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OLLI Standards 4-2017
Organizational Leadership—Learning and Innovation
“Learning is an essential attribute of high-performing organizations. Effective, well-deployed organizational learning can help an
organization improve from the early stages of reacting to problems to the highest levels of organization-wide improvement,
refinement, and innovation.” (2017-2018 Baldridge Excellence Framework, p. 32)
OLLI Standards 4-2017
OLLI PROGRAM CORE VALUES
An Open and Inquiring Mindset. Learning requires active inquiry and an openness to new ways of thinking and behaving. Fearless
exploration leads to new discoveries that pave the way to innovation.
Continual Learning and Self-Improvement. With a playful and courageous spirit engage in active and timely self-reflection that
leads to continued personal mastery of new knowledge and skills that enable new behavioral competencies.
Authentic Voice and Engaged Listening. Being genuine and truthful in thought and action is key to effective communication and
leadership. Giving active consideration to the voice of others enables dialogue and learning that inspires others to collaborate in
moving the organization toward a shared vision of being in the present and the future.
Ethically and Socially Responsible Action. As organizational leaders/members it is vital to be transparent, fair, and ethical in all
endeavors and to be cognizant of societal impacts of actions.
Humility and Appreciation in Relationships. The welcoming of diverse others into our life and work is a source of inspiration. The
willingness to alter our views base
d on new ideas, information and situations that flow from this diversity is vital to rewarding relationships and steady progress toward
shared visions.
Critical Information Consumption and Informed Decisions. Understanding the past, present and future as well as the interaction
among social, political, legal, economic and technological forces at play is vital to making sound decisions in a volatile, ambiguous,
complex and uncertain world. Understanding is built on a critical assessment of available data, information and research findings.
Courage, Resolve, and Resilience. Taking risks to support innovation requires courage in the face of the unknown, resolve when
obstacles and resistance impede, and resilience to keep motivating the self, individuals, teams and the organization to move forward.
Collective Wisdom and Collaborative Action. Engaging teams and networks in solving problems, responding to stakeholders, and
anticipating the future leads to an ever-changing, high performing organization.
Commitment to Excellence, Value and Results. Achieving greatness requires commitment to high performance standards and
striving to achieve those standards. The goal is to achieve results that create value for all stakeholders.
OLLI Standards 4-2017
OLLI STANDARDS/ COMPETENCIES
The OLLI program standards/competencies are an amalgamation of leadership and performance competencies identified by NIST
(National Institute of Standards and Technology-Baldridge Performance Excellence Program), SHRM (Society of Human Resource
Management) and ATD (Association for Talent Development).* In drawing on these resources, as well as the previous Organizational
Leadership Standards (2012), we believe the new OLLI program reflects the interdisciplinary nature of the knowledge, skills and
dispositions needed to lead and foster organizational, team and individual learning that leads to continual organizational performance
improvement and innovation. These leadership standards acknowledge that organizational learning professionals must develop
expertise that embraces knowledge of people, teams, organizations, as well as the social, political, legal, economic, and technological
contexts in which organizations operate. * See reference list for web links to each of these organizations and their models for leadership and performance competencies.
Standards/Competency Domains
1. Personal Mastery
2. Leadership--Vision, Mission and Strategic Direction
3. Learning Organization Systems and Culture
4. Talent Engagement, Development and Management
5. Organizational Performance Improvement and Innovation
6. Stakeholder Communication, Consultation and Collaboration
7. Ethics, Citizenship, and Social Responsibility
8. Assessment, Evaluation, Research and Knowledge Management
9. Contextual and Organizational Acumen
Definitions of Competency Domains
Each of these domains is characterized by a knowledge base, performance competencies/ skills and dispositions. Within each domain
it is possible to demonstrate varying levels of knowledge and behavioral competence. The rubric specifying these different levels of
competence is not included in this document.
OLLI Standards 4-2017
An effective leader of organizational learning, continuous improvement and innovation demonstrates excellence in each of the
following domains:
Personal Mastery—Engages in thoughtful reflection, assessment, and personal development in the belief that enthusiastic commitment to one’s
own comprehensive and holistic wellness, growth and fulfillment is a necessary means to workplace learning, performance excellence, continued
improvement and innovation.
Leadership--Vision, Mission and Strategic Direction for Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management—Envisions, initiates,
develops, communicates, and implements a shared vision that provides strategic direction for current and future individual, team and
organizational learning success that supports the vision, mission and strategic direction of the organization.
