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Chemistry

Chemistry I / Chemistry IH Physical Science Review

Read Chapter 1 pages 3 - 11 (top) and define the following terms: 1. Chemistry – the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes.. 2. Mass- a measure of the amount of matter. 3. Volume – the amount of space a substance occupies. 4. Extensive properties –properties that depend on the amount of matter that is present. 5. Intensive properties- properties that do not depend on the amount of matter that is present. 6. Physical properties – characteristics that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. 7. Chemical properties - characteristics that can not be observed without changing the identity of the substance. (relates to a substance’s ability to undergo a change that transforms it into different substances.) 8. Physical change – a change in a substance that does not involve changing the identity of the substance. 9. Chemical change - a change in a substance which changes the identity of the substance. 10. Solid – definite volume, definite shape. 11. Liquid- definite volume, indefinite shape. 12. Gas – indefinite shape, indefinite volume 13. Plasma – high temperature ionized matter. 14. Change of state – physical change of a substance from one state to another.

Classify These changes as: Chemical or Physical

1. Cutting down a tree P 2. Burning down a tree C 3. Evaporating water P 4. Silver tarnishing C 5. Milk turning sour C 6. Water turns to ice crystals P 7. Iron rusting C 8. Nitroglycerine detonating C 9. Dry ice subliming P 10. Hydrogen peroxide decomposing C

Give two examples of practical applications of each of the following branches of chemistry. 1. Analytical Chemistry 2. Physical Chemistry 3. Organic Chemistry 4. Inorganic Chemistry 5. Biochemistry 6. Theoretical Chemistry

Indications of Chemical Reaction

Chemical Reaction: Observations that indicate a chemical reaction has occurred: 1. 2. 3. 4. a. b.

The Flaming Bubble Demonstration

1. What are some chemical and physical properties of the reactants in the reaction? 2. What are some chemical and physical properties of the products in the reaction? 3. What evidence did you observe that a chemical reaction has occurred? 4. Write a word equation for the reaction you observed.

Indications of Chemical Reaction

Chemical Reaction

A process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances.

In a Chemical reaction, the reactants are changed into products.

Products and reactants have different chemical and physical properties.

Sometimes the chemical and physical properties in product and reactant are difficult to observe

Observations that Indicate a Chemical Reaction

1. Formation of a Precipitate

• Precipitate: A solid that settles out of a solution

2. Formation of a gas (Effervescence)

3. Color Change

4. Energy Changes

Heat Light Sound

2 Types of Energy Change

Endothermic Heat into system Gets Cold

Exothermic

Heat out of system

Gets Hot!

The End

Classification of Matter – Class Objectives 8, 9, 10

Matter ‐ has mass and volume

Pure Substance

Element ‐ a unique substance and the smallest division of matter in chemistry.

Compound ‐More than one element Unable to be separated without changing the identity of the substance. (Chemical change only) 

Mixture

Heterogeneous Mixture ‐ Each type of matter retains its own chemical and physical properties. Has visible interfaces. 

Homogeneous Mixture ‐Sample is uniform in composition. Each part of sample has the same chemical and physical properties. No interfaces.

Laliberte, 7/17/08

Chemistry Worksheet: Matter #1 1. A mixture (is/is not) a chemical combining of substances. 2. In a compound the (atoms/molecules) are (chemically/physically)

combined so that the elements that make up the compound (retain/lose) their identities and (do/do not) take on a new set of properties.

3. The smallest identifiable unit of a compound is a(n) ___________, which is made up of ____________ which are chemically bonded. 4. True or False: A mixture is always made up of a combination of elements. 5. In a mixture, the substances (lose/retain) their identities. 6. In a mixture the substances involved (can/cannot) be separated by a

simple physical process. In a compound the elements involved (can/cannot) be separated by a simple physical process because the elements are (physically combined/chemically bonded).

7. True or False: An element can be broken down into a simpler substance. 8. The smallest identifiable unit of an element is a(n) ___________. 9. From the following list of substances, circle the ones that are elements: silver carbon dioxide wood alcohol chromium water hydrogen carbon nitrogen oxygen gold sugar salt air sulfur magnesium nickel 10. Explain how to separate the sugar and water in a solution of sugar and

water. 11. How would you separate a mixture of alcohol and water? 12. How would you separate sand and water?

