organic matter removal by advanced oxidation processess...

� Space Gupta (2016CEV162310)

� Budha Ram (2016CEV162954)

� Navaneeth K.L (2016CEV162307)

Organic matter removal by Advanced Organic matter removal by Advanced Organic matter removal by Advanced Organic matter removal by Advanced

Oxidation Processess (AOPs)Oxidation Processess (AOPs)Oxidation Processess (AOPs)Oxidation Processess (AOPs)

� Determination of COD of Yamuna River at Mayur Vihar phase-1 nearNizamuddin Bridge.

� Review and assessment of studies carried out during the past few yearsdealing with effectiveness of advanced oxidation processess (AOPs) forremoval of Organic Matter.

ObjectiveObjectiveObjectiveObjective

� Various AOPs include O3/H2O2, O3/UV, UV/H2O2, TiO2/UV, H2O2/catalyst,Fenton and photo-Fenton processes.

UVUVUVUV----light light light light based applications; UV/Hbased applications; UV/Hbased applications; UV/Hbased applications; UV/H2222OOOO2222 and VUVand VUVand VUVand VUV

The efficiency of direct photolysis is enhanced when irradiation iscombined with hydrogen peroxide, whose photocatalytic dissociationyields OH-radicals , thus facilitating the degradation processes oforganic matter in water, as well as disinfection of water. Under VUVradiation water molecules dissociate into hydrogen atoms,hydroxyl radicals and hydrated electrons.

Ozone Ozone Ozone Ozone based applications: Obased applications: Obased applications: Obased applications: O3333/H/H/H/H2222OOOO2222, O, O, O, O3333/UV, O/UV, O/UV, O/UV, O3333/H/H/H/H2222OOOO2222/UV and /UV and /UV and /UV and OOOO3333/H/H/H/H2222OOOO2222/TiO/TiO/TiO/TiO2222

Ozone reacts with NOM by an electrophilic addition to double bonds.This reaction is very selective. In addition to direct reaction of ozonewith NOM, non-selective and fast reaction occurs with OH-radicals thatare formed when ozone decomposes in water.

MethodologyMethodologyMethodologyMethodology

HeterogenousHeterogenousHeterogenousHeterogenous photocatalysisphotocatalysisphotocatalysisphotocatalysis: TiO: TiO: TiO: TiO2222/UV/UV/UV/UV

UV irradiation of the TiO2 induces the excitement of electrons from thevalence band to the conduction band, leading to the creation of highlyoxidative holes on the valence band and the formation of radicals, inparticular OH-radicals. Organic compounds are degraded by holes onTiO2 surface, as well as by radicals in the bulk solution.

Fenton processesFenton processesFenton processesFenton processes

Fentons reagent (H2O2 with Fe(II)/Fe(III) ions) in water produces OH-radicals and peroxy radicals. Photo-Fenton process also involves irradiation with sunlight or an artificial light source, which leads to the production of additional OH-radicals, thus increasing the rate of organic compound or contaminant degradation.

� Yamuna water at Mayur Vihar Phase-I has COD values varying in the range of53.51 mg/L CaCO3 to 72.64 mg/L CaCO3.

� In this range of COD heterogeneous catalysis using TiO2/UV is mostlypreferred due to their high photocatalytic activity and environmental friendlyproperties.

� AOPs may find better application in combination with other treatments, thusenhancing their efficiency for NOM removal. Coagulation prior oxidationmethod remove most of the high molecular mass and hydrophilic organicmatter present, thus impacting on subsequent AOP treatment.

� The high molecular mass NOM compounds are more efficiently removed byoxidation with various AOPs like photocatalysis or UV/H2O2.

� Photo-Fenton process has been found to be suitable also for the removal oflight molecular mass organics.

� In terms of DOC removal, the efficiencies of AOP processes proceed asUV/H2O2 < Fenton < photo-Fenton

ResultsResultsResultsResults

� AOPs are among the most studied technologies concerning drinkingwater purification and disinfection.

� Very promising results have been gained. Although AOPs have notbeen detected to reach total reduction of NOM in many cases,several studies have shown efficient reduction of NOM.

� The full-scale applications of AOP treatments in drinking watertreatment plants are still very limited, mainly due to high cost, lackof experience, requirement of high degree of pre-treatment andoperational difficulties. However, AOPs have gained a lot of interestand it is predicted that the use of AOPs for full-scale treatmentapplications will grow .

