origin of soil and grain size -...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Origin of Soil and Grain
Size
Chapter (2)
Instructor : Dr. Jehad Hamad
2017-2016
![Page 2: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Soil
Soil is more or less taken for granted by the average person. It
makes up the ground on which we live, it is for growing crops, and
it makes us dirty. Beyond these observations, most people are not
overly concerned with soil. There are, however, some people who
are deeply concerned. These include certain engineers as well as
geologists, contractors, hydrologists, farmers, agronomists, soil
chemists, and others .
Most structures of all types rest either directly or indirectly upon
soil, and proper analysis of the soil and design of the structure’s
foundation are necessary to ensure a safe structure free of undue
settling and/or collapse. A comprehensive knowledge of the soil in
a specific location is also important in many other contexts.
Thus, study of soils should be an important component in the
education of civil engineers.
![Page 3: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
ROCKS—THE SOURCES OF SOILS
Soil is composed of particles, large and small, and it may be necessary to
include as “soil” not only solid matter but also air and water. Normally, the
particles are the result of weathering (disintegration and decomposition) of
rocks and decay of vegetation.
Some soil particles may, over a period of time, become consolidated under the
weight of overlying material and become rock. In fact, cycles of rock
disintegrating to form soil, soil becoming consolidated under great pressure and
heat to form rock, rock disintegrating to form soil, and so on have occurred
repeatedly throughout geologic time. The differentiation between soil and rock
is not sharp; but from an engineering perspective, if material can be removed
without blasting, it is usually considered to be “soil,” whereas if blasting is
required, it might be regarded as “rock.”
Rocks can be classified into three basic groups that reflect their origin and/or
method of formation: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
![Page 4: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Rock cycle and the origin of soil
The final products due to weathering
are soils
Note
![Page 5: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
igneous sedimentary
formed by cooling of
molten magma (lava)
formed by gradual
deposition, and in layer formed by alteration
of igneous &
sedimentary rocks by
pressure/temperature
e.g., limestone, shale
e.g., marble
e.g., granite
metamorphic
different processes threeRocks formed by one of these
![Page 6: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
~ in situ weathering (by
physical & chemical
agents) of parent rock
~ weathered and
transported far away
by wind, water and ice.
![Page 7: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Soil-Separate-Size Limits by Various Systems
![Page 9: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Clay Minerals
![Page 10: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Clay minerals are made of two distinct structural units.
0.26 nm
0.29 nm
Silicon tetrahedron Aluminium Octahedron
![Page 11: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Several tetrahedrons joined together form a tetrahedral sheet.
tetrahedron
![Page 12: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
: sheet by tetrahedralFor simplicity, let’s represent silica
Si
: sheet by octahedralalumina and
Al
![Page 13: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Different combinations of tetrahedral and octahedral sheets form different clay minerals:
![Page 14: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Different combinations of tetrahedral and octahedral sheets form different clay minerals:
2. Clay Mineral (e.g., montmorillonite, illite)
![Page 15: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Si
Al
Si
Al
Si
Al
Si
Al
joined by strong H-bond
no easy separation
0.72 nm
Typically 70-100 layers
joined by oxygen
sharing
![Page 16: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Si
Al
Si
Si
Al
Si
Si
Al
Si
0.96 nm
weakjoined by
van der Waal’s bond
easily separated
by water
![Page 17: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Si
Al
Si
Si
Al
Si
Si
Al
Si
0.96 nm
joined by K+ ions
fit into the hexagonal
holes in Si-sheet
![Page 18: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
+ + +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Cation concentration drops with distance from clay particle
![Page 19: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
![Page 20: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
It is the ratio of the unit weight of a given material to the
unit weight of water
WaterofVolumeEqualanofWeight
ceSubsaofWeightGravitySpecific
tan
Unit weight of Water, w
w = 1.0 g/cm3 (strictly accurate at 4° C)
w = 62.4 pcf
w = 9.81 kN/m3
Note
![Page 21: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The size distribution is often of critical importance
to the way the material performs in use.