Laliberte, 7/17/08

13. Classify the following as pure substances or as mixtures: air gasoline grain alcohol

water sugar gold

mercury oxygen salt water

14. Classify the following as heterogeneous or as homogeneous: sand & salt mixture hydrogen iron

salt water unfiltered air iron with rust

pure water an apple nitric acid

tossed salad granite wood

15. Classify the following as an element, a compound, a solution, or a

heterogeneous mixture: aluminum raisin bread carbon dioxide water sugar and water sulfur sulfuric acid mercury an orange water & instant coffee a pencil carbon particles & sugar nitrogen air gasoline grain alcohol

Elements, Compounds, and MixturesClassify each of the pictures below by placing the correct label in the blanks below:

A= Element D= Mixture of compoundsB= Compound E= Mixture of elements and compoundsC= Mixture of elements

Each circle represents an atom and each different color represents a different kind of atom. If two atoms are touching then they are bonded together.

1) 2) 3)

4) 5) 6)

7) 8) 9)

10) 11) 12)

13) 14) 15)

Physical and Chemical Changes Name: __________________

Date: __________ Hour: ___

Place a check in the appropriate column:Change Physical Chemical

Change Change

Salt dissolves in water.

Hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium to produce hydrogen gas.

A piece of copper is cut in half.

A sugar cube is ground up.

Water is heated and changed to steam.

Iron rusts.

Ethyl alcohol evaporates.

Ice melts.

Milk sours (goes bad).

Sugar dissolves in water.

Sodium and potassium react violently with water.

Pancakes cook on a griddle.

Grass grows on a lawn.

A tire is inflated with air.

Food is digested in the stomach.

Water is absorbed by a paper towel.

Ethyl alcohol boils at 79°C.

Paper burns.

Water freezes at 0°C.

Fireworks explode.

Alka-Seltzer gives off carbon dioxide when added to water.

Clouds form in the sky.

Chemistry I Worksheet NAME Classification of Matter and Changes INSTRUCTIONS: Write E in the blank if the material is heterogeneous or O if it is homogeneous. 1. Wood 6. Dirt 2. Freshly-brewed black coffee 7. Sausage-and-mushroom pizza 3. Water 8. Air 4. Lucky Charms® 9. Milk 5. Salt 10. Gold INSTRUCTIONS: Classify each of the following as an element [E], a compound [C], or a mixture [M]. 11. Gold 16. Air 12. Water 17. Carbon dioxide 13. Seawater 18. Silver 14. Sugar 19. Ice 15. A chocolate sundae 20. A Big Mac® INSTRUCTIONS: Classify each of the following properties of matter as physical [P] or chemical [C]. 21. Color 26. Reacts violently with chlorine 22. Density 27. Good conductor of heat 23. Burns easily (flammable) 28. Dissolves readily in water 24. Not affected by acids 29. Melts at 145 °C 25. Boils at 450 °C 30. Malleable INSTRUCTIONS: Classify each of the following changes in matter as physical [P] or chemical [C]. 31. Grinding chalk into powder 36. Burning gasoline 32. Dissolving salt in water 37. Hammering gold into foil 33. Dissolving zinc in acid 38. Melting ice 34. Tearing a piece of paper 39. Digesting food 35. Stretching copper into wire 40. Making hydrogen from water INSTRUCTIONS: Classify each of the following as an intensive property [I] or an extensive property [E]. 41. Mass 46. Color 42. Density 47. Volume 43. Melting point 48. Length

Element Assignment – Objectives 11,12,13,15 Using only information from your partner, complete the following chart by filling in the element name and type. Red is A and Blue is B

Symbol Name

Type

Al Aluminum Metal Sb Antimony Metalloid As Arsenic Metalloid Ba Barium Metal Bi Bismuth Metal Br Bromine Nonmetal Ca Calcium Metal C Carbon Nonmetal Cl Chlorine Nonmetal Cr Chromium Metal Co Cobalt Metal Cu Copper Metal F Fluorine Nonmetal Au Gold Metal H Hydrogen Nonmetal I Iodine Nonmetal Fe Iron Metal Pb Lead Metal Mg Magnesium Metal Mn Manganese Metal Hg Mercury Metal Ni Nickel Metal N Nitrogen Nonmetal O Oxygen Nonmetal Xe Xenon Noble Gas Cs Cesium Metal