Summary and ConclusionSummary and ConclusionSummary and ConclusionSummary and Conclusion

� The efficiency of the Fenton-like processes might be furtherenhanced by addition of chelating agents or different catalystsolutions, e.g. iron oxides coated on Fe core shell nanopheres.

� Current and future advances in photocatalytic oxidation includenanotechnology where titanium derived 1-D nanomaterials such astitanate nanotubes and nanowires are used in the process. High-strength TiO2 fibre technique has promising results to overcome theproblem of reduced efficiency of TiO2 catalyst in an immobilisedstate.

� Also the alternative semiconductors to TiO2, such as e.g. ZnO areconsidered to be as attractive applications as TiO2.

� As an alternative to oxidative degradation, enzyme-mediatedoxidative coupling processes have been proposed to be a potentiallycost-effective strategy to reconfigure the NOM molecules to highmolar mass compounds, thus enhancing the removal of NOM bycoagulation.

Future recommendationFuture recommendationFuture recommendationFuture recommendation

� T.E. Agustina, H.M. Ang, V.K. Vareek, “A review of synergistic effect of photocatalysis andozonation on wastewater treatment.” (2005)

� H. Bai, X. Zhang, J. Pan, D.D. Sun, J. Shao, “Combination of nano TiO2 photocatalytic oxidationwith microfiltration (MF) for natural organic matter removal.”

� W. Buchanan, F. Roddick, N. Porter, M. Drikas, “Fractionation of UV and VUV pretreated naturalorganic matter from drinking water.”

� K.-W. Choo, R. Tao, M.-J. Kim, “Use of photocatalytic membrane reactor for the removal ofnatural organic matter in water: effect of photoinduced desorption and ferrihydrite adsorption.”

� S. Dobrovic, H. Juretic, N. Ruzinski, “Photodegradation of natural organic matter in water withUV irradiation at 185 and 254 nm: importance of hydrodynamic conditions on thedecomposition rate.”

� E.H. Goslan, F. Gurses, J. Banks, S.A. Parsons, “An investigation into reservoir NOM reduction byUV photolysis and advanced oxidation processes.”

� P. Jarvis, J. Banks, R. Molinder, T. Stephenson, S.A. Parsons, B. Jefferson, “Processes forenhanced NOM removal: beyond Fe and Al coagulation.”

� P. Le-Clech, E.-K. Lee, V. Chen, “Hybrid photocatalysis/membrane treatment for surface waterscontaining low concentrations of natural organic matters.”

� C.A. Murray, S.A. Parsons, “Preliminary laboratory investigation of disinfection by-productprecursor removal using an advanced oxidation process.”

� S. Park, T. Yoon, “The effects of iron species and mineral particles on advanced oxidationprocesses for the removal of humic acids.”

� E.J. Rosenfeldt, K.G. Linden, “The ROH, UV concept to characterize and the model UV/H2O2process in natural waters.”

ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferences

Group members:Rohit Solani Kartik Yadav Vinit rai Harphool Singh Meena

� Environmental water contains a variety of solid

and dissolved impurities. In these impurities,

suspended solids is the term used to describe

particles in the water column. Practically, they are

defined as particles large enough to not pass

through the filter used to separate them from the

water. Smaller particles, along with ionic species

are referred as dissolved solids. In considering

• High concentrations of suspended solids may settle out into a streambed, lake bottom and cover aquatic organisms, eggs, macro-invertebrate larva. This coating can prevent sufficient oxygen transfer and result in the death of buried organisms.

• High concentrations of suspended solids decrease the effectiveness of drinking water disinfection technique by allowing microorganisms to “hide” from disinfectant within solid aggregates. This is one of the reasons the TSS is removed in drinking water treatment facilities.

• Many organic and inorganic pollutants absorbs in soils, so that the pollutant concentrations on the solids are high. Thus, absorbed pollutants (and solids) can be transported elsewhere in river

� Gravimetric analysis, which by definition is based upon the measurement of mass, can be generalized into two types precipitation and volatilization. The quantitative determination of a substance by the precipitation method of gravimetric analysis involves isolation of an ion in solution by a precipitation reaction, filtering, washing the precipitate free of contaminants, conversion of the precipitate to a product of known composition, and finally weighing the precipitate and determining its mass by difference. From the mass and known composition of the precipitate, the amount of the original ion can be determined.

