organized youth sports & physical education part ii

Organized Youth Sports & Organized Youth Sports & Physical Education Part IIPhysical Education Part II

• 1963—President Kennedy changed name 1963—President Kennedy changed name to the President's Council on Physical to the President's Council on Physical FitnessFitness

• 1965—Retesting of youth with AAHPER 1965—Retesting of youth with AAHPER Youth Fitness Test showed improvement Youth Fitness Test showed improvement in students' fitness levels in students' fitness levels

• 1968—1968—AerobicsAerobics (Kenneth Cooper) (Kenneth Cooper)–male = 30 points per weekmale = 30 points per week– female = 24 points per weekfemale = 24 points per week

• 1974—Retesting of youth with AAHPER 1974—Retesting of youth with AAHPER Youth Fitness Test showed no overall Youth Fitness Test showed no overall improvement in fitness levels since 1965improvement in fitness levels since 1965

PHYSICAL FITNESS

•1981—AAHPERD Lifetime Health-Related 1981—AAHPERD Lifetime Health-Related Physical Fitness TestPhysical Fitness Test–Body composition using skin-fold Body composition using skin-fold measuresmeasures

–Function of heart and circulatory Function of heart and circulatory system using a 1.5 mile or 12-minute system using a 1.5 mile or 12-minute runrun

–Strength using bent-knee sit-ups in 60 Strength using bent-knee sit-ups in 60 seconds (number done)seconds (number done)

–Flexibility using straight leg with arm Flexibility using straight leg with arm extensionextension

PHYSICAL FITNESS

•1994—Physical Best (AAHPERD's 1994—Physical Best (AAHPERD's educational materials) combined with educational materials) combined with the FITNESSGRAM developed by the the FITNESSGRAM developed by the Cooper InstituteCooper Institute–Aerobic capacity in a one-mile Aerobic capacity in a one-mile walk/run or pacer for young childrenwalk/run or pacer for young children

–Body compositionBody composition–Muscular strength and endurance Muscular strength and endurance using curl-ups, push-ups, or using curl-ups, push-ups, or alternatively pull-ups, modified pull-alternatively pull-ups, modified pull-ups, or flexed-arm hand and trunk lift ups, or flexed-arm hand and trunk lift

–Flexibility using sit-and-reachFlexibility using sit-and-reach

PHYSICAL FITNESS

ADAPTED PHYSICAL ADAPTED PHYSICAL EDUCATIONEDUCATION

Adapted physical education is for exceptional students who are so different in mental, physical, emotional, or behavioral characteristics that in the interest of quality of educational opportunity, special provisions must be made for their proper education.

REHABILITATION ACT OF 1973, REHABILITATION ACT OF 1973, SECTION 504—INDIVIDUALS WITH SECTION 504—INDIVIDUALS WITH

DISABILITIES IN EDUCATIONDISABILITIES IN EDUCATION

““No otherwise qualified No otherwise qualified handicapped person shall handicapped person shall on the basis of handicap, be on the basis of handicap, be excluded from participation excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits in, be denied the benefits of, or otherwise be of, or otherwise be subjected to discrimination subjected to discrimination under any program which under any program which receives or benefits from receives or benefits from Federal financial Federal financial assistance.”assistance.”

PUBLIC LAW 94-142PUBLIC LAW 94-142

•The Education of all Handicapped Children Act of 1975

•Required the development of an Individualized Education Program (IEP) for every child with special needs, including specifically for physical education

IDEAIDEA

The Individuals with Disabilities The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) has fostered Education Act (IDEA) has fostered significant changes in the lives of significant changes in the lives of children with disabilities and children with disabilities and their families and in the roles of their families and in the roles of schools and teachers in the schools and teachers in the education of children with education of children with disabilities. The basic tenets of disabilities. The basic tenets of IDEA have remained intact since IDEA have remained intact since the original passage of the law in the original passage of the law in 1975. However, each set of 1975. However, each set of amendments has strengthened amendments has strengthened the original law.the original law.

