original article vegetation analysis in the habitats of

Journal of Biodiversity and Ecological Sciences Vol. 3, Issue 4 ISSN: 2008-9287 Fall 2013

Journal of Biodiversity and Ecological Sciences JBES IAU of Tonekabon Branch Tonekabon, Iran [email protected]

(JBES©)

Original Article Vegetation analysis in the habitats of koklass pheasant

A. Shah M. Siddique Awan M. Sayed Khan R. Aziz Minhas K. Saeed* *Kausar Saeed Lecturer Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Buner Campus *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT In this paper we analyzed the vegetation of Koklass pheasant habitats in Kalam Conservancy. To know about the parameters of the research the study area was divided into three zones on the basis of grazing disturbance of livestock, the high disturbed site, the less disturbed site and undisturbed site. The overall vegetation analysis of the three sites confirm the statements of previous work, because all sites contain coniferous trees, broadleaf trees, shrub density and maximum number of herbs. KEYWORDS: koklass pheasant, Kashmir, Habitat, species.

INTRODUCTION The Koklass pheasant is a medium sized bird and is found in both broad leaved and coniferous forests. Total subspecies of koklass are ten, among them two subspecies of Koklass are found in Pakistan: these are Western Koklass (Pucrasia macrolopha castanea) and Kashmir Koklass (Pucrasia macrolopha biddulphi) (Zaman, 2008). Both subspecies are mostly found in a diverse range of habitats at elevation ranging from 2000 to 3700 meters. At lower elevations chir pine (Pinus roxburgii) is dominant and extends into the zone of blue pine (P. wallichiana), white oak (Q. leucotrichophera), and rhododendron (R. arboreum) at elevations of 2300 m to 3000 m and paper birch (B. utilis), silver fir (A. pindrow), and Himalayan spruce (P. smithiana) at higher elevations. The two subspecies are fairly common in Pakistan. Ayubia National Park in district Abbotabad was established in 1984 with one of the objectives to provide favorable habitat and protection of Koklass (Mirza, 1977). Because of its regular morning calling behavior, monitoring Koklass populations can be done fairly easily. This species has good population in most of its Himalayan range, although its prime habitat is defenseless to degradation due to over-grazing and agricultural practices (Mirza, 1980; Gaston, 1980). The koklass is found in denser underwood than monal but they are sometimes found feeding

together in early spring (Gaston et al., 1981). Koklass pheasant (P. m. biddulphi) are secretive birds (Madge et al., 2002). In contrast to the Monal, little is known about the Koklass Pheasant due to its skulking behavior. The species is found in temperate broadleaf, conifer and subalpine oak forests with dense undergrowth between 2,100m and 3,300m from Afghanistan to central Nepal and northeastern Tibet to northern and eastern China (Johnsgaurd, 1986; Grimmett et al., 1998). The bird is believed to have a large global population size and is currently ranked as a species of least conservation concern (IUCN, 2007). MATERIALS AND METHODS STUDY AREA The study was conducted in Kalam Conservancy. A conservancy is a marked area providing a framework for collaborative management (within the people of the area, between the people and government line departments and among the people, government and other international/national organizations working in the area) for ensuring optimal utilization and conservation of natural resources for multiple uses. Thus the Conservancy overall aim, in this case, is of promoting stakeholder ownership, livelihood security, and conservation of biodiversity resources.

Fall 2013 Vegetation analysis in the habitats of koklass pheasant

192 Journal of Biodiversity and Ecological Sciences

Fig. 1. Map of study sites surveyed during 2012-2013(Online, 2011) In line of the above aspects, Mountain Areas Conservancy Project declared Kalam as conservancy comprising of Mahodand, Shahoo, Godar, Bahan, Janshai, Anakar, Batandar, Utror and Gabral valleys. The same still needs to be legalized under any law of the country. The new proposed Wildlife Act of the province has provisions for declaration of Conservancy.

