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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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Page 1: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Page 2: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!
Page 3: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds: Compounds that containcarbon and make up living organisms

Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Page 4: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Organic Compounds

• It used to be thought that only living things could synthesize the complicated carbon compounds found in cells

• German chemists in the 1800’s learned how to do this in the lab, showing that “organic” compounds can be created by non-organic means.

• Today, organic compounds are those that contain carbon. (with a few exceptions such as carbon dioxide and diamonds)

Page 5: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

CARBON

Why is carbon the backbone of life? Why is it special?

1. Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell. To satisfy the octet rule, it needs to share 4 other electrons.

2. This means that each carbon atom forms 4 bonds

Page 6: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Three Types Of Carbon Molecules1. Straight Chain:

2. Ring:

3. Branched Chain:

Page 7: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

MacromoleculeLarge molecules that make up living things. They are large chains of smaller molecules. It means “giant molecule”.

Page 8: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

MonomersAll macro organic molecules are made up of smaller subunits called monomers. This is just the base unit that repeats over and again. The monomers can be identical or different.

Page 9: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Polymers

Organic macromolecules are made up of repeating monomers.These chains of monomers are called polymers.

Page 10: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Condensation ReactionA condensation reaction is the removal of water to Connect monomers. The large chain is then bonded to form a polymer.

Page 11: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Four Basic Types of Organic Molecule

• Most organic molecules in the cell are: carbohydrates (sugars and starches), lipids (fats), proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

• These molecules are usually in the form of polymers, long chains of similar subunits. Because they are large, these molecules are called macromolecules. The subunits are called monomers.

• The cell also contains water, inorganic salts and ions, and other small organic molecules.

Page 12: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

4 Groups of Organic Compounds

1. Carbohydrates2. Proteins3. Lipids4. Nucleic Acids

Page 13: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Carbohydrates*Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, and O.*Ratio: 1C:2H:1O*Function:

1. Main source of energy.2. Plants and some animals use it for structural purposes.

Page 14: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are made up of monomers calledmonosaccharides. Examples of monosaccrharides:1.glucose: plant produce during photosynthesis2.Galactose: found in milk and diary3.Fructose: sugar in many fruits

GLUCOSE!

Page 15: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Fructose

Page 16: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!
Page 17: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Carbohydrates

Two monomers of monosaccharides together arecalled disaccharides. Sucrose is a examples of a disaccharide.

Page 18: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!
Page 19: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

MALTOSE

Page 20: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

CarbohydratesA polysaccharide is a long chain of monosacchrides

Joined together.Examples of polysacchrides:1.glycogen:stored energy2.Starch: plant stored energy3.Cellulose: cell walls

STARCH!!!

Page 21: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Look at the difference between these two. Think about how Plants use cellulose and animals use starch. They are shaped this way because of their use. Cellulose – straight chains StarchBranched.

Page 22: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Lipids

DEFINE: Large groups of organic compounds not soluble in water.Mostly made up of C and H with very little O.Functions:1.Store energy for long term.2.Waterproof covering

Page 23: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

4 main categories of Lipids

1. Fats2. Oils3. Waxes4. steroids FAT!!!

Page 24: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

LipidsStructure of a lipid:Glyercol molecule combines with fatty acids. The Different fatty acids determine the type of lipid.

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Page 25: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Lipids

Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and very little nitrogen.

Page 26: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Lipids

All lipids are not soluble in water. That is why they are placed together.

Page 27: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Lipids

Saturated vs. UnsaturatedSaturated means that all the carbon bonds are taken. They are solid at room temperature and bad for you. Unsaturated means that there is at least one double bond with the carbon. They are liquid at room temp. and are better for you.

Page 28: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!
Page 29: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Which ones areSaturated??

Page 30: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Proteins

Any of a large group of nitrogen containing organic compounds that are essential part cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein.”

Page 31: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

ProteinsMacromolecules that contain N, C, O and H.Functions:1.Rate of cell processes.2.Cellular structures3.Controls substances in and out of cell.4.Fight disease.

Page 32: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Examples of Proteins

1. Hemoglobin in blood2. Collagen3. Enzymes4. insulin

Page 33: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Proteins and Amino acid formation

Proteins are made up of monomers of amino acids help together by peptide bonds.3 parts of an amino acid:1.Amino group2.Carboxyl group3.R group

Page 34: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Proteins(examples of R-Groups)

There are 20 different amino acids found in nature.Different proteins are determined by the type of amino acids connected together. All amino acids are the same except for the R-group. The R-group gives the amino acids different properties.

Page 35: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

R – Group

Page 36: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Functional Groups

• Most of the useful behavior of organic compounds comes from functional groups attached to the carbons. A functional group is a special cluster of atoms that performs a useful function.

The R – Group(functional group)

Page 37: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!
Page 38: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!
Page 39: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Proteins(structure)Long chains of amino acids are connected by peptide bonds which are called polypeptides.

Page 40: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!
Page 41: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!
Page 42: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Nucleic acid

Any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains that are vital constituents of all living cells.

Page 43: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Nucleic acids

Macromolecules containing H, N, C, O and P.Made up of monomers of nucleotides.

Page 44: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Nucleotides

3 parts of a nucleotide1.Phosphate2.Deoxyribose sugar3.Nitrogen base

Page 45: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Function of a Nucleic Acids

1. Carry genetic material2. Carries codes to make proteins

Page 46: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

2 Examples of Nucleic Acids

1. RNA – ribosenucleic acids 2. DNA – deoxyribosenucleic

acid

Page 47: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Function of DNA

1. Carry codes to make proteins.2. Carry genetics code(genes).

Page 48: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Function of RNA

1. Function of RNA is to make proteins from the code DNA carries.

Page 49: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Releases energyenergyfor

cells

SugarStarchcellulose

C, H, OCarbohydrate

FunctionExamplesComposed of:Organic

Compound

Page 50: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Stores and releasesMOREenergy f or cells

FatsOils

WaxesC, H, OLipid

FunctionExamplesComposed of:Organic Compound

Cell membranes are made of lipids

Page 51: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Used tobuild cell

parts;Made of smaller parts calledamino acids

enzymesC, H, O, NProtein

FunctionExamplesComposed of:Organic Compound

Where are proteins made in the cell…?

Page 52: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon and make up living organisms Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Used tobuild cell

parts;Made of smaller parts calledamino acids

enzymesC, H, O, NProtein

FunctionExamplesComposed of:Organic Compound

Where are proteins made in the cell…?