Organic Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry•The chemistry of carbon compounds

•Sometimes called carbon chemistry

Organic Chemistry

•The backbone element in the molecules of all living things is carbon

Carbon Chemistry•Carbon is one of the only elements that can form long chains

•Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds

Organic Chemistry•Carbon forms covalent bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and the halogens

Carbon Bonding•Carbon has 4 valence electrons which can hybridize in many ways

Carbon Bonding•To determine the hybridization, draw the Lewis Dot Diagram of the carbon compound

Hybridization•sp3 4-single bonds

•sp2 2-single bonds &

1-double bond

•sp 2 doubles or T + S

Multiple Bonds•To make multiple bonds, p-orbitals are required

Hybridization•sp3 no p-orbitals

•sp2 1 p-orbital

•sp 2 p-orbitals

Single bonds & the first bond in

multiple bonds involve end-to-end

overlap:

Multiple Bonds•After the 1st bond, any others are

bonds: side-to-side p-overlap

AX4 or sp3

HH-C-H

H

AX3 or sp2

H C=OH

AX2 or sp

O=C=O

H-C N

Carbon Bonds•sp3 4 bonds

•sp2 3 & 1 bonds

•sp 2 & 2 bonds

•sp 2 & 2 bonds

Carbon sp3 Shapes•AX4 tetrahedral

•AX3E trigonal

pyramidal

•AX2E2 v-shaped

AX4 or sp3

HH-C-H

H

AX3E or sp3

..R-N-H

H

AX2E2 or sp3

..R-O:

H

Carbon sp2 Shapes•AX3 trigonal

planar

•AX2E v-shaped

AX3 or sp2

H C=OH

AX2E or sp2

O S:R

Carbon sp Shape•AX2 linear

AX2 or sp

O=C=O

H-C N