organization: east africa health alliance, 2009-2012...• food safety • cleanup activity safety...
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Module: Public Health Disaster Planning for Districts Organization: East Africa HEALTH Alliance, 2009-2012 Author(s): Dr. Roy William Mayega (Makerere University) Resource Title: Floods and Landslides License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
We have reviewed this material in accordance with U.S. Copyright Law and have tried to maximize your ability to use, share, and adapt it. The citation key on the following slide provides information about how you may share and adapt this material. For more information about how to cite these materials visit http://open.umich.edu/privacy-and-terms-use. Any medical information in this material is intended to inform and educate and is not a tool for self-diagnosis or a replacement for medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional. Please speak to your physician if you have questions about your medical condition. Viewer discretion is advised: Some medical content is graphic and may not be suitable for all viewers.
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Floods and Landslides
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Background & Nature of Floods
• FLASH FLOODS – Rapid onset
• Rain • Structural failure
– Brief duration – Steep terrains,
canyons – Little or no
warning
The Advocacy Project, flickr
hakimu, flickr
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Background & Nature of Floods
• RIVER FLOODS – SLOW onset – LONG duration – Concave terrains – Some warning
The Humanitarian Coalition, flickr
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Scope & Relative Importance of Floods
• Floods account for 40% of all world disasters
• Floods cause the most damage worldwide • During 160 floods worldwide between
1980-1985: – 120 thousand were killed – 20 million left homeless
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Most Lethal Floods
• Most lethal floods in modern history – 1887: 2 million dead – 1931: 4 million dead – 1938: 1 million dead
Source unknown 7
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In Uganda
• Floods are an emerging public health problem in the region
• Every year, floods affect more and more people in different locali?es
• Closely associated with heavy rains (natural) and human seDlement paDerns (technological)
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Uganda – Bududa (2010) – Butalejja (2010) – Kisoro (2010) – Soro? (2007) – Kumi (2007) – Kampala (Every Year)
• Landslides can be predicted and risk reduc?on and mi?ga?on ac?vi?es can be ini?ated
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Factors that Contribute to Floods
• Topographical makeup – (e.g. Kyoga, Aswa floodplains)
• May accompany other disasters – Heavy rains and river surges – Breakdown of river
embankments – Hurricane sea surges – Earthquake-related tsunamis – Landslides or volcanic eruptions
Joost J. Bakker IJmuiden, flickr
The Humanitarian Coalition, flickr
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Factors that Affect Flood Occurrence & Severity
• Natural factors – Geological
• Soil character • Eruptions
– Seasonal variation • I.E.... Monsoon,
Prevailing winds – Climatic factors
• I.E... El nino – Topographical factors
• Incline • Basins & canyons
• Human factors – Urbanization – Deforestation – Over-grazing – Improper construction – Inadequate
safeguards
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Flood-Related Mortality
• Most deaths occur in flash floods
• Most deaths are due to drowning
• Death rates vary according to country, rate of onset and community resilience
[mooi], flickr 12
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Public Health Impact of Floods
• Medical & public health needs can persist for many months after river floods.
