organic farming prospects and constraints
TRANSCRIPT
WELCOME
HISTORY:
IS ORGANIC FARMING A NEW CONCEPT
Organic farming is not a new concept to our farmers.
Indian farmers were all organic farmers before the advent of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, mechanization etc
BEFORE GREEN REVOLUTION
In traditional India only organic farming was practiced. No chemical fertilizers and pesticides were used. Only organic techniques where natural pesticides and natural manures were
obtained from plant and animal products were used. During 1950s and 1960s, the ever increasing population of India lead to a food
scarcity. The government was forced to import food grains from foreign countries. And also
forced to increase the food grain production of India to increase the food security .
TO INCREASE THE FOOD GRAIN PRODUCTION
Was introduced in 1960s under the leader ship of Dr. M.S.Swaminathan
Green revolution technologies(High yielding varieties, chemical fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, mechanization,
irrigation)
High production
(Overcoming food crisis, self sufficiency in food grain, buffer stock of food grain)
Not sustainable
(Stagnation or fall in productivity, decline in soil fertility, salinity problem, lowering of water table, environmental pollution)
POSITIVE SIDE OF GREEN REVOLUTION Increased the Country’s food
production
Attained self sufficiency
‘Food deficit’ to ‘food surplus’
Export of food products
Higher income
NEGATIVE SIDE OF GREEN REVOLUTION Reduction in Natural fertility of soil
Destruction of soil structure
Erosion and soil loss
Killing of beneficial microbes and insects
Ground water pollution and depletion
Atmospheric pollution
Soil acidification
Chemical burn
Mineral depletion
Health effects of conventional farming:• Asthma• Birth defects• Neurological effects• Cancer • Hormone disruption• Parkinson’s disease
Relationships between chemical input levels and sustainability
• With introduction of green revolution, use of chemical fertilizers although contributed 40% of crop production, continuous use of chemicals in agriculture seriously destroyed the soil health and environment.
• The scientists have realized that the ‘Green Revolution’ with high input use has reached a plateau and is now sustained with diminishing return.
What does organic farming means?
The aim of organic farming is to maintain optimum soil health and thus making the soil capable of supplying all essential nutrients to crop for its proper growth and development Organic farming aims at sustaining and increasing the productivity by improving soil health and over all improvement of agro-ecosystem
Organic farming gives quality organic food and also helps to restore soil fertility on long term basis.
As per the definition of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) term organic farming refers to “organic farming is a system which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic inputs (such as fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, feed additives etc) and to the maximum extent feasible rely upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, off-farm organic waste, mineral grade rock additives and biological system of nutrient mobilization and plant protection
IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC FARMING: Present burning issue in farming is the decline in fertility of soil and
fall in productivity levels.Use of chemical fertilizers and synthetic pesticides have deteriorated
soil health as well causing harm to our natural eco-system by polluting our environment as well as water.
Now we have reached a situation were productivity levels in soil slowly decreasing day by day.
Now its time to go for organic farming and restore soil fertility and maintain soil fertility on sustainable basis so that future generations may not face problems
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND ORGANIC FARMING
CONVENTIONAL ORGANICIt is based on economical orientation It is based on ecological orientation
GMOs are used GMOs are not used here
Synthetic fertilizers are used Synthetic fertilizers are not used
Weeds are controlled through herbicides Manually weeds are removed here
Pesticides and fungicides are used to control pest and diseases
Pest and diseases are controlled biologically
Produce obtained will have chemical residues accumulated in it
Produce is free from chemical residues
Air, water and soil pollution is common No such problem is observed
Produce is carcinogenic and causes several health problems
No such problems are observed here
Low input: output ratio with pollution Optimum input: output ratio with no pollution
Soil fertility is maintained for shorter period Soil fertility is maintained on long term basis
Intensive irrigation is required Irrigation requirements are reduced
Objectives of Organic Farming
Produce food with higher nutritional
quality
Work with natural system Maintain and
increase soil fertility
Use renewable resources as far
as possible
Wider social and ecological impact of farming system
Allow satisfaction to agricultural
producer
Avoid Pollution
Objective of organic farming
(1) (2)(3)
(4)
(5)(6)
(7)
Components of organic farming
Principles of organic agriculture
MAIN PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING:
The main principles of organic farming are as follows: To maintain the long-term fertility of soils. To avoid all forms of pollution that may result from agricultural
techniques. To produce foodstuffs of high nutritional quality and sufficient
quantity. To reduce the use of fossil energy in agricultural practice to a
minimum. To give livestock conditions of life that confirm to their
physiological need. To make it possible for agricultural producers to earn a living
through their work and develop their potentialities as human being.
