ARCHITECTURE• The art of designing and constructing

buildings and other types of structures.• ARCHITECTURE is often referred to as

the “MOTHER OF ARTS” related to other fields of art—

painting, sculpture, interior designs, landscape architecture and city planning.

• If we would look around us today we would notice a wide variety of styles of architecture. Such variety has always existed. The modern houses and building contrast with building and dwellings of only one generation age. A building, whatever it may be, must be measured by the standard of it’s own period rather than ours. We now take a look of various types of building as they have evolved through history.

EGYPTIAN

ARCHITECTURE

(4000 -2280 B.C.)

• The Egyptian architecture which dates back 4000 – 2280 B.C. is characterized by enormous pyramidal structures.

• Art in ancient Egypt continued strangely unchanged through the various phases of foreign influence Assyria, Persia, Greece and Rome. The close connection between religious rites and architecture is everywhere manifested. The religious rites of the Egyptians were traditional, virtually unchangeable and mysterious, and these traits are reproduced both of tombs and temples.

Egyptian Temple is approached by impressive avenues of sphinxes – mythical monster each with the body of a lion and the head of a man, hawk, man or woman-possess in their massive pylons, great courts, hypostyle halls, inner sanctuaries, and dim, secret rooms, a special character

Egyptian architecture persistently maintained its traditions and when there was a need for a change in the methods of construction or in materials used, the traditional forms were perpetuated in spite of novel conditions.

It is impressive by its solidity, which suggests that the buildings were intended to last eternally.

This is because the purpose of the pyramids was not only to preserved the mummy of the Pharaoh for the return of the soul in the infinite hereafter, but also to be the center of the cult of the royal dead, and as a consequences, the dominant element of the vast monumental complex.

Great Pyramid of Giza

the Great Pyramid was surfaced by white "casing stones" – slant-faced, but flat-topped, blocks of highly polished white limestone. These were carefully cut to what is approximately a face slope with a seked of 5½ palms to give the required dimensions. Visibly, all that remains is the underlying stepped core structure seen today.

MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE (6th century B.C.E.)

Mesopotamian Architecture is evident in its palaces and temples.

The Mesopotamian architecture is characterized by a brisk tower called “ziggurat” built at successive level having the form of a pyramid.

Because of the use of brick, however , Assyrians developed the arch and its multiple, the canopy.

In Mesopotamia ,Ziggurat, the temple of Babylon, built by Nebuchadnezzar (6th century B.C.E), the stones were colored white black, blue, yellow, silver, and gold from bottom to top. The effect may have been Garish, but at the base, it was striking.

ZIGGURAT

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

(1100-100 B.C.E.)

As was the Egyptian temple, Greek architecture in its most characteristics form is found in the temple, a low building of post-and-lintel construction .

In this type of construction, two upright pieces or posts are surmounted by a horizontal piece, the lintel, long enough to reach from one to the other.

This is the simplest and earliest types of construction, and is more commonly used than other.

Post-and-lintel construction is well adapted to wood because wooden beams are strong and are able to uphold the weight of a roof; at the same time they are long, so that a large building may be erected.

Three types of Greek Architecture

1. Doric has no base the bottom of the column rests on the top step. can be identified by low-cushion-like shape of part of its capital. the freeze is divided into triglyphs

and metopes.

Temple of Apollo

Parthenon

2. Ionic Columnis taller and more slender than the Doricit has a base, the capital is ornamented with scrolls on each side.unlike in the Doric order, the freeze is continuous instead of being divided.the architecture below the freeze is stepped; that is , it is divided horizontally into three parts, each being slightly

3. Corinthian Column with the base and shaft

resembling the Ionic, tended to become much more slender.

the distinctive feature is the capital, which is much deeper than the Ionic.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

(1000 B.C.E. – C.E., 4000)

The Romans adopted the Columnar and trabeated style of the Greeks and developed also the arch and vault from the beginnings made by Etruscans (the early inhabitants of west-central Italy).

The combined use of column, beam, and arch is the keynote of the Roman style in the earliest stages.

The Romans developed the stone arch of the Etruscans.

Above all, the use of concrete allowed the Romans to build vaults of a magnitude never equalled till the introduction of steel for buildings in the nineteenth century.

The art of buttressing was developed in the course of early engineering works, which frequently required the retaining of masses of Earth.

Another characteristics of Roman architecture is the flat round dome that covers an entire building, as in the Pantheon. The Pantheon at Rome, the finest of all illustrations of Roman construction, embodies every form of Roman buttress.

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

(C.E. 200 – 1453)

It is characterized by a great central dome supported by curved triangles (pendentives) and fitted to a square.

Byzantine takes its name from Byzantium later called Constantinople and now called Istanbul.

Byzantine architecture is characterized by a great central dome which had always been a traditional feature in the East.

The grouping of small domes or semi-domes round the large central dome was effective.

One of the characteristics features of Byzantine churches was that the forms of the vaults and domes were visible externally, undistinguished by any timbered roof; thus in the Byzantine style.

The exterior closely corresponds with the interior.

WESTERN ARCHITECTURE IN THE MIDDLE

AGES (C.E. 400 - 1500)

Western Architecture passed through three stages of development during the middle ages. These are the: Early ChristianRomanesqueGothic

The Romanesque was an outgrowth of the Early Christian, and the Gothic , of the Romanesque.

The western styles follow the general type of the Roman Basilica, a long rectangular building divided by pillars into a central nave and aisle.

Roman Basilica

EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE

(C.E. 400 - 700)

The early Christian Basilica has grown in part from the roman house where the earliest Christians met for worship, and in part from pagan basilicas.

In the classic temples, the emphasis lay on the exterior; in the Christian church, on the inside.

A second from of building, known as the central type, was designed around central vertical axis instead of longitudinal one.

