organic food production in the u.s. and world trends 2011/news/ppt1-organic.pdf · definition...

Organic Food Production in the U.S. and World Trends

USDA Regulation

The Organic Foods Production Act (OFPA), 1990 established

uniform national standards for the production and handling of the

foods labeled “ Organic ”.

National Organic Program (NOP) set national standards for the

production, handling and processing organically grown agricultural

products, also overseas mandatory certification of organic

products.

National Organic Standard Board (NOSB) advises the secretary of

agriculture in setting the standard for NOP. Producers meeting the

standards may label the products as “ USDA Certified Organic “.

Definition (NOSB)

Organic agriculture is an ecological production management

system, that promotes;

biodiversity,

biological cycles and

soil biological activity.

based on minimal use of off-farms inputs and on management

practices that restore, maintain and enhance ecological harmony.

“Organic” is a labeling term that denotes products produced under

the authority of Organic Foods Production Act.

Definition (NOSB) cont.

“Organic agriculture practices cannot ensure that products are

completely free of residues; however, methods are used to

minimize pollution from air, soil and water”.

“Organic food handlers, processors and retailers adhere to

standards that maintain the integrity of organic agricultural

products. The primary aim of organic agriculture is to optimize the

health and productivity of interdependent communities of soil life,

plants, animals and people ”.


“Organic production: A production system that is managed in

accordance with the act and regulations in this part to respond to

site-specific conditions by integrating cultural, biological and

mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote

ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity”.

USDA National Organic Program.

http://www.ams.usda.gov/nop/NOP/standards/DefineReg.html













“What is organic food? Organic food is produced by farmers who

emphasize the use of renewable resources and the conservation of

soil and water to enhance environmental quality for future

generations. Organic meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products come

from animals that are given no antibiotics or growth hormones.

Organic food is produced without using pesticides; fertilizers

synthetic or sewage sludge; bioengineering; or ionizing radiation.

Before a product can be labeled „organic,‟ a Government-approved

certifier inspects the farm where the food is grown.

Companies that handle or process organic food before it gets to

your local supermarket or restaurant must be certified, too.”

Consumer Brochure, USDA National Organic Program,

http://www.ams.usda.gov/nop/Consumers/brochure.html

http://www.ams.usda.gov/nop/Consumers/brochure.html

Organic Production Systems & Practices

Use of cover crops, green manures, animal manures and crop

rotations to fertilize the soil, maximize biological activity and

maintain long-term soil health .

Use of biological control, crop rotations and other techniques to

manage weeds, insects and diseases .

An emphasis on biodiversity of the agricultural system and the

surrounding environment .

Organic Production Systems & Practices cont.

Using rotational grazing and mixed forage pastures for livestock

operations and alternative health care for animal well being.

Reduction of external and off-farm inputs and elimination of

synthetic pesticides and fertilizers and other materials, such as

hormones and antibiotics.

A focus on renewable resources, soil and water conservation, and

management practices that restore, maintain and enhance

ecological balance.”

Organic Principle

There are several compelling principles that characterize certified

organic farming.

Biodiversity .

Integration .

Sustainability .

Natural plant nutrition .

Natural pest management .

Integrity .

Most organic operations will reflect all of these to a greater or lesser

degree. Since each farm is a distinct entity, there is a large degree of

variation.” Organic Crop Production Overview, by George Kuepper and Lance Gegner. ATTRA –

National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service.

http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/organiccrop.html




Organic Principle cont.

“ Organic production techniques such as

Crop rotations

Use of composted animal manures and green manure crops,

Overall system health is emphasized, and the interaction of

management practices is the primary concern.

http://www.csrees.usda.gov/ProgViewOverview.cfm?prnum=6861






















Information on Organic Production

Sustainable Agriculture: Definitions and Terms, by Mary V. Gold

USDA, NAL, Alternative Farming Systems Information Center, 1999

and 2007. http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/pubs/terms/srb9902.shtml

Organic Crop Production Overview, by George Kuepper and Lance

Gegner ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information

Service, 2004.


The Principles of Organic Agriculture, International Federation

of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), 2005. http://www.ifoam.org/about_ifoam/principles/index.html

http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/pubs/terms/srb9902.shtml




http://www.ifoam.org/about_ifoam/principles/index.html

Information on Organic Production cont.