Learning Organization Culture, Structures and Processes—Creates, sustains and changes when necessary the culture, structures, and processes
that enable individuals, teams and the organization to solve problems, address changing stakeholder needs and innovate in response to the winds of
change faced by the organization.
Talent Engagement, Development and Management—Fosters learning and growth among organizational members and engages them in high
performance behaviors that create value for themselves and the organization. Collaborates in designing and delivering learning opportunities that
creatively employ learning technologies suited to the learning needs of differing individuals and teams.
Organizational Performance Improvement and Innovation— Generates and supports continual improvement in high quality organizational
performance in the present, while at the same time promoting the innovation that with will enable the organization to survive and flourish in the future.
Stakeholder Communication, Consultation and Collaboration— Proactively communicates with all organizational stakeholders in a manner
that appreciates and values different perspectives, and fosters information/knowledge sharing and collaboration in achieving results that benefit all
organizational stakeholders.
Ethics, Citizenship, and Social Responsibility—Promotes organizational citizenship and social responsibility in an ethical manner that embraces
integrity and accountability in all individual, team and organizational learning and workplace practices.
Assessment, Evaluation, and Research— Accesses, generates, interprets and manages the data necessary to assess and evaluate the effectiveness of
organizational learning, the quality of organizational performance, and the need for innovation to meet changing client/customer needs or challenges
in the competitive environment. Assures the accuracy of information being used in organizational decision-making. Supports the development of
information/knowledge sharing structures and processes needed for timely and effectively organizational decision-making and action.
Contextual and Organizational Acumen—Monitors and understands the social, political, economic, legal and technological forces that may
impact the organizational purpose and results. Uses that information to generate new strategies for learning that support the strategic plans of the
organization. Actively advocates for societal changes that promise to benefit the organization and its stakeholders.
OLLI Standards 4-2017
Standard 1: Personal Mastery— Engages in thoughtful reflection, assessment, and personal development in the belief that
enthusiastic commitment to one’s own comprehensive and holistic wellness, growth and fulfillment is a necessary means to
workplace learning, performance excellence, continued improvement and innovation.
Knowledge Base Behavioral Competencies
Has knowledge of and understands:
Role of personal mastery in organizational learning.
Self-assessment tools to gauge mindsets and behavioral
competence in areas such as leadership; openness,
change, innovation, risk-taking, decision-making,
emotional intelligence, life satisfaction, character
development and well-being (physical, emotional and
social).
Mindfulness theory and practice
Tools to assist with reflective practices.
Goal setting theory and practices
Character development
Philosophical inquiry
Demonstrates a commitment to comprehensive and holistic wellness,
learning, performance excellence, and fulfillment in one’s profession
and life.
Envisions the kind of leader/person one is working towards.
Clearly articulates personal values.
Regularly reflects on goals, decisions, actions, successes and failures
as opportunities for growth and development.
Uses a variety of self-assessment tools to gauge mindsets and
behaviors related to leadership, openness, change, innovation,
decision-making, character development and well-being (physical,
emotional, and social).
Regularly takes risks to enhance personal and professional growth
and development.
Regularly sets new and realistically attainable goals that require
operating outside of one’s comfort zones.
Cultivates self-awareness, humility, resilience, and perseverance.
Acts with personal, professional, and behavioral integrity.
Challenges prevailing modes of thinking and displays mental agility
in terms of operative mental models and assumptions.
Strives for excellence and satisfaction in personal and professional
endeavors.
Provides guidance and counseling to others on practices associated
with personal mastery
Dispositions—to value continuous learning and growth; to motivate self and others to achieve personal and organizational goals;
to be disciplined in the pursuit of a healthy lifestyle and to seek help when needed; to gratefully accept guidance; to seek meaning
in one’s life and workplace experiences and to implement insights gained from assessment and reflection; to reflect on one’s
influence and to exhibit congruence between thoughts and action when interacting with others; to share what one’s has learned
from one’s own journey to personal mastery.
OLLI Standards 4-2017
Standard 2: Leadership—Shared Vision, Mission, and Strategic Direction for Organizational Learning and Knowledge
Management—Envisions, designs, develops, communicates, implements, and stewards a shared vision of organizational learning
and knowledge management that enables current and future individual, team and organizational learning and knowledge
management effectiveness which supports the vision, mission and strategic direction of the organization.
