Organic Chemistry:

Studying compounds that contain carbon – life is carbon based

How many bonds does carbon always form?

1 2 4 6

4%8%

68%

20%

1. 12. 23. 44. 6

Metabolism: how cells acquire, transform, store, and use energy

Polymerization: Large compounds are constructed by joining together smaller compounds.

Monomers (smaller cpds) are joined together to form polymers

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen - C, H, O

A. Function Main source of energy: stored

in the bonds released when bonds are broken

Absorbed in the digestive tract as glucose enters

Breaks down complex carbohydrates

If not used stored or excess can be converted to fat

About 50% of the body’s calorie intake should be from carbohydrates

Sugars and starches Plant food such as fruits, vegetables,

grains Refined: much of the nutritional value

and nutrients have been stripped away white flour, white rice, cakes biscuits and

snack foods Your body cannot break down cellulose

– but referred to as fiber (is important!)

a) Monosaccharides – simple (single) sugars

Monomers: glucose, galactose, fructose

b) Disaccharides – double sugars Polymers: sucrose (glucose + fructose) lactose (galactose + glucose)

c) PolysaccharidesPolymers: starch and cellulose (in plants),

& glycogen (in animals)

Used for: storing energy

What are the simplest carbohydrates?

Monosa

ccharid

e...

Disa

ccharid

es

Polysacch

aride...

0% 0%0%

1. Monosaccharides

2. Disaccharides3. Polysaccharides

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- “loss of water while putting together”

This is how complex carbohydrates are made (these can be stored)

The chemical bond is formed between the “- OH” groups in each molecule

Draw (on overhead)

- “water splitting” A water molecule is added to split

apart complex carbohydrates

Important to the human body because the digestive system must break down the complex carbohydrates

Once complex carbohydrates are broken down, they can be used in cellular respiration

Which of the following stores energy in animals?

Starch

Cellulose

Glyc

ogen

Fiber

0% 0%0%0%

1. Starch2. Cellulose3. Glycogen4. Fiber

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Fats, oils or waxes Composed of carbon, oxygen

& hydrogen (C, O, H)

1)store energy (hibernation) - insulation2)form biological membranes phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes

Why? helps limit what can enter & exit the cellhydrophobic & hydrophilic parts

3) used as chemical messengers (hormones)

1) Broken down into fatty acids

2) Stored in body tissues Used to store or release energy Fatty acids + glycerol

[dehydration synthesis]

Unsaturated lipids: there is 1 or more carbon to carbon double bonds Does NOT contain the max. number

of hydrogen atoms possible Healthier – Found in olive oil,

fish oils, avocados,

Saturated lipids: carbon to carbon single bonds Contains the maximum (saturated) number of hydrogen atoms possible

Less healthy – Found in animal products

In meat, eggs, & cheese: harder to digest

Which type of lipid has double bonds and is not full of hydrogens?

Satu

rated Li

pid

Unsa

tura

ted Lipid

0%0%

1. Saturated Lipid

2. Unsaturated Lipid

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Composed of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (N, C, H, O)

Monomers: amino acids (there are 20 common amino acids)

Peptide bond: joins 2 amino acids[A dehydration synthesis]

1. Growth & repair of tissue

2. Transport (hemoglobin transports oxygen)

3. Pump small molecules in and out of cells

1. Digestive enzymes break down into amino acids

2. When needed, proteins can enter the Citric Acid Cycle (cellular respiration) to help us get energy

Eggs, milk, meat, fish, poultry

What IS found in proteins, but NOT in carbohydrates or lipids?

Carbon

Hyd

rogen

Oxyg

en

Nitr

ogen

0% 0%0%0%

1.Carbon2.Hydrogen3.Oxygen4.Nitrogen

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What type of bond holds amino acids together?

Ionic

Bond

Peptide Bond

Parenta

l Bond

James B

ond

0% 0%0%0%

1. Ionic Bond2. Peptide Bond3. Parental

Bond4. James Bond

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Store & transmit genetic information

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen & phosphorus (C, H, N, O, P)

RNA: ribonucleic acid DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid

Which macromolecule stores genetic information?

Carbohydrate

s Li

pids

Prote

ins

Nucle

ic Acid

s

0% 0%0%0%

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids

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I need the most help with….?

Carbohydrate

s Li

pids

Prote

ins

Nucle

ic Acid

s

Dehydra

tion Synth

esis ...

I need help w

ith eve

ryth

...

I feel p

retty c

omforta

ble...

0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids5. Dehydration Synthesis &

Hydrolysis Reactions6. I need help with everything!7. I feel pretty comfortable with

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