� A well mixed sample is filtered through a standard glass filter and filter is evaporated to dry in a weighed dish to constant weight at 179-181 C. The increases in dish weight represents the total dissolved solids.

� A well mixed sample is filtered through a weighed standard fibre filter and residue is retained on the filter is dried to a constant weight at 103-105C. The increase in weight of the filter represents the total suspended solids.

� Sample preservation is not practical, because biological activity will continue after sample has been taken, changes may occur during handling and storage.

� To reduce the change in samples taken for solid determination, keep all samples at 4 C.Don’t allow sample to freeze.

� Location of the sampling site is Okhla industrial area (kalindikung) near Yamuna river barrage.

� For the precise accuracy we have done the sampling 3 times and have done analysis of each sample twice.

� Monitoring data on the upstream and downstream of the barrage.

� Upstream of barrage � Total solids- 0.7765

mg/l� Total dissolved solids-

0.7345 mg/l� Suspended solids-

0.048 mg/l

◦ Downstream of the barrage ◦ Total solids- 0.7545

mg/l◦ Total dissolved solids-

0.74125 mg/l◦ Suspended solids-

0.018 mg/l

• METHOD OF REMOVING SOLIDS FROM LIQUIDS Walter R. Conley, Jr., Sigurd P. Hansen, Robert D. Schilling, Richard H. Evers, and Archie H. Rice, Cor vallis.

• Removal of total suspended solids and turbidity within experimental vegetated channel; optimization through response surface methodology.

� Electrocoagulation technique in enhancing suspended solids removal to improve wastewater quality

� S S Mesh solids removal filters

� Hollow fibre U F membrane

� Activated carbon filters

� Coagulation and flocculation

� Dual media filter

� In conventional methods we remove the suspended solids through plain sedimentation and coagulation aided sedimentation.

� Coagulation aided sedimentation involves uses of coagulant such as alum followed by the flocculation(rapid mixing) and coagulation(slow mixing) which result in the formation of floc which leading to settlement of suspended solids.

� Optimum dose of coagulant for effective removal can be determined by Jar test.

� When water is passes at slow rate through honeycomb of tubes of restricted diameter to permit solids to deposit within tubes ,restricted diameter tubes causes self orificing to utilize complete storage capacity.

� It is improved method and apparatus for removing suspended or flocculated carrying liquid. It tend to decrease the volume requirement of settling apparatus by increasing the production per unit volume while maintaining a satisfactory degree of settling process of efficiency.

� It will reduce settling time required as compared with existing method and apparatus.

� It will reduced space requirements and reduction in the land required.

COMPILED BY : Prashant Soni

Umar Zahoor Nahvi

Subash Chander

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF DR. ARUN KUMAR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING INDIAN INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY (NEW DELHI)

� Water is one of the most vital components of all naturalresources known on earth.

� As per World Health Organization (WHO) guidelinesdomestic water consumption of 30-35 litres per capita perday is the minimum requirement for maintaining goodhealth.

� Drinking water should have high quality so that it can beconsumed without threat of immediate or long termadverse impacts to health and as such safety of drinkingwater is prime concern within the global village.

• But sadly its not to be as 1.2 billion people around theworld lack access to safe drinking water. As per WHOcensus about 3.4 million people, mostly children, dieevery year from water-related diseases.

• The safe drinking water is defined by WHO, as“water having acceptable quality in terms of itsphysical, chemical and bacteriological parameters”.The safe water is that which is free from pathogenicmicrobes, hazardous chemicals/substance andaesthetically acceptable (i.e. pleasing to sight, odourlessand good taste).

The goal of this study was to evaluate the presence ofTotal Coliform and Fecal coliform bacteria in riverYamuna and to analyze the use of chlorine and chlorinebased disinfectants as a tool for disinfection.

•The study involved a very important water parameter i.e. Total and Fecal Coliforms. Total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, and E. coli are all considered indicators of water contaminated with fecal matter.

• Contaminated water may contain other pathogens (micro-organisms that cause illness) that are more difficult to test for. Therefore these indicator bacteria are useful in giving us a measure of contamination levels.

•The procedure involved in the study of coliforms is byMost Probable Number (MPN) method which showsthe probability of density of colonies of coliformspresent in the sample.