![Page 23: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Sieve analysis consists of shaking the soil sample
through a set of sieves that have progressively smaller
openings.
![Page 25: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
1
• Determine the mass of soil retained on each sieve (i.e,M1,M2…..Mn)and in the pan (i.e.,Mp)
2
• Determine the total mass of soil : M1+M2+..+Mi+..+Mn+Mp=∑M.
3
• Determine the cumulative mass pf soil retained above each sieve . For the ith sieve, it is M1+M2+…Mi
4
• The mass of soil passing the ith sieve is ∑M-(M1+M2+…+Mi)
5
• The percent of soil passing the ith sieve (or percent finer ) is
100*
)..( 21
M
MMMMF
i
![Page 27: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• This parameter good measure to estimate the hydraulic conductivity and drainage through soil.
Effective Size (D10)
Uniformity coefficient
(Cu)
Coefficient of graduation
(Cz)
• This parameter is another measure of uniformity Sorting coefficient
(S0)
10
60
D
DCu
1060
2
30
*DD
DCz
25
750
D
DS
![Page 29: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
What is the Cu for a soil
with only one grain size?
D
Fin
er
Grain size distribution
110
60 D
DCu
![Page 31: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The results of a particles size analysis are shown in the
)g469: The total mass Giventable below (
1-Plot the particle size distribution curve
2-Determine the coefficient of uniformity
3-Determine the coefficient of graduation
![Page 32: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The calculations are summarized in the
table below
![Page 33: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Particle size distribution curve
![Page 34: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• This parameter good measure to estimate the hydraulic conductivity and drainage through soil.
Effective Size (D10)
Uniformity coefficient
(Cu)
Coefficient of graduation
(Cz)
• This parameter is another measure of uniformity
Sorting coefficient
(S0)
10
60
D
DCu
1060
2
30
*DD
DCz
25
750
D
DS
![Page 35: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The coefficient of uniformity = 3.1336.0
8.4
10
60 D
DCU
The coefficient of graduation = 2.336.0*8.4
35.2 2
1060
2
30 DD
DCz
![Page 36: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
What is the Cu for a soil
with only one grain size?
D
Fin
er
Grain size distribution
110
60 D
DCu
![Page 39: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Hydrometer analysis is based on the principle of
sedimentation of soil grains in water. When a
soil specimen is dispersed in water, the particles
settle at different velocities, depending on their
shape, size and weight, and the viscosity of the
water.
![Page 40: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Stock’s Law
V1 V2 <
Bouncy Force
F = V ρ g
Based on the principle of sedimentation of soil grains
in water and bouncy principle.
![Page 42: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
2
18Dv ws
v = velocity
= density of soil particles
= density of water
= viscosity of water
D = diameter of soil particles
where
s
w
![Page 43: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
t
L
GD
G
t
LvD
ws
wss
wsws
)1(
18
1818
If the units of are (g.sec)/cm2, is in g/cm3, t is in min,
and D is in mm , then
w
60*(min)
)(
/1
/sec.18
10
)(3
2
t
cmL
cmgG
cmgmmD
ws
![Page 44: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Assume to be approximate equal to 1g/cm3, so that w
130
(min)
)()(
sGK
where
t
cmLKmmD
![Page 45: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
R
L
L1
L2
=16.29+0.164R
![Page 48: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The shape particles present in a soil mass is equally as
important as the particle size distribution because it has
significant influence on the physical properties of a given soil.
Bulky
Needle Flaky
![Page 49: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Rounded
Angular
![Page 50: Origin of Soil and Grain Size - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/jhamad/files/2017/02/Chapter-2-Origin-of-Soil... · Origin of Soil and Grain Size Chapter (2) ... particles are](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5acf4da07f8b9a4e7a8c7832/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
sphereinscribedimumtheofRadius
edgesandcornersofradiusAverage
A
max
p
e
L
DA
36
VDe
De = equivalent diameter of particle
V = volume of particle
Lp = length of particle