Rajib Roychowdhury et al. (2013)
DISTRIBUTION OF THE SHARES OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL LAND 2013
7%
9%
25%59%
11 countries15 countries40 countries97 countries
PERCENTAGE OF AREA UNDER ORGANIC FARMING IN THE TOTAL CULTIVATED AREA OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
Country Percentage of area under organic farming
USA 0.23
UK 4.22
Germany 4.10
Argentina 1.70
Austria 8.40
Australia 2.20
Japan 0.10
Switzerland 7.94
South Africa 0.05
Italy 3.70
India 0.03
Pakistan 0.08
Srilanka 0.05
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.23
4.22 4.1
1.7
8.4
2.2
0.1
7.94
0.0500000000000001
3.7
0.0300000000000001
0.0800000000000001
0.0500000000000001
Percentage of area under organic farming
Rajib Roychowdhury et al. (2013)
Organic cultivation not new in India The term organic farming was first used by Lord Northbourne
in the book of look of the land Organic agriculture in India started long back 1900 by Sir
Albert Howard a British agronomist, in local village of the north India.
Organic farming first coined by North Bourne in 1946. The state of Sikkim and Uttaranchal declared organic state.
Organic farming in India
STATUS OF ORGANIC FOOD PRODUCTION IN INDIA
Total area undercertified organic
2.8 M ha
Total production 0.59 Million tonnes
Total quantity exported
0.02 Million tonnes
Value of total export Rs. 30124 lakh
Number of farmers 141904
Major products produced in India by organic farmingTYPE OF PRODUCT PRODUCTS
Commodity Tea, Coffee, Paddy, Wheat, Sugarcane
Spices Cardamom, Black pepper, White pepper, Ginger, Turmeric, vanilla, Tamarind, Clove, Cinnamon, Nutmeg, Mace, Chilli
Pulses Red gram, Black gram
Fruits Mango, Banana, Pineapple, Orange, Cashew nut, Walnut
Vegetables Okra, Brinjal, Garlic, Onion, Tomato, Potato
Oil seeds Mustard, Sesame, Castor, Sunflower
Others Cotton, Herbal extracts
Garibay and Jyoti(2003)
Gujrat
Haryana
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttrakhand
West
BengalBihar
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
53596.95
3585.16
29969.93
2872.73203.56
8665.34999999993
16158.8599999999
9881.91
0
16941.91
5387.59
11157.99
4521.49
77.5
44879.88
14906.75
5681.14
1096.3
Total Area in ha OrganicTotal Area in ha In-Conversion
ORGANIC FARMING STATUS IN NORTH INDIA:
National Centre of Organic Farming, Ghaziabad
ORGANIC FARMING STATUS IN SOUTH INDIA:
Andhra Pradesh Goa Karnataka Kerala Tamilnadu0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
10129.11
5947.1
16099.06
7352.67
3199.44
20838.12
1443.67
35369.398
7516.67
3543.44
Total Area in ha OrganicTotal Area in ha In-Conversion
National Centre of Organic Farming, Ghaziabad
Particulars Quantity, tonnes
Floriculture 46,398
Fresh Fruits & Veg. 17,24,574
Processed Fruits & Veg. 7,74,849
Animal products 19,32,856
Cereals 97,52,246
Other processed products
32,20,200
Flori-culture
Fresh Fruits &
Veg.
Processed Fruits &
Veg.