•Three samples were collected from the right bank ofriver Yamuna near Nizamuddin bridge (GPS

Coordinates ;Lattitude N 28°36.1’.73228" Longitude

E77°15’ 39.27913’’) and were subsequently tested forColiforms in the laboratory at IIT Delhi.

Dilution Dilution Dilution Dilution

of of of of

SamplesSamplesSamplesSamples

No. of positive No. of positive No. of positive No. of positive

tubes (10mL)tubes (10mL)tubes (10mL)tubes (10mL)

No. of No. of No. of No. of

positive positive positive positive

tubes tubes tubes tubes

(1mL)(1mL)(1mL)(1mL)

No. of No. of No. of No. of

positive positive positive positive

tubes tubes tubes tubes

(0.1mL)(0.1mL)(0.1mL)(0.1mL)

MPN MPN MPN MPN

Index/100mLIndex/100mLIndex/100mLIndex/100mL

95%Lower 95%Lower 95%Lower 95%Lower

Confidence Confidence Confidence Confidence

LimitLimitLimitLimit

95%Upper 95%Upper 95%Upper 95%Upper

Confidence Confidence Confidence Confidence

LimitLimitLimitLimit

101010104444 5555 5555 5555 >1600>1600>1600>1600 -------------------- ----------------

101010105555 5555 4444 2222 220220220220 100100100100 580580580580

101010106666 3333 2222 1111 17171717 7777 40404040

RESULTSMPN Index & 95% Confidence Limit for VariousCombinations of Positive Results when 5 tubes are usedfor dilution (10mL,1mL,0.1mL) for Fecal Coliforms isgiven below:

SUMMARY & CONCLUSION

• A number of challenges are facing drinking waterproviders nowadays in response to new regulations,emerging science on microbial contaminants, as well assafety and security concerns related to treatment ofchemicals.• Water system managers will continue to evaluatechlorine and other disinfection methods.•Despite all the challenges chlorination of drinking waterwill remain a cornerstone of waterborne diseaseprevention.

• Disinfection is unquestionably the most important stepin drinking water treatment, and chlorine’s wide range ofbenefits cannot be provided by any other singledisinfectant.

•From the review of literature it is uncertain thatalternative disinfectants reduce potential DBP riskssignificantly. All chemical disinfectants produce bi-products.

•Generally, the best approach to control disinfection bi-products is to remove natural organic precursors prior todisinfection.

•Some systems with high levels of Cryptosporidium intheir source water may choose to adopt alternativedisinfection methods (e.g., chlorine dioxide, ozone, orUV). However, most water systems are expected to meetdisinfection requirements without changing treatmenttechnologies.•Only chlorine-based disinfectants provide residualprotection, an important part of the multi-barrier approachto preventing waterborne disease.•World leaders increasingly recognize safe drinkingwater as a critical building block of sustainabledevelopment. Chlorination can provide cost-effectivedisinfection for remote rural villages and large citiesalike, helping to bring safe water to those in need.

FUTURE RECCOMENDATIONS

• Chloramines and Chlorine dioxide are most widely usedform of Chlorine for the disinfection purpose nowadays.• As a matter of fact various other methods of disinfectionlike ozonation , reverse osmosis, UV radiation are also inpractise now.• However these methods appear to be attractive methods ofdisinfection in certain specific situations but they havedisadvantages like cost and no residual effect and as suchthere use is limited mainly to developed countries.•Chlorine as such is looked upon as a universal choice in thepast and the present.

• web.iitd.ac.in/arunku/teaching activity

•Alternative Approach To Chlorination For Disinfection

Of Drinking Water - An Overview (S. B. Somani , N. W.

Ingole )

•Risks associated with chlorination( Bryan H. Walker)

•Aldehydes Formation During Water Disinfection By

Ozonation And Chlorination Process ( A. Dąbrowska, B.

Kasprzyk, Hordern J. Nawrocki)

•WHO (1996) Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality.

World Health Organization. Geneva.

•Effect of Suspended Solids on the Sequential Disinfection

of Secondary Effluent by UV Irradiation and Chlorination

(Yong-mei Liang; Zai-li Zhang; Xin Yang; and Wei Liu)

•Comparison of Reaction Rates and Relative Efficiencies

for Various Dechlorination Chemicals (Benoit M.