Frequently Asked Questions on Organic Agriculture

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2007 http://www.fao.org/organicag/fram11-e.htm

Definition of Terms Used in the National Organic Program, by

James J. Ferguson. University of Florida, Institute of Food and

Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/HS209

http://www.fao.org/organicag/fram11-e.htm



http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/HS209

Distribution of Organic Land Worldwide

Australia/Oceania organic land distribution

North America organic land distribution

Future

In U.S. dollar value was 1 billion in 1994 .

In 2003 dollar value was 13 billion .

Growing consumer market

– Food safety issues .

– Concern for the environment .

– Consumer will pay the premium .

– Continued growth in organic food production world wide .

Future cont.

Questions ???

– Can organic farming withstand the rigors of growing

agricultural demand.

– Is there any profit ?

Research needs

Identify potential financial risks

Fully investigate productivity of organic farming with conventional

agriculture.

Support and development from the organic community will

determine the future of organic farming .

Health benefits from organic foods.

EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MANURES AND PINE NEEDLE MULCH ON MUSCADINE PRODUCTION AND SOIL PROPERTIES

COLLABORATORS

Dr. Juan Silva, Professor

Department of Food Science, Nutrition, & Health Promotion,

Mississippi State University.

Dr. Girish Panicker, Assistant Professor

School of Agriculture,

Alcorn State University.

INTRODUCTION

-Muscadines are native to Mississippi.

-Original Scuppernong Muscadine found in 1554-NC

-Popular crop- adaptability, resistance to diseases and insects,

long vine life.

-Industry value in Mississippi is approximately 2M.

Intro cont...

-Poultry industry in MS is number one crop commodity with

approximately 2.2 B in 2005.

-Abundant supply of poultry litter.

Intro Cont...

-Beef Production is 6th agricultural commodity in MS.

-Over 980,000 head of cattle

-Abundance of cow manure

Intro Cont…

-Forestry 2nd leading agricultural crop in MS.

-Approximately 61% of land is in forest.

Intro cont...

Crop adaptability + Nutrient Source

Questions - Can we grow muscadines organically without

inorganic fertilizer?

Why go organic?

-Cost of fertilizers is high.

-Reduces fertilizer use.

-Avoids polluting water and land

Intro Cont…

Organic Fertilizers – Provide organic material to the soil to

build healthy soil - no leaching.

- Nutrients are provided to the crop.

Intro cont..

Organic agriculture offers an alternative market where sellers can

command fair prices for crops.

OBJECTIVE

EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF COW AND

POULTRY MANURE AND PINE NEEDLE MULCH ON

BIOMASS PRODUCTION, YIELD, FRUIT QUALITY OF

MUSCADINE AND SOIL PROPERTIES

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Variety : Summit Spacing : 20ft x 20ft

270 plants ha-1

Exptl. Design :CRD

Training System : Modified Genera Double Curtain.

MATERIALS AND METHODS CONT…

Treatments: lbs A-1

lbs Pl-1

Actual N A-1

1. Poultry manure 1346 12.5 20

Lime 538 5.0

Pine needle 3176 29.4

2. Cow Manure 2961 27.4 11

Lime 538 5.0


3. Poultry manure 673 6.2 10

Cow Manure 1346 12.5 6

Lime 538 5.0


4. Control : 13:13:13 376 3.5 48

Lime 538 5.0


Air-drying of cow manure for 3 - 4 weeks


Make a basin around the plant


Application of decomposed and dried manure


Apply lime over the manure


Pine mulch on Muscadine


Assessing soil compaction and soil moisture


Collection of core soil samples up to 100 cm deep for water quality

RESULTS

Effect of treatment on biomass development at harvest

Treatments Stem dia.(cm) Ground Cover(m2) Canopy Cover(%)

Poultry +pine 5 ax 14 a 89 a

Cow+pine 5 a 11 ab 89 a

Cow+poultry 5 a 14 a 91 a

+ Pine

Control 4 a 8 b 86 a

LSD 0.75 3.2 8.5

x Means within columns followed by the same letter are not

significantly different (P=0.05)

Effect of treatments on fruit size and weight

Treatments Fruit dia (cm) Fruit Length (cm) Fruit wt (g)

Poultry +pine 2 ax 2 a 6 a

Cow+pine 2 a 2 a 5 a

Cow+poultry 2 a 2 a 5 a

+ Pine

Control 2 a 2 a 5 a

LSD 0.10 0.14 1.4



Values represent average of three years (2000,2001& 2002)

