Organic Compounds

Anglade 2009

IN: Warm UpWhat is an element?

What is an atom?Where is the nucleus and what is in it?

Where are electrons located?What is a compound?

How is a compound different from an element?What is a covalent bond?

Give an example.What is an ionic bond?

Give an example.

Let’s review

• Atoms/elements• Atom is made up of protons, neutrons, electrons• Nucleus has protons (+), neutrons-NEUTRAL (0)• Electrons are – and are in outer shells/orbitals• # electrons outer level (2, 8, 8/18)• Depending on number of electrons in outer shell

is with which elements atoms may bond

Let’s review

• There are two types of bonds:– Covalent Bond/Ionic Bond

• Covalent bond SHARES electrons

• Ionic bond: electrons are GAINED/LOST– Makes ions– Ions are charged particles– i.e. Na+ Cl-

What’s new

• Today we’re going to study organic compounds by taking notes

…but why are we studying this?

• all living things are made up of these molecules• you are what you eat…and then some (…carbos

turn to lipids (fats)) yeah, fatty• when we study cells, you’re going to learn that

cell membrane is made of phospholipids, and enzymes are made of proteins, and that the nucleus has DNA (nucleic acid), and one thing leads to another, and then there’s a baby made up of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids…and so on and so on

What does organic mean?

compounds made up with carbon

4 organic compounds are:

• Proteins: amino acids• Nucleic acids: RNA, DNA: nucleotides• Carbohydrates: sugars• Lipids: fatsmnemonic• Peter• Never• Likes• Carrots

What are organic compounds?

•Organic compounds are composed of covalent bonds derived from carbon

•Organic compounds: the majority of all compounds are organic compounds

•Examples•e.g. : fuel, rubbing alcohol, sugar

What does organic mean?

• Organic: relating or belonging to the class of chemical compounds having a carbon basis; "hydrocarbons are organic compounds"

The “OTHER” definition (NOT FOR BIOLOGY CLASS)

of or relating to foodstuff grown or raised without synthetic fertilizers or pesticides or hormones; "organic eggs"; "organic vegetables"; "organic chicken"

Carbon’s 4 bonds

• Carbon has 4 valence electrons

• Carbon must form 4 bonds with other atoms

What is carbon?• It is an element.• It has 4 valence electrons.

• C

• Carbon can easily bond with other carbons to make long chains of carbons

carbohydrates

• Made up of: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

• Made up of one or more chains of simple sugars

• C6H1206 (glucose) the product of photosynthesis is a carbohydrate

• 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen

• Examples: potatoes, pasta, breads

Protein

• *****Proteins are made up of amino acids!!!!!

• Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, and sulfur

• Peptide bond=covalent bond between amino acids

• Example: meats, soy (used in veggie burgers, soy sauce, soy milk, etc.) bean

Protein (continued)

• Important in contracting of muscle tissue

• Transporting oxygen in blood (hemoglobin)

• Providing immunity

• Regulating other proteins

• Carrying out chemical reactions

• ENZYME: = protein changes rate of chemical reaction

Lipids

• Made up of glycerol and fatty acids• Don’t dissolve in water (hydrophobic)• >2:1 ratio of C-H bonds, and less oxygen

– i.e. C57H110O6

• Human body stores excess energy as fat• Plants store excess energy as oils (canola oil,

peanut oil, corn oil)• Example: fats (corn oil, lard, fat cells, avocado,

peanuts), wax

Lipids (continued)

• Other examples: phospholipids (cell membrane) and steroids

• Usually made up of very LONG chains of carbon and hydrogen

• Used for energy storage, insulation, protective coating

• Cell membranes made of lipids• http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/

fattyacids.html

Nucleic acids

• Formed with nucleotides• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and

phosphorus • Made up of a base, sugar, phosphate group• Store genetic information• Examples: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),

ribonucleic acid (RNA)• Help to form proteins and other nucleic acids

• Show organic compounds

• http://personal.tmlp.com/Jimr57/textbook/chapter2/chapter2.htm

What is a polymer?• a large molecule that forms when smaller

molecules bond together• Poly=many

– polyfacetic

• Macromolecule– Macro-big– Micro-small (microscopic)