Hermant and Onita D. Basu, Ph.D., P.Eng.)

•Modelling Coliform Bacteria Subject to Chlorination

(Donald H. Burn)

•Kinetics of monochloramine reactions with nitrite

(Holiver J. Hao Member ASCE, Chung M. Chien and

Richard L. Valentine)

•Disinfection With Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide (E.

Marco Aieta and Paul V. Roberts, M. ASCE)

•Alternative Approach To Chlorination For Disinfection

of Drinking Water - an overview (S. B. Somani , N. W.

Ingole )

•Chlorine Dioxide in Drinking Water Disinfection

(Srinivasa Lingireddy and Neelakantan Thurvas)

•Kinetics of Free Chlorine Decay Water Distribution

Networks (Venkat Devarakonda, N. Albert Moussa,

Vicki VanBlaricum, Mark Ginsberg and Vincent Hock)

•Water Distribution Network Residual Chlorine

Modeling Based On The Synergy Of Chlorine And

Chlorine Dioxide (Kui Chang, Jinliang Gao and Yixing

Yuan)

• Chlorine in Drinking-water Background document for

development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water

Quality

•http://www.icontrolpollution.com/articles/application-

of-ozone-in-the-treatment-ofindstrial-and-municipal-

wastewater-.php?aid=45409

REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS FROM

SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATED BY

HEAVY METALS FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID

WASTE LANDFILL LEACHATE BY

ADSORPTION

Submitted By

Maneesh N (2015CEZ8493)Manish Tiwari

(2016CEV2315)Ritesh Khandelwal (2016CEV2314)

CVL 722-Water engineering

TERM PAPER

� Heavy metals are non-degradable elements with densities greater than 5 and atomic weights between 65 and 200 like Zn, Cr, Hg, Ni etc.

� These metals can cause health issues if their concentrations are more than acceptable limits for example, Cr is known to be carcinogenic.

� Heavy metals in the constituents of Municipal Solid Waste can be leached out with water present in the solid waste and create lethal environmental pollution.

� There are various methods for Heavy Metals such as Chemical, Biological, Physico-Chemical (Adsorption), Electro dialysis and Membrane filtration

� Advantages of adsorption are, all adsorptions are fast process, diverse range of adsorbents according to the conditions of water, regeneration capacity, highly efficient and cheap sources are available.

Objectives

� To study the present scenario in heavy metal removal using adsorption� To study the contamination caused by heavy metal leachate in Yamuna river� To study the factors affecting heavy metal removal by adsorption

Materials and methods

� Sample collection� Leachate sample from MSW landfill site

Okhla-1no

� Groundwater sample from MSW site-1no

� Surface water samples

� River-Yamuna

� Location-Kalindikunj (Upstream &Downstream)

� 3 times sampling (6 no)

Literature collection

2016-17 period data from science direct

Focus on adsorption of heavy metals

Metals analyzed

Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb and Zn

Method used for metal analysis

MPAES-Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy-CRDT IIT Delhi

Upstream

Downstream

Landfill site

Okhla

Leachate mixing

with drain

Leachate from

Landfill

Sampling locations

0

40

80

120

160

Zn Cd Cu Ni Pb Cr

Mic

rog

ram

/Lit

re

Heavy metals

Upstream Average Downstream Average

Heavy metal profile in the upstream and

downstream of Yamuna (Loc.

Kalindikunj, New Delhi)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Zn Cd Cu Ni Pb Cr

Mic

rog

ram

/Lit

re

Heavy metals

landfil Leachate Groundwater

Heavy metal profile in the MSW landfill

leachate and groundwater

Source (Loc. Okhla MSW landfill, New Delhi)

Factors affecting adsorption of heavy metals

1. Adsorbent Dose

2. pH

3. Initial metal concentration

4. Temperature and Thermodynamics

5. Contact time and mixing

6. Kinetic and equilibrium studies

7. Regeneration

8. Multiple heavy metals

9. Organic matter

Heavy metals Adsorbent Capacity (mg/g) References

Cu, Zn and Cd Chitosan/ poly ethylene dioxide 120,117 and 108 (Shariful et al. 2017)Ni and Co Almond shell Bio char 22.1 and 28.09 (Kiliç et al. 2013)Pb and Cr iron oxide nanoparticles 135.5 and 135.7 (Lingamdinne et al. 2017)

Cu, Zn, Cd, Co and Pb Bio-char and activated carbon 24.95,23.26,33.9,20.23 and 37.8

(Kolodynska et al. 2017)

Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn Sesame straw Bio char 88,40, 21, 7 and 5 (Park et al. 2016)

Cd and Pb Fe3O4 nanoparticles with L-cystine 183.5 and 64.5 (Fan et al. 2016)

Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn and Pb Starch molecules after treatment with organic molecules.