Knowledge Base Behavioral Competency Outcomes
Has knowledge of and understands:
Leadership theories and best practices, including
distributed leadership
Organizational learning theories and best practices.
Knowledge management theories and best practices.
Continuous improvement, change and innovation
theories and practices.
Communication theories, skills and techniques that
foster effective organizational management and
leadership.
Teaming (group dynamics) theories and best practices
Motivation and persuasion techniques
Information and communication technologies, including
social media usage practices in the workplace and in the
larger society.
Organizational strategizing and strategic-tactical
alignment.
Maximizing use of intellectual capital in the
organization.
Aligns organizational learning and knowledge management with
overall organizational strategy and objectives.
Advocates for valuing organizational learning and knowledge
management throughout the organization.
Leads/facilitates collaboration among key stakeholders in
developing organizational learning and knowledge management
strategies that enhance the ability of the organization to generate
high quality performance, continual performance improvement and
innovation.
Advocates for the importance of using the intellectual capital of
organizational stakeholders.
Leads/facilitates the transfer of knowledge and best practices
among units and situations using appropriate media and
technologies.
Uses organizational technology and performance management
systems to monitor, analyze, evaluate, and report organization data
that can help inform decisions about organizational performance
and the need for change and/or innovation.
Dispositions— to think strategically, critically, and creatively; to view leadership as a complex response to the changing needs of
people, teams and organizations for direction and support; to embrace, encourage and support shared leadership; to view learning
and knowledge sharing as a key to high quality organizational performance, improvement and innovation; to seek opportunities to
guide the leadership development of others.
OLLI Standards 4-2017
Standard 3: Learning Organization Culture and Systems--Creates, sustains and changes when necessary the culture,
structures, and processes that enable individuals, teams and the organization to solve problems, address changing stakeholder
needs and innovate in response to the winds of change faced by the organization.
Knowledge Base Behavioral Competency Outcomes
Has knowledge of and understands:
Organizational learning theories and best practices.
Organizational culture and its role in high performing
organizations that embrace continuous improvement and
innovation.
Cultural norms and behaviors that support individual,
team and organizational learning, continuous
improvement, and innovation.
Theories and best practices for fostering inclusivity and
diversity
Systems perspective and integration.
Networking with and outside organizational boundaries.
Organizational behavior and development.
Team dynamics and best practices in fostering effective
multidisciplinary teams.
Knowledge management theories and best practices
particularly as they relate to organizational learning.
Best practices in implementing cultural changes to
support changing organizational mission and strategic
direction.
Cultivates an organizational culture conducive to inquiry, openness,
honesty, trust, dialogue, collaboration, the appreciation of differing
viewpoints and the expectation of excellence in all endeavors.
Generates specific organizational initiatives to develop norms,
values and behaviors that support organizational learning, high
quality organizational performance, continuous improvement and
innovation.
Uses internal and external data to monitor changes in the
organizational strategic direction that may require cultural change
in the organization.
Anticipates changes that may be needed in organizational cultural
and structures to support a new organizational vision and mission.
Provides consultation, guidance and leadership in cultural changes
that may be needed to support changes in strategic direction for the
organization.
Champions and facilitates cultural changes embraced by senior
leadership.
Ensures that the vision for organizational culture permeates all
workplace learning and development opportunities provided by the
organization.
Dispositions—to spur curiosity; to view learning as normative at the individual, team and organizational levels; to create a
psychologically safe environment in which there is time for reflection, differences are appreciated, and new ideas are encouraged;
to encourage experimentation and risk-taking; to foster the generation; collection, analysis, interpretation and sharing of critical
information among stakeholders; to engage in disciplined analysis of gathered intelligence to identify and solve problems; to
provide diverse learning opportunities for all organizational members.
OLLI Standards 4-2017
Standard 4: Talent Engagement, Development and Management--Fosters learning and growth among organizational members
and engages them in high performance behaviors that create value for themselves and the organization. Collaborates in designing
and delivering learning opportunities that creatively employ learning technologies suited to the learning needs of differing
individuals and teams.
Knowledge Base Behavioral Competencies
Has knowledge of and understands:
Employee life cycle phases, recruitment, selection, and
retention techniques.
Employer value proposition techniques.
Formal and informal assessment and evaluation
methods and techniques.
Job analysis, evaluation and design of job descriptions.
Workforce engagement strategies and techniques for
differing kinds of work and organizational levels.
