Organizational Structure and Use of Organizational Structure and Use of TeamsTeams

Academic Organizational Structure of Academic Organizational Structure of COBACOBA

College of Business (Academic Side)College of Business (Academic Side) Dean CEODean CEO

Associate Dean (Academic Affairs) Associate Dean (Academic Affairs)

Department Chairs Department Chairs Management Marketing Finance/Real Estate Information Sys AccountingManagement Marketing Finance/Real Estate Information Sys Accounting

FacultyFaculty Faculty Faculty Faculty Faculty Faculty Faculty Faculty FacultyStrategyStrategy

OBOB HRHR EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship

Coordination of Divided LaborCoordination of Divided Labor

As students what you see are instructors in class. The primary task of As students what you see are instructors in class. The primary task of teaching is not typically done in teams. But most of the work to enable a teaching is not typically done in teams. But most of the work to enable a teacher to stand in front of class, to enable the organization complete its teacher to stand in front of class, to enable the organization complete its mission depends on people making decisions. Many of these decisions are mission depends on people making decisions. Many of these decisions are made people in teams either in a advisory role or empowered to make the made people in teams either in a advisory role or empowered to make the decision (Faculty Governance). Examples Types of decisions:decision (Faculty Governance). Examples Types of decisions:1. Course Curriculum1. Course Curriculum2. Hiring of Faculty2. Hiring of Faculty3. Degree Requirements—Undergraduate—MBA –PHD3. Degree Requirements—Undergraduate—MBA –PHD4. Examination Committees—Capstone Course—Comprehensive 4. Examination Committees—Capstone Course—Comprehensive Examination Examination 5. Accreditation Committee (AACSB)5. Accreditation Committee (AACSB)6. Strategic Planning Committee (College)6. Strategic Planning Committee (College)7. Committees Integration With Other Colleges and University (Faculty 7. Committees Integration With Other Colleges and University (Faculty Senate, Undergraduate Assembly, and Graduate Assembly)Senate, Undergraduate Assembly, and Graduate Assembly)

Consequently while tasks have been divided among departments (functional Consequently while tasks have been divided among departments (functional expertise ) efforts must be coordinated so that goals of the COBA can be expertise ) efforts must be coordinated so that goals of the COBA can be achieved, and integrated with other colleges, and the university. achieved, and integrated with other colleges, and the university. One way to achieve coordination is through the use of teams at both the One way to achieve coordination is through the use of teams at both the college and departmental level, and university level. Organizational faculty college and departmental level, and university level. Organizational faculty and students with multiple roles/memberships.and students with multiple roles/memberships.

Example of teams (standing and temporary teams ) I have been Example of teams (standing and temporary teams ) I have been on:on:

Micro Area (OB Faculty)—textbook committee, course Micro Area (OB Faculty)—textbook committee, course development committee, faculty selection committeedevelopment committee, faculty selection committee

Departmental Committees-Maintenance and Operations Committee, Departmental Committees-Maintenance and Operations Committee, Department Curriculum Review CommitteeDepartment Curriculum Review Committee

College Committees-MBA Program Committee, Ph.D. Program College Committees-MBA Program Committee, Ph.D. Program Committee, Faculty Development Resource CommitteeCommittee, Faculty Development Resource Committee

University-Faculty Senate, Undergraduate AssemblyUniversity-Faculty Senate, Undergraduate Assembly

Purposes (Functions) of Teams In Purposes (Functions) of Teams In OrganizationsOrganizations

Types of TeamsTypes of TeamsWork Teams- perform the core work of the firm, they covert Work Teams- perform the core work of the firm, they covert

knowledge, labor and raw materials into the products or knowledge, labor and raw materials into the products or services that deliver value to the customer. (Faculty: team services that deliver value to the customer. (Faculty: team teaching courses, research teams, typically short term duration teaching courses, research teams, typically short term duration and temporary for course or research project) and temporary for course or research project)

Integrating Team-coordinate accomplishment of college Integrating Team-coordinate accomplishment of college objectives across different departments. (Representatives from objectives across different departments. (Representatives from each department serve on committees on admissions of each department serve on committees on admissions of students, review and development of academic standards, students, review and development of academic standards, curriculumcurriculum changes; Typically standing teams, same issues, changes; Typically standing teams, same issues, revolving membership after term of appointment)revolving membership after term of appointment)

Management Team-a special type of integrating team. Decisions about Management Team-a special type of integrating team. Decisions about strategy, priorities, resource allocation,. For example, organization for a strategy, priorities, resource allocation,. For example, organization for a unit (COBA) with multiple functional units (Departments). (COBA unit (COBA) with multiple functional units (Departments). (COBA Executive Committee- Dean, Associate Dean, Chairperson of Each Executive Committee- Dean, Associate Dean, Chairperson of Each Department; Ph.D. Program Team consists of Ph.D. advisors from each Department; Ph.D. Program Team consists of Ph.D. advisors from each department; standing teams, same issues, revolving membership based on department; standing teams, same issues, revolving membership based on occupant of that position)occupant of that position)