(Xiang et al. 2016)

Cd and Cr Bio-char from Rice straw 15.1and 14.1 (Qian et al. 2016)Hg, Pb, Cd and Zn Organic alcohol attached silica gel 109.11,116.71, 114.86 and

112.8(Radi et al. 2016)

Cd, Pb, Co, Cr and Hg fluorinated polyimides with xanthenependent architecture

37.9, 32.65, 28.60, 21.15 and 19.80

(Amininasab et al. 2016)

Cd and Cr Ga-doped ZnO nanocrystals 93.46 and 222.2 (Ghiloufi et al. 2016)Cu, Pb, Cd PAMAM/TiO2 297, 306 and 280 (Maleki et al. 2016)Pb, Cu and Cd PAN/NaAlO 2 composite nanofibers 180.83 ,4 8.6 8 and 114.94 (Sun et al. 2015)

Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn and Ni magnetic porous Fe3O4-MnO2 208.17, 111.90, 169.90 100.24 and 55.63

(Zhao et al. 2016)

Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn Amino group added Silica (149, 593,192, and 89 (Hao et al. 2016)Cu Peanut hull 14.13 (Ali et al. 2016)Pb MnO x -loaded biochar 86.5 (Yu et al. 2015)Cd The amino-functionalized Starch/PAA

hydrogel (NH2-Starch/PAA)256.4 (Zhou et al. 2016)

Cu BSA/Zn3(PO4)2hybrid particles 6.85 (Zhang et al. 2016)

C114.86u, Fe and Ni Chitosan (Mende et al. 2016)

Selection of adsorbent

1. Removal capacity

2. Reusability

3. Physical and chemical characteristics

4. Economics

5. Toxicity of bi-products and adsorbent

Possible adsorbents for this wastewater

1. Iron oxide nanoparticles coated with MnO2

2. Activated Carbon

3. Biochar

1. Heavy metal leachate from MSW is polluting the surface water bodies

2. Adsorption is fast and efficient in removal of heavy metals 3. Availability of variety of adsorbents4. Selection of adsorbent should base on efficiency, reuse, non-

toxicity and economics5. Real water/wastewater studies are important to device the

treatment plan

Studies with real water to understand the effect of speciation of metals and another components in water on removal efficiency

Ali, R. M., Hamad, H. A., Hussein, M. M., and Malash, G. F. (2016). “Potential of usinggreen adsorbent of heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions: Adsorption kinetics,isotherm, thermodynamic, mechanism and economic analysis.” Ecological Engineering,Elsevier B.V., 91, 317–332.

Ihsanullah, Abbas, A., Al-Amer, A. M., Laoui, T., Al-Marri, M. J., Nasser, M. S., Khraisheh,M., and Atieh, M. A. (2016). “Heavy metal removal from aqueous solution by advancedcarbon nanotubes: Critical review of adsorption applications.” Separation and

Purification Technology, Elsevier B.V., 157, 141–161.

Kiliç, M., Kirbiyik, Ç., Çepelioǧullar, Ö., and Pütün, A. E. (2013). “Adsorption of heavymetal ions from aqueous solutions by bio-char, a by-product of pyrolysis.” Applied

Surface Science, 283, 856–862.

Lingamdinne, L. P., Chang, Y.-Y., Yang, J.-K., Singh, J., Choi, E.-H., Shiratani, M., Koduru,J. R., and Attri, P. (2017). “Biogenic reductive preparation of magnetic inverse spineliron oxide nanoparticles for the adsorption removal of heavy metals.” Chemical

Engineering Journal, Elsevier B.V., 307, 74–84.