MEN'S ATHLETICSMEN'S ATHLETICS

• Socially elite—horse racing, dancing, Socially elite—horse racing, dancing, gambling, cards, and yachtinggambling, cards, and yachting

• Baseball (1744—England; not until 1839 in Baseball (1744—England; not until 1839 in America) America)

• Cycling—late 1800sCycling—late 1800s• Tennis—1874 from EnglandTennis—1874 from England• Golf—ScotlandGolf—Scotland• Cricket and croquet clubs—late 1800sCricket and croquet clubs—late 1800s• 1891—Basketball—James Naismith at the 1891—Basketball—James Naismith at the

YMCA Training SchoolYMCA Training School• 1896—Volleyball—William Morgan at YMCA1896—Volleyball—William Morgan at YMCA

AMATEUR SPORTS—1850-AMATEUR SPORTS—1850-1900s1900s

•Athletic clubs (especially the New York Athletic clubs (especially the New York Athletic Club)—provided sports Athletic Club)—provided sports opportunities for members (especially opportunities for members (especially track and field)track and field)

•1879—Amateur Athletic Union (1888)1879—Amateur Athletic Union (1888)—"check the evils of professionalism —"check the evils of professionalism and promote amateur sport"and promote amateur sport"

•1912—538 athletic clubs and the AAU 1912—538 athletic clubs and the AAU had 19,000 membershad 19,000 members

•Competition offered (and said to Competition offered (and said to control) 40 sports; later 16 sports—control) 40 sports; later 16 sports—especially basketball, track and field, especially basketball, track and field, and boxingand boxing

MEN’S INTERCOLLEGIATE MEN’S INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICSATHLETICS

•Students promoted, financed, Students promoted, financed, and controlled athletics—and controlled athletics—faculty and administrators did faculty and administrators did not want to be involved (no not want to be involved (no standard rules or eligibility standard rules or eligibility regulations)regulations)–Rowing—1852—Harvard over Rowing—1852—Harvard over YaleYale

–Baseball—1859—Amherst Baseball—1859—Amherst over Williamsover Williams

–Football—1869 (actually Football—1869 (actually rugby)—Rutgers over rugby)—Rutgers over PrincetonPrinceton


•Social functionSocial function•Winning=fans=money=winning=fansWinning=fans=money=winning=fans

=money=money•RecruitingRecruiting•Professional coachesProfessional coaches•Newspaper coverageNewspaper coverage•Graduate managersGraduate managers•Walter Camp controlled the collegiate Walter Camp controlled the collegiate

football rules committee (1879-1925)football rules committee (1879-1925)

•Control established in collegesControl established in colleges– Injuries; property damage; class Injuries; property damage; class absences; rule confusion; absences; rule confusion; gambling; drunkenness; gambling; drunkenness; professionalism; commercialism; professionalism; commercialism; loss of valuesloss of values

–Benefits—improved health; taught Benefits—improved health; taught values such as fair play and values such as fair play and teamwork; diminished use of teamwork; diminished use of tobacco and alcohol; reduced tobacco and alcohol; reduced rowdyism; improved discipline; rowdyism; improved discipline; enhanced school spiritenhanced school spirit


•Late 1800s—students unified various Late 1800s—students unified various rules of sportsrules of sports

•Harvard faculty attempted to control Harvard faculty attempted to control class absences and to regulate athletic class absences and to regulate athletic abusesabuses–1882—Harvard model with three faculty1882—Harvard model with three faculty–1885—added two students and one 1885—added two students and one alumnus; alumnus;

–1888—three faculty; three students; 1888—three faculty; three students; three alumnithree alumni

–1895—Midwestern 1895—Midwestern colleges (Intercollegiate colleges (Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Conference of Faculty Representatives—Representatives—today’s Big Ten)today’s Big Ten)

•Required to be Required to be studentsstudents•Six months Six months residence for residence for transferstransfers•Must remain eligible Must remain eligible academicallyacademically