Animal products
Cereals Other processed products
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
46,398
1,724,574
774,849
1,932,856
9,752,246
3,220,200
Quantity, tonnesQuantity, tonnes
EXPORT OF ORGANIC PRODUCTS IN INDIA
EXPORT PERFORMANCE OF ORGANIC FOOD PRODUCTS FROM INDIA:Organic Food Sales (tons )
Tea 3000
Coffee 550
Spices 700
Rice 2500
Wheat 1150
Pulses 300
Oil seeds 100
Fruits and vegetables
1800
Cashew Nut 375
Cotton 1200
Herbal Products 250
Total 11,295 Rajib Roychowdhury et al. (2013)
3000
550
700
2500
1150
300100
1800
375
1200
250
Sales (tons )
Tea Coffee Spices Rice Wheat Pulses Oil seeds Fruits and vegetables Cashew Nut Cotton Herbal Products
Supply of nutrients Nutrients are applied through organic manures including• FYM, • Compost, • Dung of various animals, • Poultry manure, • Green manure and• Crop residues in farm fields.
Supply of Nutrients:
1. Bulky organic manures FYM Compost Biogas slurry Night soil Sheep and goat manure Poultry manure Green manure vermicompost
AVERAGE NUTRIENT CONTENT OF BULKY MANUREMANURE
PERCENTAGE CONTENTN P2O5 K2O
Animal refuse 0.3-0.4 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.3Cattle dung,fresh 0.4-0.5 0.3-0.4 0.3-0.4Horse dung ,fresh 0.5 -0.5 0.4-0.6 0.3-1.0Poultry manure,fresh 1.0-1.8 1.4-1.8 0.8-0.9Sewage sludge,dry 2.0-3.5 1.0-5.0 0.2-0.5Sewage sludge, activate dry 4.0-7.0 2.1-4.2 0.5-0.7Cattle urine 0.9-1.2 trace 0.5-1.0Horse urine 1.2-1.5 trace 1.3-1.5Sheep urine 1.5-1.7 trace 1.8-2.0Rural compost,dry 0.5-1.0 0.4-0.8 0.8-1.2Urban compost,dry 0.7-2.0 0.9-3.0 1.0-2.0Farmyard manure,dry 0.4-1.5 0.3-0.9 0.3-1.9Filter-press cake 1.0-1.5 4.0-5.0 2.0-7.0Groundnut husks 1.6-1.8 0.3-0.5 1.1-1.7Ash,wood 0.1-0.2 0.8-5.9 1.5-36.0
Regional Centre of Organic Farming, Krishna Chandra.(2005)
Supply of Nutrients:
2. Concentrated organic manure Oil cakes Fish meal Meat meal Blood meal Horn and hoof meal Bird guano Row bone meal
AVERAGE NUTRIENT CONTENT OF OIL CAKESOil-cakes Nutrient content (%)
N P2O5 K2O
Non edible oil-cakes
Castor cake 4.3 1.8 1.3
Cotton seed cake (undecorticated) 3.9 1.8 1.6
Safflower cake (undecorticated) 4.9 1.4 1.2
Karanj cake 3.9 0.9 1.2
Mahua cake 2.5 0.8 1.2
Edible oil-cakes
Coconut cake 3.0 1.9 1.8
Cotton seed cake (decorticated) 6.4 2.9 2.2
Groundnut cake 7.3 1.5 1.3
Linseed cake 4.9 1.4 1.3
Safflower cake (decorticated) 7.9 2.2 1.9
Rape seed cake 5.2 1.8 1.2
Sesamum cake 6.2 2.0 1.2
Organic farming (TNAU, AGRITECH PORTAL)
AVERAGE NUTRIENT CONTENT OF ANIMAL BASED CONCENTRATED ORGANIC MANURES
Organic manures Nutrient content (%
N P2O5 K2O
Blood meal 10 - 12 1-2 1.0
Meat meal 10.5 2.5 0.5
Fish meal 4-10 3-9 0.3-1.5
Horn and Hoof meal
13 - -
Raw bone meal 3-4 20-25 -
Steamed bone meal 1-2 25-30 -
Organic farming (TNAU, AGRITECH PORTAL)
Bio-fertilizersSr. No.