Maleki, A., Hayati, B., Najafi, F., Gharibi, F., and Joo, S. W. (2016). “Heavy metal

� Park, J. H., Ok, Y. S., Kim, S. H., Cho, J. S., Heo, J. S., Delaune, R. D., and Seo, D. C. (2016). “Competitive adsorption of heavy metals onto sesame straw biochar in aqueous solutions.” Chemosphere, Elsevier Ltd, 142, 77–83.

� Shariful, M. I., Sharif, S. Bin, Lee, J. J. L., Habiba, U., Ang, B. C., and Amalina, M. A. (2017). “Adsorption of divalent heavy metal ion by mesoporous-high surface area chitosan/poly (ethylene oxide) nanofibrous membrane.” Carbohydrate Polymers, Elsevier Ltd., 157, 57–64.

� Zhao, J., Liu, J., Li, N., Wang, W., Nan, J., Zhao, Z., and Cui, F. (2016). “Highly efficient removal of bivalent heavy metals from aqueous systems by magnetic porous Fe3O4-MnO2: Adsorption behavior and process study.” Chemical Engineering Journal, Elsevier B.V., 304, 737–746.

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO

NEHA SHARMA (2016CEV2317)DR. ARUN KUMAR

RASHAMI (2016CEV2309)ARJUN DANGE (2016CEV2311)GAURAV SINGH MANN (2016CEV2953)AMAR KUMAR (2016CEV2955)

� Organic pollution occurs when large quantities of organic matter, which act as substrates for microorganisms, are released into waterbodies.

� During the decomposition process the dissolved oxygen in the receiving water may be used up at a greater rate than it can be replenished, causing oxygen depletion.

� Organic effluents also frequently contain large quantities of suspended solids which reduce the light available to photosynthetic organisms and, on settling out, alter the characteristics of the river bed, rendering it an unsuitable habitat for many invertebrates.

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the amount of organic matter present in YAMUNA WATER (AT NIZAMUDDIN BRIDGE ,NEW DELHI (28.6 N 77.26 E) )

� COD (Chemical oxygen demand) is used to represent the amount of organic matter present in water sample.

� COD is defined as the amount of oxygen required for the decomposition of biodegradable and non biodegradable organic matter present in water.

� Sampling was done three times and three samples were taken each time.

� The samples were analysed in the laboratory by conducting closed reflux COD test.

S.NOS.NOS.NOS.NO NAME NAME NAME NAME OF OF OF OF VIAL VIAL VIAL VIAL

DATE OF DATE OF DATE OF DATE OF SAMPLINGSAMPLINGSAMPLINGSAMPLING

MOLARITY MOLARITY MOLARITY MOLARITY OF FASOF FASOF FASOF FAS

AMOUNT AMOUNT AMOUNT AMOUNT OF FAS OF FAS OF FAS OF FAS USED IN USED IN USED IN USED IN BLANK (ml)BLANK (ml)BLANK (ml)BLANK (ml)

AMOUNTAMOUNTAMOUNTAMOUNTOF FAS OF FAS OF FAS OF FAS USED USED USED USED FOR FOR FOR FOR VIALS VIALS VIALS VIALS (ml)(ml)(ml)(ml)

COD VALUE COD VALUE COD VALUE COD VALUE (mg/L)(mg/L)(mg/L)(mg/L)