Workforce motivation, engagement and work
satisfaction theories and practices.
Management of people, including difficult individuals
and difficult situations.
Skill and competency models and development
approaches for such models.
Adult learning theories and how they inform the
development of workplace learning opportunities.
Workforce and leadership development approaches and
best practices.
Training/learning design, development,
implementation, and evaluation models and techniques.
Communication and information technologies that
support training and learning for diverse audiences.
Metrics, measurement, needs assessment and
evaluation.
Consults with senior leadership in identifying the critical
competencies needed by the organization’s workforce and leadership.
Ensures leadership and management personnel understand how
organizational performance benefits from the retention and
development of workforce knowledge, skills and competencies
Develops strategies for acquiring, motivating, and engaging a high-
performing workforce willing to engage in continual learning.
Assesses workforce readiness and organizational needs and balances
organizational needs with individual workforce needs.
Aligns talent development and management with organization’s
mission and strategic direction.
Applies best practices in workplace flexibility, diversity, and
engagement to improve collaboration and organizational performance
Leads workforce and leadership succession planning
Collaborates in the design and implementation of a comprehensive
and coherent model of talent acquisition and development for the
organization.
Collaborates in the design and implementaation of assessment/
evaluation processes to inform decisions about talent development for
the organization.
Uses assessment, evaluation and research results to identify and
address learning/training needs in the organization’s workforce and
leadership.
Consults with management on how to supervise difficult employees,
handle disruptive behaviors and respond with corrective action.
OLLI Standards 4-2017
Mentoring and coaching techniques for the
development of high-performing management and
leadership talent.
Advocates for the utilization of experiential learning techniques to
develop organizational talent/intellectual capital.
Fosters well designed and delivered learning/training opportunities to
serve the learning/training needs of multiple business units, work
teams and organizational leadership
Consults and coaches leadership on workforce engagement,
development and management.
Dispositions—to create, value and support a diverse workforce; to motivate all organizational members to accept responsibility for
actively pursuing their own personal and professional development; to engage the workforce in creating positive organizational
results and value; to keep abreast of new technologies that can be employed to ensure workforce learning opportunities meet the
varied needs of individuals, teams and organizational units; to bring creativity to the process of instructional design and delivery; to
actively engage in coaching and mentoring others.
Standard 5: Organizational Performance Improvement and Innovation--Generates and supports continual improvement in
high quality organizational performance in the present, while at the same time promoting the innovation that with will enable the
organization to survive and flourish in the future.
Knowledge Base Behavioral Competency Outcomes
Has knowledge of and understands:
Organizational behavior, management and development
theories
Change management theories and approaches
Organizational politics
Best practices for stimulating and supporting creativity
and innovation.
Organizational performance standards and metrics
Organizational performance assessment and evaluation
techniques
Organizational problem identification techniques.
Approaches to designing organizational structures.
Examines organizational problems in terms of organizational
learning and knowledge management solutions to maximize ROI,
profit, revenue, and strategic effectiveness.
Listens to organizational challenges as articulated by senior
leadership within the organization and key business/organization
informants.
Serves as in-house expert on organizational learning, knowledge
management and workforce (talent) development.
Benchmarks the competition and other comparison groups to inform
decisions related to organizational learning, performance
improvement, and innovation.
Evaluates critical organizational learning and knowledge
management activities in terms of value added, impact, and utility
derived from cost-benefit analyses.
OLLI Standards 4-2017
Knowledge management systems and techniques that
facilitate organizational assessment, improvement and
innovation.
Organizational intervention design and implementation
techniques.
Balance scorecard philosophy
ISO standards
Cost-benefit analysis
Information systems and management theory
Maintains expert knowledge of key industry and organizational
performance metrics.
Designs strategies for improving metrics related to organizational
learning, talent development, organizational performance,
continuous improvement and innovation.
Supports the implementation of technologies and knowledge
management systems/processes that will enhance organizational
performance, improvement, and innovation.
Participates in developing business/organizational strategy with
senior organizational leaders.
Dispositions—to foster and value the flexibility, creativity, and initiative to drive organizational improvement and innovation; to
engage in and support risk-taking and experimentation; to sense and respond to problems and opportunities for improvement; to
maintain a future orientation that helps spark innovation; to see strategic opportunities and pursue intelligent risks.