Involvement Teams-are representative teams that perform tasks that may Involvement Teams-are representative teams that perform tasks that may reflect traditional management roles-assign people to teams elected by reflect traditional management roles-assign people to teams elected by members of that unit or appointed by people in authority (Department and members of that unit or appointed by people in authority (Department and college teams to allocate salary increases, P&T Committee to deal with college teams to allocate salary increases, P&T Committee to deal with recommendations for promotion and tenure, Committee on Committees to recommendations for promotion and tenure, Committee on Committees to consider individuals that will be asked to serve on committees; typically consider individuals that will be asked to serve on committees; typically standing teams, same issues, revolving membership position or term)standing teams, same issues, revolving membership position or term)

Improvement Teams-Address issues or ways to Improvement Teams-Address issues or ways to improve the performance of the organization-Usually, improve the performance of the organization-Usually, short term, temporary teams with special tasks, short term, temporary teams with special tasks, increase recruitment; technology review to update increase recruitment; technology review to update

computer lab facilities.computer lab facilities.

Team Based Approach To Management: Why Team Based Approach To Management: Why Teams (Organizational Perspective)Teams (Organizational Perspective)

To create a collective focus on a program To create a collective focus on a program (recruitment), a set of customers (students), a (recruitment), a set of customers (students), a complete process (education), or opportunity (become complete process (education), or opportunity (become number 1).number 1).

To integrate the work of people with different skills To integrate the work of people with different skills and abilities (introduce a new product; new major and abilities (introduce a new product; new major concentration—international)concentration—international)

To generate innovate solutions by bringing diverse To generate innovate solutions by bringing diverse viewpoints and perspectives, opinions togetherviewpoints and perspectives, opinions together

To generate high involvement by creating a piece of To generate high involvement by creating a piece of the business for which people have responsibility for the business for which people have responsibility for a task, authority to carry out the decision, and a task, authority to carry out the decision, and accountability for the results of the decision.accountability for the results of the decision.

To save time and cost-decisions do not have to move To save time and cost-decisions do not have to move through layers of the hierarchy. (Teams with through layers of the hierarchy. (Teams with authority) authority)

To take advantage of collective memory, To take advantage of collective memory, communication of tacit knowledge, team recall communication of tacit knowledge, team recall details that other members may have forgotten. details that other members may have forgotten.

Impact of Changes On Impact of Changes On Employee RolesEmployee Roles

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Jobs are defined broadly and require multiple Jobs are defined broadly and require multiple skills with cross training among team skills with cross training among team members. members.

Employees participate in defining how work is Employees participate in defining how work is done. what should be done, and accountability done. what should be done, and accountability for what is done. for what is done.

People are given larger boundaries and People are given larger boundaries and encouraged to develop more skills.encouraged to develop more skills.

People are resources to be developed and used People are resources to be developed and used fully. fully.

People are expected to be adaptable and People are expected to be adaptable and flexibleflexible

People are expected to have not only technical People are expected to have not only technical but a high level of interpersonal skillsbut a high level of interpersonal skills

Definitions of A TeamDefinitions of A Team

Facets: Social Identity-Task Facets: Social Identity-Task Performance-InteractionsPerformance-Interactions

Shared Goals—locomotion in the same direction. Shared Goals—locomotion in the same direction. Interdependency Among Team Members—rely on Interdependency Among Team Members—rely on

each other to achieve goals. each other to achieve goals. Low to High InterdependenceLow to High Interdependence

Sequential interdependence—assembly line division of Sequential interdependence—assembly line division of labor-can not do what you need to do until the other person labor-can not do what you need to do until the other person is finished but do not need to understand what other person is finished but do not need to understand what other person did—build a car—Baseball Teamdid—build a car—Baseball Team

Pooled Interdependence—work independently on Pooled Interdependence—work independently on components of the task and pool their work into a whole—components of the task and pool their work into a whole—can in vary in degree need to know the content of the other can in vary in degree need to know the content of the other person’s work to do their own work—brainstorming task person’s work to do their own work—brainstorming task where try to build on the ideas of others, deciding on which where try to build on the ideas of others, deciding on which candidate to select for a position after each person indicates candidate to select for a position after each person indicates their individual preferences—vote; Football Team—each their individual preferences—vote; Football Team—each person assigned to different roles—receivers, running person assigned to different roles—receivers, running backs, linemen. Have to know which way the linemen backs, linemen. Have to know which way the linemen block to be able to run the ball.block to be able to run the ball.