Group example
N2 Fixing Bio fertilizer
1. Free-living Azotobacter , Beijerinka, Clostridium, Anabanea
2. Symbiotic Rhizobium, Azolla, Frankia
3. Associtave symbiotic Azospirrlum
P Solubilising Bio fertilizer
1. Bacteria Bacillus sp, pseudomonus sp
2. Fungai Penicillum sp, Aspergillus awamori
P Mobilizing Bio fertilizer
1. Arbuscular mycorrhiza Gloumus sp, Gigaspora sp,
2. Ectomycorrhiza Laccaria sp, Amanita sp.
3. Ericoid mycorrhizae Pezizella ericae
4. Orchid mycorrhizae Rhizoctonia solani.
Seed treatment technique popular amongst farmer in organic farming
a) With cow urine cow urine + water (1:10) soak the seed in solution for 15 minutes dry the seed in shade and sowing. It better germination and prevent seed borne disease b) with cow milk Cow milk + water (1:5) Soak the seed in solution for 30 minutes Dry the seed in shade and sowing. It prevent yellowing of leaves and leaf spot diseases
C) With wood ashWood ash + water (10 gram + one litter)Dip vegetable seed in solution for 15-30 minutesDry in shade and sow immediately It prevent seedling rotD) Hot water treatmentBoil water till it reaches 550 c.Soak the seed for 15 – 30 minutes.Dry seed first in shade and after in sun and stored in
insect proof container. It control pathogens which develop seeds when they are
stored for a long time period.
CERTIFICATION
The 4 To Organic Certification
• Accreditation
• Standards
• Inspection
• Certification
List of accredited certifying and inspection
agencies in India Association for promotion of Organic Farming (APOF) Bangalore Indian Society for Certification of organic production (ISCOP)- Tamil
Nadu Indian Organic Certification Agency (INDOCERT)- Cochin, Kerala Skal Inspection and Certificaton Agency- Bangalore IMO Control Pvt. Ltd.- Bangalore Ecocert International -Aurangabad Bioinspectra -Cochin, Kerala SGS India Pvt Ltd- Gurgaon International Resources for Fair Trade (IRFD)- Mumbai National Organic Certification Association (NOCA)- Pune
National programme for organic production( NPOP)
International Organic Standards 1. IFOAM: • International federation of organic Agricultural movements
• Established in 1972• Headquarter in Germany• Umbrella organization for organic Agriculture Association • Developed international basic standards of organic agriculture• Established IFOAM accreditation programme (1992) to accredit certifying
bodies • Set up International Organic Accreditation Service (IOAS) in July 2001
2. CODEX: •Codex Alimentarious Commission – a joint FAO/WHO• Intergovernment body •Established in 1962•Produced a set of guidelines for organic production
3. EU regulation
•Laid out a basic regulation for European Union’s organic standards in Council regulation No. 2092/91 (June 1991)
•Regulations give guidelines for the production of organic crops in the European Community.
4. Demeter •Demeter International is a world wide net work of 19 International certification bodies in Africa, Australia, Europe
•Developed guideline for biodynamic preparation.