Symbol Name Type

P Phosphorus Nonmetal Pt Platinum Metal K Potassium Metal Si Silicon Metalloid Ag Silver Metal Na Sodium Metal Sr Strontium Metal S Sulfur Nonmetal Se Selenium Nonmetal Sn Tin Metal Ti Titanium Metal W Tungsten Metal Zn Zinc Metal Ne Neon Noble Gas Fr Francium Metal Li Lithium Metal Be Beryllium Metal B Boron Metalloid He Helium Noble Gas Ge Germanium Metalloid Rn Radon Noble Gas Kr Krypton Noble Gas Te Tellurium Metalloid Ar Argon Noble gas Ra Radium Metal

Chemistry 1 Periodic Table Activity - Objectives 14,15,16

1. Color all of the metals that you identified one color. 2. Color all of the nonmetals that you identified another color. 3. Pick a different color and color all of the metalloids that color. 4. Color all of the Noble Gases that you identified a different color. 5. Where are the metals located on the periodic table? On the left side of the PT 6. Where are the nonmetals located on the periodic table? On the right side of the PT 7. Where are the metalloids located on the periodic table? (Hint: there are 6 of them) Along the staircase 8. Draw a single line between the metals and the nonmetals. 8. Where are the Noble Gases located on the periodic table? Very left column – Group 8A

1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

1

H He

B C N O F Ne

13

Al14

Si15

P16

S17

Cl18

Ar

H

Li Be

Na Mg

K Ca19 20

12

37

Rb38

Sr

Cs55

Ba56 57

La

58

Ce59

Pr60

Nd61

Pm62

Sm63

Eu64

Gd65

Tb66

Dy67

Ho68

Er69

Tm70

Yb71

Lu

87

Fr88

Ra89

Ac

90

Th91

Pa92

U93

Np94

Pu95

Am100

Fm101

Md102

No103

Lr96

Cm97

Bk98

Cf99

Es

21

Sc22

Ti23

V24

Cr25

Mn26

Fe27

Co28

Ni29

Cu30

Zn31

Ga32

Ge33

As34

Se35

Br36

Kr

39

Y40

Zr41

Nb42

Mo43

Tc44

Ru45

Rh46

Pd47

Ag48

Cd49

In50

Sn51

Sb52

Te53

I54

Xe

72

Hf73

Ta74

W75

Re76

Os77

Ir78

Pt79

Au80

Hg81

Tl82

Pb83

Bi84

Po85

At86

Rn

104

Rf105

Db106

Sg107

Bh108

Hs109

Mt

Periodic Table of the Elements

S.E. Van Bramer, 7/22/991995 IUPAC masses and Approved Names from http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/AtWt/masses for 107-111 from C&EN, March 13, 1995, P 35112 from http://www.gsi.de/z112e.html114 from C&EN July 19, 1999116 and 118 from http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/elements-116-118.html

1.00794

6.941

22.989770

39.0983

85.4678

132.90545

(223)

9.012182

24.3050

40.078

87.62

137.327

(226)

44.955910

88.90585

138.9055

(227)

47.867

91.224

178.49

(261)

50.9415

92.90638

180.9479

(262)

51.9961

95.94

183.84

(263)

54.938049

(98)

186.207

55.845

101.07

190.23

58.933200

102.90550

192.217

58.6934

106.42

195.078

63.546

107.8682

196.96655

65.39

112.411

200.59

10.811

26.981538

69.723

114.818

204.3833

12.0107

28.0855

72.61

118.710

207.2

14.00674

30.973761

74.92160

121.760

208.98038

15.9994

32.066

78.96

127.60

(209)

18.9984032

35.4527

79.904

126.90447

(210)

4.002602

20.1797

39.948

83.80

131.29

(222)

1.00794

140.116

232.0381

140.90765

231.03588

144.24

238.0289

(145)

(237)

150.36

(244)

151.964

(243)

157.25

(247)

