AIM:What do you need to know about organic chemistry?

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:Study of Substances containing Carbon; the Chemistry of Life!

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

• All the Major Chemicals in Living things Contain Carbon.

• The major organic chemicals are:– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Nucleic Acids– Proteins

Polymers

• Monomers Joined Together

• Condensation reaction

• Joins ):Monomers together

• Hydrolysis:Breaks

Monomers Apart

Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are sugars and • Identify sugars by their ending in –ose.• Metabolism is the break down of food into

sugar for energy.• Basics sugars are called monosaccharides and

are made of a single monomer of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.

• Linked sugars are polysaccharides and are found in starches and cellulose.

Carbohydrates, I

• Monosaccharides

• √ CH2O formula

• √ Used for cellular respiration;

Carbohydrates, II

• Disaccharides

• √ 2 Monosaccharides, Joined by condensation reaction

• Sucrose (table sugar) √ most common disaccharide

Carbohydrates, III

• Polysaccharides Storage of energy:

• Starch~ glucose monomers

• Animals: glycogen

• Polysaccharides Structural:

Cellulose~ most abundant organic compound;

Lipids• glycerol and fatty acid• Fats, phospholipids, steroids• Hydrophobic; H bonds in water exclude fats• 3 Fatty Acids to 1 Glycerol• Saturated vs. unsaturated fats; single vs. double

bonds

Lipids, II

Phospholipids

• 2 fatty acids instead of 3 (phosphate group)

• ‘Tails’ hydrophobic; ‘heads’ hydrophilic

• Bilayer (double layer); cell membranes

Proteins

• Importance: instrumental in nearly everything organisms do; 50% dry weight of cells

• Monomer: amino acids (there are 20) ~ carboxyl (-COOH) group, amino group

(NH2), H atom, variable group (R)….• Three-dimensional shape (conformation)• Polypeptides (dehydration reaction):

peptide bonds join amino acids together

Carbohydrates (and beyond …)

• Glucose is the preferred energy source for the brain. Brain function drops off sharply if glucose is in short supply.

• The breakdown of glucose for energy can be traced all the way through glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain.

Lipids

• Lipids include fats, waxes, and steroids.• Lipids are non-polar and do not

dissolve in water.• Lipids store energy and are the basis for

steroid hormone synthesis.• Phosphoplipids make up all cell

membranes.

Lipids (and beyond …)

• Phospholipids make up all cell membranes and play a large role in determining what gets in and out of the cell.

• Hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions give phosopholipids their unique properties.

Proteins

• Proteins are the cell’s molecular machinery.

• Most catalysts are made of protein.• Proteins are linked chains of amino

acids.• Proteins are synthesized by the

ribosome from a code made of RNA.

Proteins (and beyond …)

• Proteins gain their function from the way they fold.

• Proteins act as catalysts (ENZYMES) by lowering activation energy.

• Hemoglobin transports oxygen to all tissues and is made of 4 dimers.

• Many proteins use minerals such as calcium or iron to aid in their function.

Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic Acids are polymers consisting of many nucleotides monomers that serve as a blueprint for proteins.

• There are two types of nucleic acids: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acids (RNA).

• DNA gains its function from its structure, the double helix.

Nucleic Acids

• The helical backbone is made up of sugar and phosphates.

• Each pair (in DNA) is made of one of the four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.

• In order to maintain the integrity of the genome, each base can only pair with one other base through hydrogen bonding.

Enzymes

• Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of reactions that would normally happen anyway.

• Identify enzymes by the suffix –ase: helicase (splits DNA), lactase (breaks down lactose), polymerase (inhibits HIV).

Enzymes

• This reaction normally happens (black), but is catalyzed by the enzyme (red). Free energy change (ΔG) is constant, but lowers activation energy (EA).

Enzymes

• Enzymes bind substrates (enzyme reactant) into active sites (pocket or groove on enzyme).

• While the enzyme and the substrate are joined, the enzyme catalyzes the reaction and converts the substrate to the product(s).

Enzymes

• The most classic example an enzymatic reaction is the hydrolysis of sucrose (table sugar) into glucose and fructose.

Enzymes

• Another look…

Amino Acids

• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.

• Only twenty amino acids account for the amazing variety of proteins.

• Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

• Each amino acid has a carboxyl end and an amino end