• Normal health care delivery is disrupted • Chronic illness is worsened long term • Serious infectious diseases rarely increase • Food & water shortages often develop
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Key Health & Safety Response Issues After Floods
• Water quality • Food safety • Cleanup activity safety • Sanitation & hygiene • Disease vectors: insects,
rodents, wild animals • Chemical hazards • Mental health for responders
& victims • Temporary settlement • Early warning for subsequent
floods
Aust Defence Force, flickr
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Outreach support After Floods
• Not all victims can seek help – Geographical limits – Monetary limits – Disability
• Prevent convergence on limited resources • Set up search and rescue efforts • Set up immediate relief efforts • Enhance surveillance & situational awareness
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Prevention & Control Measures for Floods
• Mitigation • Surveillance and early warning
(Measurements that predict) • Rapid Needs Assessment • Mechanisms for Search and Rescue • Mechanisms for immediate control of water
surges • Public information • Floodplain management • Responsible management of human
settlements 16
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Landslides
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Introduc?on
• In Uganda, landslides are a focal problem in areas that are have topographic risk
• Due to popula?on pressures and land-‐use implica?ons, people are moving higher and higher into high risk areas
• Landslides can be predicted and risk reduc?on and mi?ga?on ac?vi?es can be ini?ated
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Secondary Disasters Caused by Landslides
• Fires & explosions • Building collapse • Dam failures & floods • Release of toxic materials
n8agrin, flickr
Editor B, flickr 19
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Contribu?ng Natural Factors • Geophysical factors • Topographic factors • Meteorological factors
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Contribu?ng Human-‐Made Factors
• Structural Factors – Types of houses – Land-‐use paDerns, demography, and popula?on pressures
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Health Impact • Immediate
– Minor injuries, lacera?ons – Crush injuries to head & chest – Hemorrhage & hypovolemia – Asphyxia, drowning – Burns
• Delayed
– Dehydra?on – Environmental exposure – Crush syndrome – Wound infec?on & sepsis – Smoke & dust inhala?on
The U.S. Army, flickr
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Health Impact
• Landslides do not o4en create significant outbreaks of new infec?ous diseases
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Preven?on & Control Measures
• Avoid construc?on in areas of high geological risk
• Safer construc?on • Drills, Scenarios & Planning • Planning for displaced popula?ons (SPHERE)
• Planning for emergency services • Search & Rescue
Source: AP Photo
DVIDSHUB, flickr
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Saving Lives • Landslides have poten?al to cause MCIs • Rapid assessment of impact • Timely & appropriate disaster response • Surveillance for injuries & diseases • Dissemina?on of public health
informa?on • Environmental health & control
measures • Follow up epidemiology
Source: AP Photo
All Hands Volunteer Photobank, flickr
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Additional Source Information for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy
Slide 4, Image 1: The Advocacy Project, "Flash Flood!", flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/advocacy_project/4837337566/, CC: BY-NC-SA 2.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/
Slide 4, Image 2: hakimu, "Flash flood", flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/chiliad-eyes/6505098161/, CC: BY-NC-SA 2.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/.
Slide 5, Image 1: The Humanitarian Coalition, "AFRICA-FLOODS", flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/humanitarian_coalition/2245957299/, CC: BY-NC-SA 2.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/
Slide 10, Image 1: Joost J. Bakker IJmuiden, "water", flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/joost-ijmuiden/4582226430/, CC: BY 2.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/.
Slide 10, Image 2: The Humanitarian Coalition, "AFRICA-FLOODS", flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/humanitarian_coalition/2245957299/, CC: BY-NC-SA 2.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/.
Slide 12, Image 1: [mooi], "Landslide cuts off No.3 freeway, Taiwan", flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/mooitw/4551530772/, CC: BY-NC-ND 2.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/.
Slide 14, Image 1: Aust Defence Force, "Cleaning up after the Queensland floods", flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/aus_defence_force/5374585922/, CC: BY-NC-ND 2.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/.
Slide 19, Image 1: n8agrin, "Dollar Point Structure Fire II", flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/n8agrin/5652466158/in/photostream/, CC: BY-NC 2.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/.
Slide 19, Image 1: Editor B, "Rubble", flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/editor/167704271/, CC: BY 2.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/.
Slide 22, Image 1: The U.S. Army, "army.mil Emergency Care", flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/soldiersmediacenter/406094502/, CC: BY 2.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/.
Slide 24, Image 1: DVIDSHUB, "Search-and-Rescue Workers Arrive in Ofunato [Image 1 of 23]", flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/dvids/5532294954/, CC: BY 2.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/.
Slide 25, Image 1: All Hands Volunteer Photobank, "Rubble and Rebar", flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/allhandsvolunteers/6921066631/, CC: BY-NC-SA 2.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/.
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