Effect of Treatments on Yield

Treatments 2000-2004 2005 2006

--------------- Yield lbs A-1---------

Poultry +pine 3983 ax 9180 a 7545 b

Cow+pine 5239 a 9720 a 8026 b

Cow+poultry 5813 a 9936 a 11560 a

+ Pine

Control 4691 a 8208 a 7576 b

x Means within column followed by the same letter are not


Effect of treatments on soil moisture, pH and compaction at harvest

Treatments Moisture pH Compaction

Poultry +pine 14 bx 6 a 200 b

Cow+pine 18 a 6 a 150 c

Cow+poultry 14 b 6 a 166 bc

+ Pine

Control 11 c 6 a 300 a

LSD 2.9 0.7 35.9



Values represent average of two years (2001& 2002)

Effect of treatments on nitrate-N and P concentration in soil

Treatments Nitrate-N (mg Kg-1) P(ppm)

Poultry +pine 7 bx 79 b

Cow+pine 7 b 69 b

Cow+poultry 8 b 79 b

+ Pine

Control 18 a 149 a

LSD 18.0 133.8



Values represent average of 3 years (2001-2003)

CONCLUSION

- Nutrient Sources are readily available and inexpensive.

- In the short run, this system is time consuming, more complex

and labor-intensive.

- Environmentally friendly.

- Just as effective as inorganic fertilizers.

CONCLUSION cont..

- Produced beneficial soil properties

- Serves a unique market.

- Controlled application of manures can be an economically,

horticultural and environmentally sound system.

Good Agricultural Practices- GAPs

FOOD SAFETY- WHY SHOULD WE CARE?

Consumer safety

Government regulations and guide lines

Market positioning and price

Competition

Good common sense

Food Safety Hazards

Biological

– Microbiological: bacteria, virus, fungi

– Pests

Chemical

– Pesticide residues

– Indirect additives

Physical

– Debri

Produce Outbreaks and Pathogens

Food Safety at the Farm/Packinghouse

Foodborne Illness Outbreaks

• In the U.S. ~ 76 million people contract some type of foodborne illness each year.

• Over 325,000 are hospitalized and

• About 5,000 deaths occur.

Cont… • Salmonella on tomatoes and cantaloupes,

• E. coli 0157:H7 on lettuce, spinach, apple juice,

• Hepatitis A on strawberries, green onions

• Cyclospora on raspberries,

• Shigella on herbs and other crops

• Almonds, watermelons ...

Reference The Guide to Minimize Microbial

Food Safety Hazards

for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables

-Intended for growers, packers, shippers,..

-Prevention over corrective action is preferred

-Accountability at all levels (records/traceback)

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Oct. 1998

Things to Consider 1. Water:

Wherever water comes into contact with fresh produce,

its quality dictates the potential for pathogen contamination

2. Manure and Municipal Biosolids:

Properly treated manure or biosolids can be an effective and safe fertilizer.

3. Worker Health and Hygiene:

Infected employees who work with fresh produce increase the risk

of transmitting foodborne illness.

4. Field Sanitation:

Fresh produce may become contaminated during pre-harvest and harvest

activities from contact with soil, fertilizers, water, workers, and

harvesting equipment.

Cont… 5. Packing Facility:

Maintain packing facilities in good condition to reduce the potential

for microbial contamination

6. Transportation:

Proper transport of fresh produce will help reduce the potential for

microbial contamination

7. Traceback:

The ability to identify the source of a product can serve as an

important complement to good agricultural and management practices.

Accountability Once good agricultural (GAPs) and management (GMPs)

practices are in place, ensure that the process is working

correctly. Without accountability, the best efforts to

minimize microbial contamination are subject to failure

PREVENTION

Postharvest & Processing Water

Singular critical control point capable of amplifying

an error in sanitation or hygiene management

Suslow, UC Davis

Traceback

Codification that allows to pinpoint source of problem (safety and security)

Farm, plot, date harvest, packing line, date packed, shipping date …

Keep records of this!

WHAT CAN WE DO?

Sources of Contamination

Sanitary

FacilitiesPotential

Sources of

Contamination

Water

Fertilizer

Water & Wastewater

Worker

Hygiene

TransportField

WHAT CAN WE DO?

FARM HISTORY

NEIGHBORS

PRODUCTION PRACTICES

PERSONNEL

WATER

FERTILIZATION

CHEMICALS

HARVEST

POSTHARVEST HANDLING

organic food production in the u.s. and world trends 2011/news/ppt1-organic.pdf · definition...

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