemistry ! ! !
Alkanes
Simplest organic compounds
- ane ending
HydrocarbonsCompounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms
Saturated vs. unsaturated
General formula pattern (CnH2n + 2)
Ex. Methane (CH4) and propane (CH3)
Hydrocarbons
Carbon atom—up to 4 bonds
Hydrogen atom—forms 1 bond
Carbon and hydrogen bonds can form chains, branches, or ring structures
Ex. Glucose, amino acid, octane
IsomersChemical compounds with the SAME molecular formula but DIFFERENT structure/arrangement
Different compounds
Many molecular formulas have several different structural arrangements.
Few—assign prefixes
Many—use systematic naming system
Functional Groups
Atom/groups of atoms hanging off a hydrocarbon chain or ring structure
Gives chemical compound its unique properties, part of compound participating in chemical reaction.
Compounds with same functional group—similar chemical properties.
1. Alkyl Group
Hydrocarbon branch hanging off a carbon chain or ring
Originally an alkane, one hydrogen atom removed
Cyclo—compounds with ring structure
Ex. 1 Methane (CH4)— Methyl (--CH3)
Ex. 2 Ethane (CH3CH3)— Ethyl (--CH2CH3)
2. Alcohols
Identified by the presence of a hydroxyl group(--OH)
Hydrocarbon with an –OH hanging off
Can have more than one hydroxyl group
General formula: R—OHR = hydrocarbon
Ex. 1 methane --- methanol (CH3OH)
Ex. 2 ethane --- ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
3. Carboxylic Acids
Identified by the presence of a carboxyl group (--COOH)
Gives acidic properties to organic compounds
Generic formula: R—COOH
Ex. 1 Methanoic acid/formic acid
Ex. 2 Ethanoic acid/acetic acid
Organic Nomenclature
Nomenclature 1) Find the longest continuous chain—(carbon backbone)
• Stem name = identity of carbon backbone.
2) Number carbons so the functional groups are at the lowest carbon, want lowest possible numbering.
-prefixes indicate functional groups hanging off backbone
3) Double and triple bonds trump functional groups in naming with lowest possible numbering.
4) Use di-, tri-, tetra- , etc. for identical groups on carbon backbone. List position with number even if on the same carbon.
5) List groups in alphabetical order
Ex. 1
Ex. 2
Alkenes
Contain double bonds to carbon
--ene ending
Alkynes
Contain triple bonds to carbon
--yne ending
Ex. 4 3-heptyne
Ex. 5 3-methyldecane
Ex. 6 2-chloro-3-octene
Draw carbon skeleton first
Numbers indicate where functional groups and bonds are located.
Homework
Read pp. 59-64, A22-A25
Complete Organic Nomenclature worksheet