Organic Compound Organic Compound NomenclatureNomenclature

Chapter 22

Key CategoriesKey Categories

AlkanesAlkenesAlkynesAlcoholsEstersAldehydesKetones

Carboxylic Acids

AromaticsAmines

AlkanesAlkanes

Saturated hydrocarbons– All carbon bonds are single bonds to carbon or hydrogen

Naming is based on length of longest carbon chain– 1 carbon = methane– 2 carbon = ethane– 3 carbon = propane– 4 carbon = butane– 5 carbon = pentane– 6+ carbon follows number sequences (hex, hept, oct, etc)

AlkanesAlkanesOpen-chain alkanes (without rings) all have the general formula CnH2n + 2, where n equals the number of carbon atoms

AlkylsAlkyls

An Alkyl is an alkane with one open bond, usually bonded to a non-carbon item

Examples:– Methane becomes a methyl unit– Methyl bromide is methane where bromine

replaces one hydrogen (CH3Br)

Alkenes and AlkynesAlkenes and Alkynes

Unsaturated Carbon Bonds = Not all carbon bonds are bonded to hydrogen

Alkenes contain at least one double bondAlkynes contain at least one Triple bond

EthyleneEthyne

AlcoholsAlcohols

Alcohols have an –OH bond attached to an end-of-chain carbon

IsomersIsomers

2 types – Stereo and structural– Stereo-isomer has to do with location of the end

elements relative to other ends– Structural isomers are where the differentiation

is attached

Example: iso-propanol

Propanol

Isopropanol

IsomersIsomers

Structural Isomers are named by which carbon the active unit is attached to.– The n- isomer is the straight chain (propanol,

also called propyl alchohol)– Isopropanol is really 2-isopropanol because the

alcohol is attached to the 2 carbon.

Aldehydes and KetonesAldehydes and KetonesAldehydes and ketones contain a Carbonyl

GroupIn a ketone, the carbonyl group is bonded to

2 other carbonsIn an Aldehyde, the carbonyl group is

bonded to at least one hydrogen atom

AcetoneFormaldehyde

Generic Aldehyde

Esters & Carboxylic AcidsEsters & Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group at the end of the carbon chain– COOH– Generally weak acids

Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form an ESTER where the carboxyl group (COO) is in the middle of the chain.– Usually have sweet fruity odors

Esters and Carboxylic acidsEsters and Carboxylic acids

AminesAmines

An Amine is a carbon chain with an NH3 attached.– A derivative of ammonia where one N-H bond

is replaced with a N-C bond.– Naming uses amino- as prefix to name the

compound

2-aminobutane

AromaticsAromaticsAromatic hydrocarbons is a special class of

unsaturated cyclic compounds– Simplest is benzene (C6H6)

– Best description utilizes hybridized sp2 orbitals to form C-C bonds and C-H bonds, while the remaining 2p orbital is used to create a delocalized pi (double) bond.

Benzene Toluene