1 A11 26/09/2016 0.0925 1.52 1.300 65.14

2 A12 26/09/2016 0.0925 1.52 1.166 104.7

3 A13 26/09/2016 0.0925 1.52 1.22 88.61

4 A14 26/09/2016 0.0925 1.52 1.146 110.56

5 A15 26/09/2016 0.0925 1.52 1.262 76.14

6 A16 26/09/2016 0.0925 1.52 1.225 87.14

7 A17 26/09/2016 0.0925 1.52 1.282 70.52

8 A18 26/09/2016 0.0925 1.52 1.300 65.15

9 A19 26/09/2016 0.0925 1.52 1.277 71.75







1 B11 17/10/2016 0.0989 1.57 1.315 80.72

2 B12 17/10/2016 0.0989 1.57 1.363 90.74

3 B13 17/10/2016 0.0989 1.57 1.157 130.82

4 B14 17/10/2016 0.0989 1.57 1.186 121.47

5 B15 17/10/2016 0.0989 1.57 1.144 134.91

6 B16 17/10/2016 0.0989 1.57 1.236 105.62

7 B17 17/10/2016 0.0989 1.57 1.22 110.83

8 B18 17/10/2016 0.0989 1.57 1.204 115.62







1 C11 21/10/2016 0.0965 1.65 1.300 65.14

2 C12 21/10/2016 0.0965 1.65 1.166 104.7

3 C13 21/10/2016 0.0965 1.65 1.22 88.61

4 C14 21/10/2016 0.0965 1.65 1.146 110.56

5 C15 21/10/2016 0.0965 1.65 1.262 76.14

6 C16 21/10/2016 0.0965 1.65 1.225 87.14

7 C17 21/10/2016 0.0965 1.65 1.282 70.52

8 C18 21/10/2016 0.0965 1.65 1.300 65.15

� This review has attempted to cover a wide range of articles published so far on removal natural organic matter and its removal by

� Comparative study of wide variety of adsorbents such as granular and powdered activated carbon , modified carbons , carbon nano tubes and iron oxides and zeolites has been tested so far for removal of organic matter

� Physical and chemical modifications have been found to improve the adsorption capacity of adsorbents

� There is always some risk of secondary pollution with modified adsorbents

� Nano materials show higher potential towards organic matter removal but , it may escape in environment and could pose threat to aquatic organisms

� The influence of solution , pH , dose of adsorbent and presence of competitive ions are critical factors which significantly affect organic matter adsorbtion

� This field of research has a great scope for improvement for new and selective adsorbents to be used commercially for removal of different types of organic matters

� Adsorption process have a higher efficiency in removing organic matter, full potential of which hasn’t been explored yet

� Ozonation destructs trihalomethanes and synthetic organics into more digestible materials which are further be removed better by adsorption

� PAC can be used to remove 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and natural organic matter in floc-blanket reactor

� Multi walled carbon nanotubes can be used to remove natural organic matter

� From recent reseaches it has been found that organic matter can be more effectively removed by using goethite adsorbent and its competitive interaction with phosphate

� Recent investigations show that the bagasse fly ash has been found to be and effective adsorbent for the removal of organic matter

� Adsorption Studies for Organic Matter Removal from Wastewater by Using Bagasse Flyash in Batch and Column Operations Sunil J. Kulkarni1, Ajaygiri K. Goswami2

� REMOVAL OF ORGANIC MICROPOLLUTANTS BY COAGULATION AND ADSORPTION V. L. SNOEYINK and A.S.C. CHEN

� Adsorption and desorption of dissolved organic matter by carbon nanotubes: Effects of solution chemistry* Maya Engel, Benny Chefetz*

� A review: Potential and challenges of biologically activated carbon to remove natural organic matter in drinking water purification process Shashika Madushi Korotta-Gamage, Arumugam Sathasivan*

� Impacts of ozonation on the competition between organic micropollutants and ef fl uentorganic matter in powdered activated carbon adsorption F. Zietzschmann a, *, R.-L. Mitchell b, M. Jekel a

� Adsorption of sulfonamides on reduced graphene oxides as affected by pH and dissolved organic matter Fei-Fei Liu a, b, Jian Zhao c, Shuguang Wang a, **, Baoshan Xing b, *

� Adsorption of organic contaminants by graphene nanosheets, carbon nanotubes and granular activated carbons under natural organic matter preloading conditions Gamze Ersan a,b, Yasemin Kaya b, Onur G. Apulc, Tanju Karanfil a,⁎

� Kinetic Study of the Adsorption of Natural Organic Matter From Aqueous Solution by Surfactant Modified Zeolite Mehdi Vosoughi Niri 1,*; Amir Hosein Mahvi 2,3; Mohammad Javad Mohammadi 1,4; Afshin Takdastan 1; Amir Zahedi 1; BayramHashemzadeh 5

� REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON BY COAGULATION AND ADSORPTION FROM POLLUTED SOURCE WATER IN SOUTHERN TAIWAN Yun-Hwei Shen and Tai-Hua Chaung

� PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROCESSES FOR ORGANIC REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER EFFLUENT H.K. Shon, S. Phuntsho, S. Vigneswaran and J. Kandasamy

� REMOVAL OF ORGANIC MATTER FROM DOMESTIC WASTE WATER BY ADSORPTION Sunil J. Kulkarni

� Removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and natural organic matter from water supplies using PAC in floc-blanket reactors

� http://www.sciencedirect.com/� https://www.researchgate.net

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