Reciprocal interdependence—each person dependent on Reciprocal interdependence—each person dependent on the other-people work simultaneously, in the presence of the other-people work simultaneously, in the presence of other people and provide inputs for each other in other people and provide inputs for each other in completing the team task—continual feedback between the completing the team task—continual feedback between the parties what each person does influences what the other parties what each person does influences what the other person does: example, agile programming, Basketball person does: example, agile programming, Basketball TeamTeam

How would you organize your team to analyze the case How would you organize your team to analyze the case if it is sequential, pooled or reciprocal.if it is sequential, pooled or reciprocal.

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Teams Are Bounded—have a clear Teams Are Bounded—have a clear identification; a individual and shared identification; a individual and shared collective identity of what it means to be a collective identity of what it means to be a member of the team. member of the team.

Frequent and Stable Interactions.Frequent and Stable Interactions.

Figure 1-3 Team LongevityFigure 1-3 Team Longevity

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6-12 months 1-2 years 3-5 years over 5 years

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Communications-teams are small enough that Communications-teams are small enough that each member can communicate with other each member can communicate with other team members in a face-to-face manner.team members in a face-to-face manner.

Mutual Influence—interactions are such that Mutual Influence—interactions are such that each team member can influence and be each team member can influence and be influenced by the other members of the team.influenced by the other members of the team.

Psychological Significance—the team in Psychological Significance—the team in meaningful is that it is a source of social meaningful is that it is a source of social comparison, acquisition of norms and values.comparison, acquisition of norms and values.

Social Structure—a social unit of people with Social Structure—a social unit of people with role relationships, values, and norms role relationships, values, and norms regulating the behavior of team members in regulating the behavior of team members in matters of consequences to the team.matters of consequences to the team.

Success/Failure—the outcome of the team has Success/Failure—the outcome of the team has a influence on the self-esteem of the team a influence on the self-esteem of the team members.members.

Teams: Meeting Needs of IndividualsTeams: Meeting Needs of Individuals

Belonging---teams fulfill belongingness needs by Belonging---teams fulfill belongingness needs by promoting contact between people meeting needs of promoting contact between people meeting needs of inclusion. Reducing feelings of social loneliness. inclusion. Reducing feelings of social loneliness.

Security and Confidence---by working together Security and Confidence---by working together individuals will be protected from threats; all in it individuals will be protected from threats; all in it together. Must be correct if other are doing it. together. Must be correct if other are doing it.

Intimacy---opportunity to develop deeper Intimacy---opportunity to develop deeper relationships meeting needs for deeper levels of relationships meeting needs for deeper levels of attachment. Reducing feelings of emotional attachment. Reducing feelings of emotional loneliness.loneliness.

Goal Accomplishment---enable individuals to Goal Accomplishment---enable individuals to complete tasks that they could not complete alone, complete tasks that they could not complete alone, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Some the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Some tasks can only be accomplished in groups.tasks can only be accomplished in groups.

Support---teams can help members cope offering Support---teams can help members cope offering emotional and concrete resources; compliments, emotional and concrete resources; compliments, encouragement, mutual assistance (based on team encouragement, mutual assistance (based on team members skills and suggestions)members skills and suggestions)

Influence---teams allow for the opportunity to Influence---teams allow for the opportunity to influence and control. influence and control.

Assets and Liabilities of Teams Assets and Liabilities of Teams Enhances Expectations of Success—feelings of Enhances Expectations of Success—feelings of

efficacy, and outcome control.efficacy, and outcome control. Enhance Understanding of the Problem—transitive Enhance Understanding of the Problem—transitive

memory (TMS), a shared system for attending to, memory (TMS), a shared system for attending to, coding, processing and retrieving information. coding, processing and retrieving information.

Increased Understanding of the reasons for a decisionIncreased Understanding of the reasons for a decision—participation in the decision leads to increased —participation in the decision leads to increased understanding of the decision, more accurate understanding of the decision, more accurate information provided. information provided.

Enhances Personal Satisfaction—self-esteem, task Enhances Personal Satisfaction—self-esteem, task meaningfulness, inclusion.meaningfulness, inclusion.

Learning---teams provide information, ideas, Learning---teams provide information, ideas, experiences through interaction with and experiences through interaction with and communications with other team memberscommunications with other team members

Increase efficiency—subdivide tasks and match task Increase efficiency—subdivide tasks and match task with team memberswith team members

Better meet the needs of the more educated, highly Better meet the needs of the more educated, highly skilled workforce-empowermentskilled workforce-empowerment

Liabilities of Working in Teams.Liabilities of Working in Teams.

What are some of the liabilities of working in What are some of the liabilities of working in teams.teams.