158.92534

(247)

162.50

(251)

164.93032

(252)

167.26

(257)

168.93421

(258)

173.04

(259)

174.967

(262)

110 111

(262) (265) (266) (269) (272)

112

(277)

114

(289)(287)

116

(289)

118

(293)

The Chemical Elements - Objectives 14,15,16,17,18

Periodic Table: Organizes elements into __groups__________or ______families______ that have similar properties. Groups/Families: Columns: IA – IIA then IIIB-VIIIB, then IB-IIB, then IIIA – VIIIA. Numbers in this system mean something related to how the element bonds. We focus on the A groups. These are called the Representative Elements. The B groups are called transition elements. Periods: Rows, 1-7. Look at what happens after Ba. Inner-transition elements are removed from the body of the table, but they are still in period 6 and 7. This just makes it easier to fit the whole table on a piece of paper. Family Names – Commit these to memory! This is part of the language of Chemistry! IA – Alkali Metal Family IIA – Alkaline Earth Metal Family IIIA – B or Al Family IVA – C Family VA – N Family VIA – Chalkogens: means Chalk-former. Oxides and sulfides are chalky. VIIA – Halogens : means salt-former (Cl in NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 CaF2 etc.) VIIIA – Noble Gases * called noble because they don’t interact (nonreactive).

4 General Classes of Elements

I. Metals A. Characteristics 1. Most are solid at room temperature. (Hg is only exception – liquid) 2. High tensile strength 3. Lustrous (shiny) 4. Good thermal and electrical conductivity 5. Malleable and Ductile 6. Form highly colored compounds. B. Examples: Mg, Al, Sn, Pb, Cu, Fe etc.

II. Nonmetals A. Characteristics

1. Many are gases at room temperature. A few are solids (closest to the metals) The only liquid is Br.

2. Solids are brittle (C- charcoal) 3. Poor conductors of heat and electricity – good insulators. B. Examples: H (only nonmetal on the left side) F, Cl, Br, I, O, N, etc. III. Metalloids A. Characteristics

1. Some properties of metals, some properties of nonmetals. (Properties in between metals and nonmetals.)

2. Semi-conductors – used in the computer industry. B. Examples: Memorize these: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te

IV. Noble Gases – Group VIIIA A. Characteristics 1.Nonreactive B. Examples: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn States of Matter: all gases

Periodic Table worksheet Name ____KEY___________ 1. Define a family. ___a group (column) of elements that have similar properties________

2. What is a period? __a row on the periodic table________________________________

3. What is the symbol for the following elements.

a. Magnesium ____Mg______ b. Potassium ____K______

c. Sodium _____Na_______ d. Copper ____Cu_____ e. Tin ______Sn_________ f. Xenon ____Xe_____ g. Manganese____Mn_______ h. Silver ____Ag______

4. What are the names of the following elements? (Correct spelling please!)

a. Cl ___Chlorine_______ b. F ____Fluorine_______

c. Au ___Gold_________ d. Sr __Strontium_______ e. Fe_____Iron_________ f. Pb ___Lead__________ f. Co___Cobalt________ g. B____Boron_________ h. K ___Potassium______ i. Hg___Mercury_____

5. In what period are the following elements?

a. He _____1________ b. Ge _____4__________ c. Rb _____5________ d. I _______5__________

6. In what group are the following elements?

a. Sulfur __Chalkagen (6A) b. Ca _Alkaline Earth Metal (2A)_ c. Iodine __Halogen (7A)_ d. Fe __Group 8 or (8B)__

7. Name an element with the following characteristics.

a. Halogen __Fluorine___ b. Nonmetal __Carbon____ c. Alkali metal ___Potassium___ d. metalloid ____Silicon___ e. Lanthanide series _Europium__ f. Alkaline Earth metal ___Magnesium____ g. Transition metal __Platinum__ h. Nobel gas __Xenon____

Element Crossword

Across Down

3 Na 1 Si

5 C 2 Ar

7 N 3 S 8 B 4 H

9 Al 6 P

14 Be 10 Li

15 He 11 Mg

16 F 12 O

17 Ne 13 Cl

http://chemistry.about.com ©2009 Todd Helmenstine