organic molecules. overview of vocabulary organic molecules = made of carbon. organic molecules are...
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Organic Molecules
Overview of VocabularyOrganic molecules = made of carbon.
Organic molecules are called polymers because they are made of many monomers put together.
Monomers are single units that, when repeated, make up a polymer.
Mono = one (Monogamy)Poly = many (Polygamy)
In other words…
Types of Organic Molecules
1. Lipids
2. Carbohydrates
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Have 3 main functions1. Long-term energy storage
2. Repel water (because they are non-polar)
3. Main component of the cell membrane
Lipids
No monomer
Lipids are composed of two partsFatty acid tails
Gycerol
Lipids Types and Functions
Fat – used for long-term energy storage
Wax – used to repel water
Phosopholipids – Used in the cell membrane
CarbohydratesTypes and functions
Sugar – used for quick energy
Starch – used for long-term energy storage.
Cellulose – used for structural support in cell walls of plants
Fiber – used to help diet
Carbohydrates
Monomer – Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide – one sugar.
Glucose is an example
Since these are simple they are broken down easily and used for quick energy.
Carbohydrates
Polymer – Polysaccharide
Polysaccharide – many sugars.
Cellulose is an example
These are long and complicated so they are used for long-term energy storage or support.
Carbohydrates
Have four main uses1. Quick energy
2. Structural support
3. Long-term energy storage
4. Dietary support
Proteins
Main FunctionsControl Chemical Reactions
Makes up structural material in the body
Hormones
Transport and storage molecules
Antibodies
Proteins
Monomer = Amino Acids
20 different amino acids
Proteins
Polymer = Proteins
These are large complicated structures made of hundreds of amino acids and have four different levels of structure.
Enzymes
Type of protein
Used to speed up chemical reactions
How Enzymes Work
Normally two chemicals will bind together, but it takes energy to bond them to each other.
Enzymes attach to both chemicals and help them bond, which lowers the energy needed for them to bond.
This makes the chemical reaction occur much faster.
How Enzymes Work
Two things that will affect how quickly
enzymes workpH
Temperature
If the pH or temperature is too high or too low the enzyme will work slower
Nucleic Acids
Have 2 main functions1. Store genetic material2. Make proteins
Nucleic Acids
Monomer = Nucleotides
Many nucleotides make up nucleic acids
Nucleotides are made of three things1. Sugar
2. Phosphate
3. Base
Nucleic Acids
Polymers = DNA or RNA (Nucleic Acids)
Nucleic AcidsTypes and Functions
DNA – Used for the storage of genetic information
RNA – Used in protein synthesis
Vitamins
Organic molecule that aids in bodily functions
Vitamin A: Helps with vision, hair, skin, nails
Vitamin C: Helps in healing the body (cuts, sores, disease
Vitamin D: Helps the body with bone growth
Vitamin K: Helps the blood clot
Minerals
Inorganic compounds that help with bodily functions
Help to control nerves and muscles by sending “impulses” or signals from one cell to another
Potassium – fish, yogurt, dark leafy greens
Magnesium – legumes, green vegetables
Calcium – milk, cheese, almonds
Sodium – table salt, sauces, soups, dressings