•Representatives from 13 colleges attended Representatives from 13 colleges attended the initial meeting in December, 1905, called the initial meeting in December, 1905, called by President MacCracken of New York by President MacCracken of New York University to investigate the future of University to investigate the future of football due to deaths and injuries, football due to deaths and injuries, dishonesty, gambling, and eligibility; in dishonesty, gambling, and eligibility; in January, 1906, a second meeting led to the January, 1906, a second meeting led to the establishment of the NCAA and the reform of establishment of the NCAA and the reform of football to prevent injuries and deaths; football to prevent injuries and deaths; legalized the forward passlegalized the forward pass

•1906—National Collegiate Athletic 1906—National Collegiate Athletic Association was established by 28 colleges Association was established by 28 colleges

AAU AND NCAA AAU AND NCAA CONFLICTSCONFLICTS

•Olympic team Olympic team selection (1920s to the selection (1920s to the 1970s)1970s)–National Amateur National Amateur Athletic Federation—Athletic Federation—19221922

•Sanctioning of eventsSanctioning of events•Certification of recordsCertification of records•1978—Amateur Sports 1978—Amateur Sports

ActAct

•1929—Savage study of college 1929—Savage study of college athletics found problems as athletics found problems as reported in reported in American College American College AthleticsAthletics–CommercialismCommercialism–Loss of educational valuesLoss of educational values

PROBLEMS IN MEN’S PROBLEMS IN MEN’S INTERCOLLEGIATE INTERCOLLEGIATE

ATHLETICSATHLETICS

•Faculty control—institutional or home Faculty control—institutional or home rulerule

•Conferences—save money; fewer classes Conferences—save money; fewer classes missed; equal philosophy and size; rivalry missed; equal philosophy and size; rivalry

•No seasonal coaches—in departments of No seasonal coaches—in departments of physical education to gain faculty statusphysical education to gain faculty status

•Rules of sports standardized and provide Rules of sports standardized and provide national tournaments (track and field—national tournaments (track and field—1921)1921)

•Recruitment and scholarship policies—Recruitment and scholarship policies—Sanity Code (1948-1951)Sanity Code (1948-1951)

SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICSINTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

•National Junior College National Junior College Athletic Association—Athletic Association—19381938

•National Association of National Association of Intercollegiate Intercollegiate Athletics—1940 (only Athletics—1940 (only basketball until 1952)basketball until 1952)

ORGANIZATIONS IN MEN’S ORGANIZATIONS IN MEN’S INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICSINTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

•Activities among participants “within the walls” of an institution

•Begun in 1913 at the University of Michigan under Elmer D. Mitchell

• Initially organized and funded by Initially organized and funded by athleticsathletics

•Later, administered through Later, administered through departments of physical educationdepartments of physical education

•Today, comprehensive campus Today, comprehensive campus recreation opportunities are recreation opportunities are provided within student affairsprovided within student affairs

INTRAMURALSINTRAMURALS

•Constructive use of leisure time•Opportunity to experience success•Physical fitness•Mental and emotional health•Social interaction and contacts•Esprit de corps•Promote permanent participant interest•Practice skills learned in physical

education classes•Training ground for future varsity

athletes

PURPOSES OF PURPOSES OF INTRAMURALSINTRAMURALS

•Traditional intramurals—competitions in traditional team and individual sports; usually a fairly narrow offering of activities; league competition is well structured and organized; requires a solid commitment from participants

•Campus recreation includes non-athletic activities (games, crafts, dances, movies, etc.), special programs and workshops, open recreation, club sports, free play, faculty-staff programs, and co-recreation

INTRAMURALS TO CAMPUS INTRAMURALS TO CAMPUS RECREATIONRECREATION

•Club sports—groups of students, faculty, and staff who get together to share a mutual interest in a particular sport or activity; European concept that spread to this country, clubs are self-organized, administered, funded, coached, and otherwise maintained

•Funding–State appropriations (within physical education)–Student fees

CLUB SPORTS AND FUNDING

organized youth sports & physical education part ii

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