organismal diversity and systems of classification: …classpages.warnerpacific.edu/bdupriest/bio...
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ORGANISMAL DIVERSITY
AND SYSTEMS OF
CLASSIFICATION:
Taxonomy and Phylogeny
Why Classify?
2
Why Classify?
3 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHFXG3r_0B8
19 Now the LORD God had formed out of the ground
all the beasts of the field and all the birds of the air. He
brought them to the man to see what he would name
them; and whatever the man called each living
creature, that was its name. 20 So the man gave names
to all the livestock, the birds of the air and all the beasts
of the field. Genesis 2:19-20a, NIV
CLASSIFICATION
Taxonomy (old)
The systematic classification of organisms
Sorted by common morphological
characteristics
Phylogeny (modern)
Cladistic approach (family trees)
Sorted by molecular similarity
Actual relatedness, not appearance 4
Taxa (Plural form of “Taxon”)
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
more general
more specific
5
Taxa
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Daring
Kids
Playing
Carelessly
On
Freeways
Get
Squashed
6
Naming Organisms: The Binomial System
Carolus Linnaeus (1700’s)
Binomial nomenclature
2 part names: Genus species
Rules
Latin (Latinized)
1st word capitalized
Both words italicized
E.g., Streptococcus thermophilus
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Why Classify?
Robins…
European Robin
Erithacus rubecula
American Robin
Turdus migratorius
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Definition of a Species
A group of organisms that …
Slide 16
Fig. 19.15 p. 305
BULLOCK’S
ORIOLE
BALTIMORE
ORIOLE
HYBRID ZONE
BULLOCK’S ORIOLE BALTIMORE ORIOLE
share common physical characteristics
can be distinguished from other species
don’t “normally” interbreed with other species in
nature (interbreeding produces sterile offspring)
9
Modern Taxonomy
Carl Woese (1980’s)
“genetic markers”
Molecular clocks – DNA, RNA, protein
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Present in cells of all living
organisms
Functional homology
Structurally conserved
Heritable
10
Molecular Clocks
11 Fig. 18.7
Cladograms: “Phylogenetic Family Trees”
12
Visual representation of systems of
categorizations
Clade: monophyletic group consisting of an
ancestor and all its descendents
Parsimony analysis
Nodes (branch points): a common ancestor
Elizabeth DuPriest-Melo
Fernando R. Melo
Fernando A. Melo Roxana Mendoza
Fernando J. Melo
Rosa _______
Connie Miller Robert DuPriest, Jr.
Robert DuPriest, Sr.
Nadine Millhollen
Charles Miller
Mary Sittel
Johann Miller Karl Miller
Anna Bodler
Margarete Nell Wilhelm Nell
Elwine _____
Agatha Doucet
Sports
Sports played with a ball
Sports played with a round ball
Sports played
in water
Fig. 19-3b, p. 303
hagfishes animals with a skull
lampreys
cartilaginous fishes animals with a backbone
and a skull
ray-finned fishes animals with a swim
bladder or lungs, a
backbone, and a skull lobe-finned fishes
lungfishes animals with four limbs,* a
swim bladder or lungs, a
backbone, and a skull amphibians
amniotes
(reptiles,
birds, and
mammals)
animals with four
membranes around their
eggs, four limbs,* a swim
bladder or lungs, a
backbone, and a skull
* Snakes are included in
these clades because their
ancestors had four legs.
3 Domains
Bacteria
Pathogens, N-fixers,
food fermentation
Archaea
“Ancient” bacteria
Extreme environments
Eukarya
All other living
organisms
16
6 Kingdoms
Bacteria Eubacteria
Archaea Archaebacteria
Eukarya Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
17
Bacteria Archaea Protista Plants Fungi Animals
18 6 Kingdom Phylogenetic Tree
Classification of the human species
Domain Eukarya (eukaryotic cell structure)
Kingdom Animalia (heterotrophs, no cell wall, NS)
Phylum Chordata (nerve cord)
Class Mammalia (hair, mammary glands)
Order Primate (binoc. vision, opp. thumbs)
Family Hominidae (bipedal)
Genus Homo (larger brain)
Species sapiens (“wise man”)
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