BIOMOLECULES

THE STUFF OF LIFE

BiomoleculesOrganic molecules made up of:

Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen and sometimes Phosphorus

LATIN 101 Poly = Many Mono = One Hydro = Water (actually Greek) Synthesis = to make or form Lysis = loosen; break apart Lipos = fat

CARBON COMPOUNDS AND CELLS

Life as we know it is carbon-based.

A carbon atom can form chemical bonds with other carbon atoms in long chains or rings.

CARBON COMPOUNDS AND CELLS

Carbon compounds in living things include: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS-COMPOUNDS THAT

CONTAIN THE ELEMENT CARBON

95% of all compounds are organic

Example: Glucose C6H12O6

BUILDING BLOCKS ANALOGY

Cell

Organelle

Macromolecule

City

Building

Brick

POLYMERS – LARGE ORGANIC MOLECULES MADE OF SMALLER

PARTS KNOWN AS MONOMERS (BUILDING BLOCKS OF POLYMERS)

FOUR MACROMOLECULES

OF LIFEPOLYMER MONOMER

Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides)

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Lipids (e.g. fats) Glycerol and Fatty Acids

Protein Amino Acids

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides

CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are energy-rich compounds made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (they store energy) Cells use carbohydrates to get and store energy. Carbohydrates add structure to plants (cellulose) Carbohydrates are also called

sugars or starches.

Carbohydrates Plant cells store energy as starch. Rice, potatoes, and wheat are plant

starches.

CARBOHYDRATESFUNCTION Quick and short term energy

FOUND IN Breads, Pastas, Potatoes, Corn

STRUCTURE(1:2:1 ratio)1 carbon:2 hydrogen:1 oxygen)

Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO) Unique because they always have two hydrogen for every one oxygen (hydrate-like water H20)

MONOSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES-- glucose, dextrose

Glucose (C6H12O6)

DISACCHARIDE EXAMPLES-- sucrose (plain sugar, lactose (milk sugar

Lactose (milk sugar) Maltose (malt sugar-in grain), Sucrose (made of fructose & maltose combined-in sugar cane)(C12H22O11)

POLYSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES-- potatoes, bread, grains, corn

100 to 1000 monosaccharides joined

Starch-how carbohydrates are stored in plantsGlycogen-how carbohydrates are stored in animalsCellulose-found in plant cell walls; animals cannot digest (Fiber)

LIPIDS Lipids are made by

cells to store energy for long periods of time.

Used to make membranes in cells.

Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes.

Can you think of examples of lipids in plants or animals?

LIPIDS “LIPOS-FAT”

FUNCTION Long term energy storageInsulate against heat lossProtective cushion around organs

FOUND IN Fatty foods, butter, margarine, cooking oils

STRUCTURE Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (on occasion other elements) Glycerol (backbone 3 Carbons with -OH groups) and fatty acid chainsDon’t dissolve in water

FATS and OILS (Triglycerides)

One glycerol with 3 fatty acid tail

PHOSPHOLIPIDSMake up cell membranes contain C,H, O and phosphorus (2 fatty acid tails)

WAXESOnly 1 fatty acid tail with alcohol attached; protective coating on fruits etc.

STEROIDS Includes cholesterol, female and male sex hormone

PROTEINS Proteins are

very large molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

Protein molecules are made of chains of smaller molecules called amino acids.

Control structure & metabolism of cells

FUNCTION Building blocks of living materials; compose structural parts such as keratin in hair and nails, antibodies, cartilage, bones, ligaments and enzymes (compounds that speed up reactions)

FOUND IN Meat, Eggs and Cheese

STRUCTURE Much larger, more complex than carbohydrates and lipids . Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen.

BUILDING BLOCKS Amino Acids (There are 20 different amino acids)

PEPTIDE BONDS

Hold amino acids together (dipeptides, tripeptides, polypeptides)

DENATURATION

When proteins are exposed to extreme changes in pH, temperature etc. they lose their shape and can no longer function.