5. JAS •A set of guidelines Japan Agricultural Standards for organic production
Organic standards
ORGANIC LABLES IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
India
PROSPECTS OF ORGANIC FARMING
Consumer acceptance
Environmental friendly
Higher biodiversity
Better soils
Bello(2008)
Differences in nutritional content between organic and conventional vegetables: mean percent difference for four nutrients in five
frequently studied vegetables
Virginia Worthington
Virginia Worthington
Diet Vit-c (mg) Iron (mg) Magnesium(mg) Phosphorous(mg)
Organic 89.2 3.7 80.0 124.0
Conventional 67.9 3.0 68.6 111.8
NUTRIENT CONTENT OF AN ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL DIET: MILLIGRAMS OF VITAMIN C, IRON,
MAGNESIUM, AND PHOSPHORUS IN ONE DAY’S VEGETABLE INTAKE
Soil quality parameters as affected by organic (Org.) and conventional (Con.) farming
Ramesh et al.(2010)
Productivity of crops (t/ha) in organic versus conventional farming
Ramesh et al.(2010)
Effect of organic farming practices on growth, yield and quality of rose onion (Allium cepa)
M. Prabhakar, S.S.Hebber and A.K. NairIndian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 82(6) 2012, pp:500-503
Treatment Plant height (cm) LAI
Bulb diameter
(cm)
Bulb weight
(gm)
Bulb yield (tonnes/ha)
T1: FYM equivalent to 25% RDN
30.2 5.58 3.3 19.2 18.21
T2: FYM equivalent to 50% RDN
30.7 5.08 3.5 19.0 18.60
T3: FYM equivalent to 75% RDN
31.7 5.76 3.8 21.6 20.91
T4: FYM equivalent to 100% RDN
32.5 5.95 3.8 21.7 21.06
T5: recommended FYM+NPK fertilizers
28.9 5.61 3.2 19.1 19.44
T6: RDF(125:75:150) 26.0 5.41 3.1 17.7 17.34
CD (P=0.05) 0.67 0.33 0.36 0.93 0.82
Growth and quality of onion as influenced by source and quantity of manures and fertilizers
Prabhakar et al. (2012)
LIST OF COMMODITIES WITH POTENTIAL FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTION IN RAINFED REGIONS
Venkateswarulu (CRIDA)
Advantages of organic farming:Organic matter supplies all the essential macro and micro plant
nutrients.
Organic matter improves physico-chemical and biological properties of soil.
Organic farming improves agro-ecosystem and helps in stopping environmental degradation .
Organically grown crops are preferred by most people as it is believed to be more nutritious compared to conventional ones.
Organic produce fetches more prices in national and international market.
CONSTRAINTS OF ORGANIC FARMING: Organic manure contain fewer amount of nutrient. Lack of awareness Marketing problems of organic inputs and out puts Shortage of organic biomass Poorly supporting infrastructure High input cost Lack of suitable agriculture policy Lack of financial support Low yields during conversion period Political and social factors Complex certification procedure Lack of organic input responsive variety
Meena et al (2013)
Limitations of organic farming in India Small land holding Poor infrastructure facilities Lack of technology knowledge Convert organic farm Organic material such as animal dung and other crop waste used
for fuel purpose Organic material are bulky in nature very difficult store and high
price City garbage contain heavy metal, plastic bags, stones and
needles. Bio control agent are available only few selected insect pest. Complicated organic certification process and high fees cost Higher human population of India.
Debated issues on organic agriculture:
Can organic farming produce enough food for everybody?
Is it possible to meet the nutrient requirement of crops entirely from organic sources?
Are there any significant environmental benefits from organic farming?
Is the food produced by organic farming superior in quality?
Is organic farming economically feasible?
Is it possible to manage pest and disease in organic farming?
Munda et al.
SUGGESTIONS TO PROMOTE ORGANIC FARMING:
Many changes are needed if India is to overcome the constraints and achieve its rich potential in organic agriculture.Developing appropriate and strong extension services.Developing strong linkage between producer and consumer.Reducing the cost of certification and easily approachable to farmer.Making the organic inputs available to small holders like bio-fertilizer and bio-pesticide.Developing the domestic market.Providing subsidies and other financial support.Improving infrastructural facilities like cold storage and transportation.Enhancing linkages in the supply chain promoting research on organic agricultural research and development.Providing regular training on organic agriculture.
Meena et al.(2013)
Organic farming is better for our environment.
Organic farmers do not use synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides
FEEDING THE SOIL RATHER THAN FEEDING THE PLANT
ORGANIC FARMING
SUBMITTED BY:C. SHIVASHANKARTAM/14/28DEPT. OF SOIL SC. & AGRIL. CHEMISTRY
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