Standard 6: Stakeholder Communication, Consultation, and Collaboration— Proactively communicates with all
organizational stakeholders in a manner that appreciates and values different perspectives, and fosters information/knowledge
sharing and collaboration in achieving results that benefit all organizational stakeholders.
Knowledge Base Behavioral Competency Outcomes
Has knowledge of and understands:
Organizational and leadership communication theories
and best practices.
Interpersonal communication and relationship theories
and best practices.
Active listening theory and best practices
Dialogue among stakeholders with differing
perspectives and background
Communication and cultural competencies required for
functioning in global marketplace
Story-telling as a key leadership and organizational
communication.
Provides clear, concise information to stakeholders and others.
Ensures that all stakeholder voices are heard and acknowledged.
Selects the appropriate communication media to convey
information to diverse groups of stakeholders.
Actively seeks and promotes the use accurate information in all
information/knowledge being shared with organizational
stakeholders.
Demonstrates proficiency in all the basic communications skills
necessary to inform, engage and persuade organizational
stakeholders to collaborate in achieving organizational goals.
Demonstrates proficiency and comfort in communicating with
diverse audiences of all sizes using the most appropriate media for
the situation.
OLLI Standards 4-2017
How to present information/data in clear and engaging
ways to differing audiences using a variety of
communication media.
Persuasion theory and techniques
Interviewing techniques and best practices
Team dynamics and techniques to foster effective
collaboration especially in multi-disciplinary teams.
Information and communication technologies,
including social media.
Intercultural communication and relationship building
Public communication strategies and best practices
Welcomes and develops opportunities for workplace dialogue
around competing viewpoints.
Advocates for knowledge sharing and communication about best
practices throughout the organization.
Promotes the implementation of a technological infrastructure that
supports organization-wide sharing of knowledge and best
practices.
Maintains a keen awareness of how communication and
information technologies can be used to facilitate collaboration and
the flow of useful information throughout the organization.
Excels in conflict resolution and negotiation and can support the
development of those skills in others.
Dispositions-- to act with integrity, authenticity and transparency in all communication with others; to cultivate appropriate
alliances and collaboration among stakeholders; to value candor and openness in all communications with others; to value accuracy
and truthfulness in information sharing; to encourage and foster feedback and dialogue among stakeholders.
Standard 7: Ethics, Citizenship, and Social Responsibility—Promotes organizational citizenship and social responsibility in an
ethical manner that embraces integrity and accountability in all individual, team and organizational learning workplace practices.
Knowledge Base Behavioral Competency Outcomes
Has knowledge of and understands:
Personal and organizational ethics
Codes of ethical conduct
Organizational citizenship theory and best practices
Organizational social responsibility best practices
Accountability theory and best practices
Ethical and transparent decision-making
Community outreach theories and best practices
Calculation of societal benefits of organizational
strategies, products/services and actions
Issues related to related to disabilities, ethnicity, gender,
language, race, sexual orientation etc.
Shows consistency between espoused and enacted values.
Maintains appropriate levels of transparency in organizational
practices.
Serves a role model of integrity, fairness and ethical behavior in the
workplace.
Safeguards the values of democracy, equity, and diversity within the
organization.
Works to advance an organization culture where all members can
expect to be treated with respect and where unethical behavior or
conflicts of interest can be reported without fear of reprisal.
Supports and facilitates accountability of all organizational members
for integrity and ethnical behavior.
OLLI Standards 4-2017
Consults with leadership on developing and implementing a code of
conduct
When creating strategies for organizational learning, improvement and
innovation balances employee concerns/needs and organizational
success.
Encourages organizational citizenship and social responsibility in the
workplace and beyond.
Consults on management/leadership decisions related to ethics,
governance, and social involvement.
Promotes social justice within and beyond the organization
Critically evaluates the potential and legal consequences of
organizational decisions, actions and plans for the future, alerting
leadership to possible undesirable consequences.
Dispositions—To become an active and engaged citizen in the workplace and in the larger society; to abide by democratic processes
and outcomes; to be flexible in practice, to value differences and advocate for more equitable workplace and societal practices; to
work within and beyond the organization to initiate and enact meaningful improvements and innovations where all voices are
represented and heard; to consider the common good and societal well-being and benefit; to take action in the face of criticism; and
to confidently collaborate with others in organizing and taking action.