METHODOLOGY To know about the parameters of the research the study area was divided into three zones on the basis of grazing disturbance of livestock. The high disturbed site, the less disturbed site and undisturbed site. The survey was conducted in those areas of the Kalam conservancy where the populations of Koklass were high. The survey was conducted from April 2012 to April 2013. In each

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month a survey was conducted in each site for Koklass. In each site for the habitat utilization and ecology a phytosociology was studied with quadratic method ((Muller-Dombois and Ellenberg, 1974; Misra, 1974)). Sum total of fifteen quadrats for both trees and shrubs, and total of thirty quadrats for herbs. Each quadrate was consisted on five sample plots. The quadrats were taken only from those places where the Koklass were seen, sound heard, faeces (pellets) or foraging sites observed. Humidity, temperature, altitude, longitude and latitude were also noted with each quadrate. Most of the quadrats were taken during the months of May to October because in these months the ground is free from snow cover. A sample plot size was set 10×10 for trees, 10×10 for shrubs and 1×1 for herbs. Then the density, frequency, dominance, relative density, relative frequency, relative dominance and importance value index were calculated by using the following formulae: DENSITY: The density measurements reflect as to how many individuals were present. It was calculated by the following formula:

Density = Number of Individuals _________________ Sum of all plot areas

FREQUENCY: The frequency measurements indicate how widely species is distributed among the same plots. Frequency was calculated by this formula:

Frequency =

Number of plots which have at least 1 individual __________________________ Total number of plots sampled

DOMINANCE: the dominance measurements denote which species is largest in terms of its presence.

Dominance = Area covered by a species ____________________ Sum of all plot areas

AREA: Area was calculated by this formula

2A r For this first of all circumference of the species was taken, from that the value of r (radius) was find out. Then we put the value of r in the above equation and in this way the area of all species one by one was calculated. RELATIVE DENSITY: Relative density is the study of numerical strength of a species in relation to the total number of individuals of all the species and can be calculated as: Relative Density

Density of individual species (RD) (%) = ------------------------------------x 100

Total density of all species RELATIVE FREQUENCY: The degree of dispersion of individual species in an area in relation to the number of all the species occurred. Relative frequency

Frequency of any species (RF)(%) = -------------------------------------- x 100

Total frequency of all species RELATIVE DOMINANCE: Dominance of a species is determined by the value of the basal cover. Relative dominance is the coverage value of a species with respect to the sum of coverage of the rest of the species in the area. Dominance of the species Relative dominance= -------------------------- x 100 Dominance of all species IMPORTANCE VALUE INDEX: Importance value is a reasonable measure to assess the overall significance of a species since it takes into account several properties of the species in the vegetation. This index is used to determine the overall importance of each species in the community structure. In calculating this index, the percentage values of the relative frequency, relative density and relative dominance are summed up together and this value is designated as the Importance Value Index or IVI of the species. Importance Value Index (IVI) = R. Den +R. Freq+ R. Dom. After completion of whole calculations three separate tables were made in all the three sites. After finding out the importance values of all plants species, cluster analysis was applied on the plants species of the three sites of koklass. RESULTS Vegetation analysis in koklass habitats For the habitat utilization of koklass pheasant quadrats have taken from three sites on lower elevations where koklass were observe. These three sites were as follow: 1) Batandar where quadrat was taken at altitude 8620 feet, latitude 35⁰31.379N, longitude 72⁰31.144, temperature 16⁰C, and the humidity recorded was 58%. The plants species recorded in this site were Cedrus deodara (IV=112.34), Quercus semecarpifolia (IV=133.58), Pinus wallichiana (IV=53.94), Viburnum grandiflorum (IV=148.19), Rhamnus purea (IV=151.49), Frageria vesca (IV=14.21), Actea spicata (IV=11.06), Solidago verga aurea (IV=20.54), Dipsacus inermis (IV=13.084), Geranium wallichianum (IV=5.23), Primula denticulata (IV=15.025), Primula rosea (IV=4.461), Paeonia emodi (IV=14.007), Podophylum emodi (IV=6.28), Thalictrum cultratum (IV=14.801), Anemone



