organic compounds. organic compounds organic compounds : compounds that contain carbon and make up...
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Organic Compounds
Organic Compounds: Compounds that containcarbon and make up living organisms
Carbon is the backbone of life!!!
Organic Compounds
• It used to be thought that only living things could synthesize the complicated carbon compounds found in cells
• German chemists in the 1800’s learned how to do this in the lab, showing that “organic” compounds can be created by non-organic means.
• Today, organic compounds are those that contain carbon. (with a few exceptions such as carbon dioxide and diamonds)
CARBON
Why is carbon the backbone of life? Why is it special?
1. Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell. To satisfy the octet rule, it needs to share 4 other electrons.
2. This means that each carbon atom forms 4 bonds
Three Types Of Carbon Molecules1. Straight Chain:
2. Ring:
3. Branched Chain:
MacromoleculeLarge molecules that make up living things. They are large chains of smaller molecules. It means “giant molecule”.
MonomersAll macro organic molecules are made up of smaller subunits called monomers. This is just the base unit that repeats over and again. The monomers can be identical or different.
Polymers
Organic macromolecules are made up of repeating monomers.These chains of monomers are called polymers.
Condensation ReactionA condensation reaction is the removal of water to Connect monomers. The large chain is then bonded to form a polymer.
Four Basic Types of Organic Molecule
• Most organic molecules in the cell are: carbohydrates (sugars and starches), lipids (fats), proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
• These molecules are usually in the form of polymers, long chains of similar subunits. Because they are large, these molecules are called macromolecules. The subunits are called monomers.
• The cell also contains water, inorganic salts and ions, and other small organic molecules.
4 Groups of Organic Compounds
1. Carbohydrates2. Proteins3. Lipids4. Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates*Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, and O.*Ratio: 1C:2H:1O*Function:
1. Main source of energy.2. Plants and some animals use it for structural purposes.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are made up of monomers calledmonosaccharides. Examples of monosaccrharides:1.glucose: plant produce during photosynthesis2.Galactose: found in milk and diary3.Fructose: sugar in many fruits
GLUCOSE!
Fructose
Carbohydrates
Two monomers of monosaccharides together arecalled disaccharides. Sucrose is a examples of a disaccharide.
MALTOSE
CarbohydratesA polysaccharide is a long chain of monosacchrides
Joined together.Examples of polysacchrides:1.glycogen:stored energy2.Starch: plant stored energy3.Cellulose: cell walls
STARCH!!!
Look at the difference between these two. Think about how Plants use cellulose and animals use starch. They are shaped this way because of their use. Cellulose – straight chains StarchBranched.
Lipids
DEFINE: Large groups of organic compounds not soluble in water.Mostly made up of C and H with very little O.Functions:1.Store energy for long term.2.Waterproof covering
4 main categories of Lipids
1. Fats2. Oils3. Waxes4. steroids FAT!!!
LipidsStructure of a lipid:Glyercol molecule combines with fatty acids. The Different fatty acids determine the type of lipid.
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Lipids
Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and very little nitrogen.
Lipids
All lipids are not soluble in water. That is why they are placed together.
Lipids
Saturated vs. UnsaturatedSaturated means that all the carbon bonds are taken. They are solid at room temperature and bad for you. Unsaturated means that there is at least one double bond with the carbon. They are liquid at room temp. and are better for you.
Which ones areSaturated??
Proteins
Any of a large group of nitrogen containing organic compounds that are essential part cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein.”
ProteinsMacromolecules that contain N, C, O and H.Functions:1.Rate of cell processes.2.Cellular structures3.Controls substances in and out of cell.4.Fight disease.
Examples of Proteins
1. Hemoglobin in blood2. Collagen3. Enzymes4. insulin
Proteins and Amino acid formation
Proteins are made up of monomers of amino acids help together by peptide bonds.3 parts of an amino acid:1.Amino group2.Carboxyl group3.R group
Proteins(examples of R-Groups)
There are 20 different amino acids found in nature.Different proteins are determined by the type of amino acids connected together. All amino acids are the same except for the R-group. The R-group gives the amino acids different properties.
R – Group
Functional Groups
• Most of the useful behavior of organic compounds comes from functional groups attached to the carbons. A functional group is a special cluster of atoms that performs a useful function.
The R – Group(functional group)
Proteins(structure)Long chains of amino acids are connected by peptide bonds which are called polypeptides.
Nucleic acid
Any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains that are vital constituents of all living cells.
Nucleic acids
Macromolecules containing H, N, C, O and P.Made up of monomers of nucleotides.
Nucleotides
3 parts of a nucleotide1.Phosphate2.Deoxyribose sugar3.Nitrogen base
Function of a Nucleic Acids
1. Carry genetic material2. Carries codes to make proteins
2 Examples of Nucleic Acids
1. RNA – ribosenucleic acids 2. DNA – deoxyribosenucleic
acid
Function of DNA
1. Carry codes to make proteins.2. Carry genetics code(genes).
Function of RNA
1. Function of RNA is to make proteins from the code DNA carries.
Releases energyenergyfor
cells
SugarStarchcellulose
C, H, OCarbohydrate
FunctionExamplesComposed of:Organic
Compound
Stores and releasesMOREenergy f or cells
FatsOils
WaxesC, H, OLipid
FunctionExamplesComposed of:Organic Compound
Cell membranes are made of lipids
Used tobuild cell
parts;Made of smaller parts calledamino acids
enzymesC, H, O, NProtein
FunctionExamplesComposed of:Organic Compound
Where are proteins made in the cell…?
Used tobuild cell
parts;Made of smaller parts calledamino acids
enzymesC, H, O, NProtein
FunctionExamplesComposed of:Organic Compound
Where are proteins made in the cell…?