Standard 8: Assessment, Evaluation, and Research—Accesses, generates, interprets and manages the data necessary to assess and
evaluate the effectiveness of organizational learning, the quality of organizational performance, and the need for innovation to meet
changing client/customer needs or challenges in the competitive environment. Assures the accuracy of information being used in
organizational decision-making.
Knowledge Base Behavioral Competency Outcomes
Has knowledge of and understands:
Assessment as it relates to individual, team and
organizational performance, learning, development and
change.
Evaluation as it relates to measuring and determining the
effectiveness of organizational programs, learning,
change and innovation initiatives.
Promotes a culture of evidence in which AER are vital to
organizational learning, performance improvement and innovation.
Leads a comprehensive communication process to inform
organizational stakeholders about the relationship of AER process to
high quality organizational performance and innovation.
Maintains expert knowledge in organizational performance metrics
vital to critical decisions.
OLLI Standards 4-2017
How credible published and original research can inform
organizational decision-making and planning.
Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods data
collection and analysis techniques.
Critical assessment of the validity, quality, and value of
results/information generated in organizations and in the
larger society.
Techniques for accurately and engagingly reporting
assessment/evaluation/ research findings to different
audiences and for different purposes.
Ethics related to assessment, evaluation and research
conducted in organizations.
Approaches to confidentiality and data protection
Technologies and software that facilitate data collection
and analysis.
Collaborates with others to design and implement appropriate
assessment, evaluation, and research activities that will generate
information needed to make drive performance excellence,
organizational learning and innovation.
Applies critical thinking to results obtained through AER activities to
discern the information most useful in making decisions about
organizational performance and strategic direction.
Vigilantly monitors the accuracy of organizational data/information.
Advocates for the implementation and use of the most current and
effective technologies/systems to collect, analyze, and report AER
results.
Interprets and communicates AER results to organizational leaders
and stakeholders.
Champions the role of AER processes/activities in organizational in
high quality organizational performance and innovation.
Dispositions—to view AER as an essential element for improvement and innovation in all levels of the organization; to see AER and
knowledge management as an integral aspect of a learning organization culture; to take a critical, rigorous, collaborative and creative
stance to generating, collecting and analyzing data necessary to address questions and problems of organizational practice, growth
and development. To accurately and fairly represent assessment and evaluation findings and to share interpretations with all
stakeholders.
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Standard 9: Contextual and Organizational Acumen-- Monitors and understands the social, political, economic, legal and
technological forces that may impact the organizational mission and results. Uses that information to generate new strategies for
learning that support the strategic plans of the organization. Actively advocates for societal changes that promise to benefit the
organization and its stakeholders.
Knowledge Base Behavioral Competency Outcomes
Has knowledge of and understands:
Environmental surveillance and business intelligence.
Futurist predictions related to the larger social,
political, economic and technological forces in play and
their role in creating alternative futures.
Demonstrates fluency in the language of business as used by senior
leadership.
Articulates the strategic relationship between organizational learning
and the organization’s mission
OLLI Standards 4-2017
Risk Assessment/SWOT as it pertains to human/
intellectual capital and organizational learning.
Benchmarking the competition
Politics and social influence
Gathers credible business intelligence related to social, political,
economic, legal and technological trends that may impact the
organization and its need to change and/or innovate.
Analyzes and interprets business intelligence as it relates to
organizational strategies for learning, continuous improvement and
innovation.
Persuasively communicates with organizational senior leadership and
stakeholders regarding how changes in larger environment may impact
the organization and its products/services and its need to change/or
innovate.
Represents the organization interests in advocating for societal
changes that promise to benefit the organization and its stakeholders.
Dispositions—to see the “big picture” as one looks at the present and toward the future and respond by demonstrating how
organizational learning can help the organization create its own future while delivering quality performance in the present.
OLLI Standards 4-2017
References
Association of Talent Development (2014). ATD competency model. Arlington, VA: ATD. Retrieved from
https://www.td.org/Certification/Competency-Model
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), (2017). 2017-2018 Baldridge excellence framework. Gaithersberg, MD:
NIST, United State Department of Commerce. Retrieved from
https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2017/02/09/2017-2018-baldrige-excellence-builder.pdf
Society of Human Resource Management (2016). The SHRM body of competence and knowledge. Alexandria, VA: SHRM. Retrieved
from https://www.shrm.org/LearningAndCareer/competency-model/Pages/default.aspx
Wilmington University, College of Education, Doctoral Studies (2012). Organizational leadership standards. New Castle, DE:
Wilmington University.