falconeri (IV=8.131), Corydalis diphyla (IV=5.926), Corydalis stewartii (IV=12.197), Corydalis govanianum (IV=19.265), Sambucus wightiana (IV=35.678), Hypericum perforatum (IV=4.823), Pseudomarfeusia perviflora (IV=34.59), Impatiens brachycentra (IV=9.164), Thymus linearis (IV=11.5592), Anaphalis triplinervis (IV=9.28), Cortusa brutheris (IV=8.643), Rumex dentatus (IV=17.549), Taxicum officinalis (IV=6.4777) and Rumex alpinus (IV=7.7117) (Annexure1). In this quadrat the dominant species among tree was Quercus semecarpifolia with importance value=133.58, among shrub the dominant plant was Rhamnus purea (IV=151.49) and among herbs the dominant plant was Sambucus wightiana (IV=35.678) (Fig.2) 2) Anakar where quadrat was taken at altitude 8981 feet, latitude 35⁰31.709N, longitude 72⁰31.425E, temperature 12.9⁰C and humidity was 65%. The species recorded with importance value are Cedrus deodara (IV=61.45), Abies pindrow (IV=34.87), Quercus semecarpifolia (IV=108.66), Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (IV=94.38), Syringa emodii (IV=50.48), Frageria vesca (IV=16.68971), Actea spicata (IV=16.657), Solidago verga aurea (IV=11.9306), Dipsacus inermis (IV=10.092), Geranium wallichianum (IV=6.5929), Primula denticulata (IV=13.9322), Primula rosea (IV=11.772), Paeonia emodii (IV=7.621), Podophylum emodii (IV=11.0461), Thalictrum cultratum (IV=9.999), Anemone falconeri (IV=6.5057), Corydalis diphyla (IV=2.513), Corydalis stewartii (IV=13.491), Corydalis govanianum (IV=11.143), Sambucus wightiana (IV=24.81), Hypericum perforatum (IV=3.1503), Pseudomarfeusia perviflora (IV=7.687), Impatiens

brachycentra (IV=11.195), Thymus linearis (IV=12.704), Anaphalis triplinervis (IV=7.5142), Cortusa brutheris (IV=12.667), Rumex dentatus (IV=6.1606), Taxicum officinalis (IV=5.6639) and Rumex alpinus (IV=3.622) (Annexure2). In this quadrat the dominant tree species was Quercus semecarpifolia (IV=108.66), dominant shrub was Syringa emodii (IV=50.48) and the dominant herb was Sambucus wightiana (IV=24.81) (Fig.2) 3) Janshai where the quadrat was taken at altitude 9305 feet, latitude 35⁰33.160N, longitude 72⁰35.265 E, temperature 17⁰C, humidity 58%. The plants recorded in this site were Cedrus deodara (IV=184.36), Abies pindrow (IV=63.33),Picea smithiana (IV=23.32), Pinus wallichiana (IV=84.59), Frageria vesca (IV=14.16), Actea spicata (IV=21.48), Solidago verga aurea (IV=13.12), Dipsacus inermis (IV=12.79), Geranium wallichianum (IV=1.55), Primula denticulata (IV=12.93), Primula rosea (IV=12.49), Paeonia emodii (IV=8.57), Podophylum emodii (IV=13.04), Thalictrum cultratum (IV=10.38), Anemone falconeri (IV=7.36), Corydalis diphyla (IV=6.41), Corydalis stewartii (IV=10.08), Corydalis govanianum (IV=9.75), Sambucus wightiana (IV=59.71), Hypericum perforatum (IV=1.51), Pseudomarfeusia perviflora (IV=13.59), Impatiens brachycentra (IV=9.32), Thymus linearis (IV=11.52), Anaphalis triplinervis (IV=9.68), Cortusa brutheris (IV=11.33), Rumex dentatus (IV=10.4), Taxicum officinalis (IV=12.16) and Rumex alpinus (IV=6.32) (Annexure3). In this site the dominant tree was Cedrus deodara (IV=184.36), dominant herb was Sambucus wightiana (IV=59.71) while no shrub was recorded under quadrat area (Fig.2).

Fig 2. The importance values of dominant plants in their concerned communities of koklass

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CLUSTER ANALYSIS IN KOKLASS HABITATS Cluster analysis was applied on the quadrates of these three sites on the basis of this technique we obtained two plants associations. Figure 3.

1) Association A (Cedrus-Rhamnus-Sambucus community)

2) Association B (Abies-Syringa community)

Note: The details of plants with serial number as given in the figure.3 are provided in tables 1and 2.

Fig3. Cluster analysis showing associations in koklass habitats

1. ASSOCIATION A (CEDRUS-

RHAMNUS-SAMBUCUS COMMUNITY)

In this association total plants species were thirty (Table 1). Among these thirty species the dominant tree species was Cedrus deodara having importance value of 119.383 (Table 1), among shrub the dominant species was Rhamnus purea with importance value 50.50 and among herb the dominant herb species was Sambucus wightiana with importance value of 40.066 and the dominant herb. The remaining species were Quercus semecarpifolia (IV=80.75), Pinus wallichiana (IV=45.98), Picea smithiana (IV=7.773), Viburnum grandiflorum (IV=49.40), Frageria vesca (IV=15.0196), Actea spicata (IV=16.399), Solidago verga aurea (IV=15.196), Dipsacus inermis (IV=11.987), Geranium wallichianum (IV=4.457), Primula denticulata (IV=13.96),