PROTEINS

NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic acids are compounds made

of long, repeating chains called nucleotides.

DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the information cells need to make all of their proteins. DNA is the “blueprint” for living organisms.

FUNCTION Important for growth & reproduction of cells, contains the genetic code (what genes are made from)

FOUND IN Genes – 2 types DNA and RNA

STRUCTURE Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), phosphate, nitrogen bases

BUILDING BLOCKS Nucleotides

ATP

A nucleic acid that is made in the cell’s mitochondria. Glucose is converted into ATP.

SHAPE

DNA is known for its twisted ladder shape

Nucleic acids

NUCLEOTIDE – MONOMER OF nucleic

acids

DNA

Some scientists refer to DNA as the “blueprint” for life.

What is a blueprint and why might scientists use this “analogy”?

QUIZ TIMEWHAT DO YOU KNOW?

Click icon to add picture

AM I A CARBOHYDRATE, NUCLEIC ACID, PROTEIN OR LIPID?

NOTICE: C,H,O and the 2:1 ratio of H to O

AM I A CARBOHYDRATE, NUCLEIC ACID, PROTEIN OR LIPID?

NOTICE: the twisted shape of DNA

AM I A CARBOHYDRATE, NUCLEIC ACID, PROTEIN OR LIPID?

NOTICE: The Glycerol back bone and fatty acid tails

AM I A CARBOHYDRATE, NUCLEIC ACID, PROTEIN OR LIPID?

NOTICE: The amino acid monomers

AM I A CARBOHYDRATE, NUCLEIC ACID, PROTEIN OR LIPID?

AM I A CARBOHYDRATE, NUCLEIC ACID, PROTEIN OR LIPID?

AM I A CARBOHYDRATE, NUCLEIC ACID, PROTEIN OR LIPID?

CHROMOSOME

AM I A CARBOHYDRATE, NUCLEIC ACID, PROTEIN OR LIPID?

AM I A CARBOHYDRATE, NUCLEIC ACID, PROTEIN OR LIPID?

NOTICE: The phospate, sugar and base

AM I A CARBOHYDRATE, NUCLEIC ACID, PROTEIN OR LIPID?

NOTICE: The nitrogen and R-group

FRONT SIDE OF TABS: Tab A 1. Label the tab CARBOHYDRATE (BLUE).

2. Write a basic description. 3. Sketch and color a GLUCOSE molecule TAB B 1. Label the tab LIPID (GREEN) 2. List what lipids include. 3. Sketch and label a TRIGLYCERIDE

molecule. TAB C 1. Label the tab PROTEIN (RED) 2. Write a basic description. 3. Sketch and color an AMINO ACID TAB D 1. Label the tab NUCLEIC ACID (PURPLE)

2. Write a basic description. 3. Sketch and color a NUCLEOTIDE

BACK SIDE OF TABS: TAB A 1. Give 2 FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES

2. List 4 EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRATES TAB B 1. Give 2 FUNCTIONS OF LIPID 2. List 4 EXAMPLES OF LIPIDS  TAB C 1. Give 4 FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN 2. List 2 EXAMPLES OF PROTEINS  TAB D 1. Give 2 FUNCTIONS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS 2. List 2 EXAMPLES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

MACROMOLECULE FOLDABLE Fold and cut a piece of paper as shown below to make 4 tabs.

Hamburger-fold Then, fold this in halfa piece of paper. to make creases for flaps.

Next. Open the paper up and Cut along the creasesfold the edges to the center. to make flaps.

ON THE INSIDE CENTER SECTION, write this heading at the top of the page: “COMPOUNDS IN A PERSON”. Draw a human, and show where/how the 4 macromolecules are used in the body. On the back of the Foldable, write your name and class period.Below your name and class period, write and define the following terms: 1. POLYMER (also – draw and label a diagram)2. MONOMER (also – draw and label a diagram)

A B

C D