The long, internal lines of the basilica carried the eye of the visitor from the door to the altar as their ritualistic climax of the structure.

On the other hand, the circular or octagonal buildings focused on the center.

The interiors of early Christian churches were often decorated with mosaics, as in S. Apollinare.

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE(11th and 12th Centuries)

The structure is characterized with very heavy walls with small window opening stone arch or inverted roof window.

They have a wide nave and narrow and lower side aids with tranusepts.

Romanesque Architecture is an extension and development of the Early Christian Basilica exemplified by S. Apollinare in Classe.

Examples are Notre Dame la Grande at Portiers (exterior) and the Abbayeaux – Dame (interior).

ROMANESQUE:• Is an extension and development of the Early

Christian Basilica.• Romanesque has very heavy walls with small

window openings and a heavy stone arched or vaulted roof inside. In this respect, it resembles the Roman style- hence the name Romanesque (“Roman-ish”).

• In the Romanesque Cathedral, several small windows were combined in a compound arch.

• In the Romanesque church, the façade sometimes has one doorway, sometimes three.

• They were relatively simple moldings, with or without carvings or conventional designs, figures animals or fruit.

GOTHIC:• The arches appeared only as stone tracery.

Eventually, the windows became so large that the walls ceased to have any function as walls; the roof was supported by the huge buttresses and the entire wall space was filled with stained-glass windows. The triforium space was regularly filled with small arches, and the rose window became large and important. The doorways became spacious.

• The Gothic façade regularly had three doorways.• In Gothic, the human figure became the

characteristic decoration, a recessed doorway being filled with rows or saints or kings.

• Is known primarily for its cathedrals and churches.

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE (fifteenth and sixteenth

century)

It is influenced by Greek and Roman styles comes to the fore but with a difference

Renaissance Architecture , the cathedral or temple is no longer the typical building; secular architecture comes to the fore, as in Roman times.

Although renaissance architecture is a return to the ideals of the Greeks and Romans, it is not a slavish imitation, but rather a free use of the materials found Greece and Rome, but they used these ideas freely, according to their own taste, in a way that was original.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

(1600-1750)

Baroque Architecture flourished in the seventeenth century and the opening years of the eighteen century

Baroque architecture is the building style of the Baroque era.

It is characterized primarily as a period of elaborate sculptural ornamentation.

Versailles's chapel as seen from the tribune royale, an outstanding example of French Baroque

The interior of the São Roque Church in Lisbon, Portugal illustrates the rich Baroque architecture in its chapels, including the chapel of St. John

The architectural framework remained close to that of the Renaissance, although often it was far more spacious, but had a profusion of carved decorationColumns and entablatures were decorated with garlands of flowers and fruits, shells, and waves. Often alcoves were built into the wall to receive statues, thus making a pattern of light and dark.Surfaces were frequently carved.The churches of this period no longer used the Gothic nave and aisle.They often have domes or cupolas, and they may or may not have spires.

THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY

ARCHITECTURE

The nineteenth century is known as a period of eclecticism. Eclecticism in architecture implies freedom on the part of the architect or client to choose among the styles of the past that which seems to him most appropriate.

Modern eclectism was not only pure in style; it understood something of the flavor of the past as well as its forms.

At best, modern eclectism was marked by scholarship, taste, and sympathy for the forms of the past and remarkable ingenuity in adapting central heating, plumbing, and electric lighting to those forms.

MODERN ARCHITECTURE

Is an attempt to interpret man’s purpose through his building in a style free in relation to change and independent of fix symmetries.

New materials came to be utilized-prestressed steel in tension, high-pressure concrete, glass block, wood, metal, chromium, plastics, copper, cork, steel, gypsum lumber, real and artificial stone, and all varieties of synthetic and compressed materials, and the versatile plywood.

Strength is no longer synonymous with massiveness because the supporting function is created by a light, cage like skeleton of steel and reinforced concrete, which is faster and easier to build. Reinforced concrete is made by pouring concrete over steel rods laid in temporary wooden moulds; thus mushroom-heated columns and slab-like floors are poured together to became a single monolithic unit of great strength.

PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

The Philippines has shown knowledge and expertise in all the arts. In this country, along Roxas Boulevard, the Ayala, and Escolta, one can see that the architecture in the Philippines has come with the times.

Those architectures reflect not only the living proofs of the antiquity of architecture in the country but also trace back the influence of Europe on this particular art at a time.

The old St. Augustine Church, the University of Sto. Tomas, San Sebastian Church and some parts of the Intramuros, reflect not only the living proofs of the antiquity of architecture in this county but also trace back the influence of Europe on this particular art at a time when most of the civilized.

Landscapes in tourist spots attract foreigners. They are impressed with the local use of the latest in our architectural technology.

The use of concrete, wood and coconut products, thin shells, a wide choice of marble, and other locally available products is becoming extensive.

One can note the predominance of native products used, as materials for edifices of apparently western architectural forms.

Salazar F., in her article “RP architecture captured in churches,” says that most modern architects and writers doing analyses of Philippine churches marvel at the majetic structures which were designed and built during the Spanish regime.

She mentioned Roger Gaspar’s comment regarding the flowering of the colonial church architecture in the Philippines which he said was a significant event in the history of the Philippines – that the Filipinos’ spontaneous and inventive attitudes created a kind of architecture that was unique from Western architectural idioms.

Writers noted that the massive buttresses of the church, as in the Ilocos Norte’s Paoay church are reminiscent of the builders’ struggle with earthquakes and that this church became the epitome earthquake-resistant churches.

Morong Church in Rizal was also mentioned for its integration of the belfry with the old façade, in the effect it became one of the most well-composed architectures in colonial Philippines.

This feature was noted by authors Galende and Javellana in their book, The Great Churches.

SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH

CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES