organic compounds carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
TRANSCRIPT
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS,LIPIDS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS
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Organic Compounds• X = CARBOHYDRATES; FATS = LIPIDS
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1. Carbohydrates: glucose; needed for energy; cell walls, etc.
2. Proteins: hemoglobin – carry oxygen, insulin – blood sugar control, maltase – enzyme for digestion, antibodies – fight disease etc.
3. Lipids: Oils, fats, and waxesNeeded for stored energy, insulation, making cell membranes, etc.
4. Nucleic Acids: DNA / RNA
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Monomers:• Glucose• Amino Acids• Fatty Acids• Glycerol• Nucleotides
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Inorganic Compounds
• Water• Carbon Dioxide• Ammonia• Oxygen• Salt
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INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• DO NOT contain BOTH Carbon & Hydrogen
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CARBOHYDRATES
• GLUCOSE • C6H12O6
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CARBOHYDRATES
• C6H12O6
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CARBOHYDRATES
• MONOSACCHARIDE: Single / simple sugar– Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose
• DISACCHARIDE: two simple sugars bonded together; Double sugar– Examples: maltose, sucrose, lactose
• POLYCACCHARIDE: Complex (many sugars)– Examples: glycogen, cellulose, starch
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POLYMER
• A large molecule made of many (atoms) simple units
• Polymers of– Carbohydrates: polysaccharide (starch / glycogen)– Proteins: Polypeptides (enzymes / hormones) – Lipids: triglycerides (3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol)
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Polysaccharides
• Glycogen: Storage form of glucose found in animals. (stored in muscles or liver)
• Starch: Storage form of glucose found in plants.
• Cellulose: Structural component of cell walls.
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Proteins
• Proteins:–Made up of amino acids–Each is unique and essential for life–20 different amino acids found in
proteins–Contains both an amino group NH2
and a carboxyl group - COOH
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Needed for growth and repair of cells
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New cells being made by YOU
• Skin
• Muscle
• Blood cells Red and White
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Protein
• Amino Acid – building blocks of proteins
• Has NH2
• and COOH
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Proteins
• Enzymes: act as catalyst, control chemical reactions; Ex. Amylase, lactase, ATPase
• Hormones: Insulin, estrogen, testosterone, etc• Antibodies: help fight pathogens / disease• Antigens: help antibodies recognize pathogens• Receptor Molecules: cellular communication• Hemoglobin: on RBC’s; carry O2
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Enzymes
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Hormone - Insulin
• 51 Amino Acids make• Thr• Lys• Pro• Phe• Cys• Gly• Asn……….
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Antibodies
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Antibodies – purpleAntigens - pink
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Receptor molecule
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Hemoglobin
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Lipids
• Fats, Waxes, Phospholipid, and Oils
• Building Blocks: Fatty Acids & Glycerol
• Functions:– Stored energy– Insulation– Component of cell membranes
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Triglyceride
• Made up of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule
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Nucleic Acid
RNA DNA
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Nucleic Acids
• DNA • – Double stranded (two nucleic
acid strands, sugar – deoxyribose
• RNA ––Single Stranded , sugar - ribose
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NUCLEOTIDE
• Building blocks of nucleic acids• Phosphate• Sugar– Deoxyribose – DNA– Ribose - RNA
• Nitrogen Base– A-T / C-G for DNA– A-U/C-G for RNA
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Nucleic Acid
• Gene – short sections of DNA– Information about a trait passed on from
parents
• Codon – specific sequence of 3 consecutivenucleotides– Each gene is made of codons (words of
instruction)
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Genes / Codon
• Genes / Codon -
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CATALYST
• catalyst: inorganic or organic substance which speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without entering the reaction itself.
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ENZYMES
• enzymes: organic catalysts made of protein
• most enzyme names end in –ase • enzymes lower the energy needed to start a
chemical reaction (activation energy), thus speeding the reaction
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ENZYMES
Enzyme Properties• Enzymes are specific for one set of
substrates or a group of similar substrates• Enzymes are not changed in the reaction• Enzymes are not consumed in the
reaction• Enzymes are identified by the suffix –ase
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Optimum
• Most efficient (best) for each enzyme.• Pepsin pH of 1 / 2; pH in small intestine 7 / 8
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ENZYMES
• LOCK AND KEY MODEL
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LOCK AND KEY
• Each enzyme is specific for one and ONLY one substrate (one lock - one key)
• active site: part of the enzyme that fits with the substrate
• Note that the active site has a specific fit for this particular substrate and no other.
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LOCK AND KEY
• Specific enzyme for a specific substrate
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ENZYME SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
• When the enzyme attaches to the substrate.
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FACTORS INFLUENCING ENZYMES
• pH: the optimum (best) in most living things is close to 7 (neutral). High or low pH levels usually slow enzyme activity
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FACTORS INFLUENCING ENZYMES
• optimum (best) temperature for maximum enzyme function is usually about 35-40 C.
• reactions proceed slowly below optimal temperatures
• above 45 C. most enzymes are denatured (change in their shape so the enzyme active site no longer fits with the substrate and the enzyme can't function)
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Denatured
• Denatured enzyme (changes shape when heated above a certain temperature)
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ENZYME AND TEMPERATURE
• Increase temperature increase rate of reaction until a certain temperature, then denatured enzymes (change in their shape)
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Concentrations of Enzyme and Substrate
When there is a fixed amount of enzyme and an excess of substrate molecules, the rate of reaction will increase to a point and then level off.
This leveling off occurs because all of the enzyme is used up and the excess substrate has nothing to combine with
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Concentrations of Enzyme and Substrate
• High substrate concentration = slower rate
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Concentrations of Enzyme and Substrate
• Less substrate more enzyme = faster rate of reaction.
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Concentrations of Enzyme and Substrate
• increasing the substrate concentration, the rate of reaction will increase due to the likelihood that the number of enzyme-substrate complexes will increase;