Primula rosea (IV=9.574), Paeonia emodii (IV=10.066), Podophylum emodii (IV=10.132), Thalictrum cultratum (IV=11.726), Anemone falconeri (IV=7.332), Corydalis diphyla (IV=4.949), Corydalis stewartii (IV=11.945), Corydalis govanianum (IV=13.386), Hypericum perforatum (IV=3.161), Pseudomarfeusia perviflora (IV=18.622), Impatiens brachycentra (IV=9.893) Thymus linearis (IV=11.927), Anaphalis triplinervis (IV=8.824) Cortusa brutheris (IV=10.88), Rumex dentatus (IV=11.369), Taxicum officinalis (IV=8.093) and Rumex alpinus (IV=5.884). In this association the total importance value of the thirty plants species is 638.641. In which the three dominant plants species have total importance value 209.946 with percentage of 32.87 of the total plants of this association. The remaining 27 plants species constitute an importance value 428.692 with 67.13 % of the total plants (Table 1).



Table 1.Association A of Koklass after cluster analysis S.NO name of species Janshai Batandar Anakar Average

1 Cedrus deodara 184.36 112.34 61.45 119.38 2 Quercus semecarpifolia 0 133.58 108.66 80.75 3 Pinus wallichiana 84 53.94 0 45.98 4 Picea smithiana 23.32 0 0 7.77 8 Viburnum grandiflorum 0 148.19 0 49.40 9 Rhamnus purea 0 151.49 0 50.50 10 Frageria vesca 14.16 14.21 16.689 15.01 11 Actea spicata 21.48 11.06 16.657 16.39 12 Solidago verga aurea 13.12 20.54 11.93 15.19 13 Dipsacus inermis 12.79 13.08 10.092 11.98 14 Geranium wallichianum 1.55 5.23 6.592 4.45 15 Primula denticulata 12.93 15.02 13.932 13.96 16 Primula rosea 12.49 4.46 11.772 9.57 17 Paeonia emodi 8.57 14.007 7.621 10.06 18 Podophylum emodi 13.07 6.28 11.046 10.13 19 Thalictrum cultratum 10.38 14.801 9.999 11.72 20 Anemone falconeri 7.36 8.131 6.505 7.33 21 Corydalis diphyla 6.41 5.926 2.513 4.94 22 Corydalis stewartii 10.08 12.265 13.491 11.94 23 Corydalis govanianum 9.75 19.265 11.143 13.38 24 Sambucus wightiana 59.71 35.678 24.81 40.06 25 Hypericum perforatum 1.51 4.823 3.15 3.16 26 Pseudomarfeusia perviflora 13.59 34.59 7.687 18.62 27 Impatiens brachycentra 9.32 9.164 11.195 9.89 28 Thymus linearis 11.52 11.559 12.704 11.92 29 Anaphalis triplinervis 9.68 9.28 7.514 8.82 30 Cortusa brutheris 11.33 8.643 12.667 10.88 31 Rumex dentatus 10.4 17.549 6.1606 11.36 32 Taxicum officinalis 12.14 6.477 5.663 8.09 33 Rumex alpinus 6.32 7.711 3.622 5.88

2. ASSOCIATION B (ABIES-SYRINGA COMMUNITY) This association composed of only three plants species, Abies pindrow (IV=32.733), Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (IV=31.46), Syringa emodii (IV=16.826).Among these three plants the dominant species is Abies pindrow having importance value 32.733, the co-dominant species

is Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana with importance value 31.46 and the third one is Syringa emodii having importance value 16.826. On the basis of percentage the dominant plant species Abies pindrow has 40.40%, the co-dominant plant species Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana has 38.83% and the Syringa emodii has 20.76 percentages in this association.

Table 2: Association B of Koklass after cluster analysis

S.NO name of species Janshai Batandar Anakar Average

5 Abies pindrow 63.33 0 34.87 32.73

6 Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana 0 0 94.38 31.46

7 Syringa emodii 0 0 50.48 16.82

DISCUSSION Koklass the resident of the dense forested areas, particularly broad leaves dominated forests, coniferous forests, less seen in sub alpine Oak forests (Ramesh et al., 1998). The habitats topography in three sites showed that these habitats were steep and sloppy at Batandar, precipitous steep and sloppy at Janshai and sloppy at Anakar. The phytosociology at Batandar showed that the dominant tree species in this site at 8620 feet elevation from sea level was Oak with importance value 133.58 having density of 0.036/m². The co-dominant tree is deodar with IV 112.34, with

population density of 0.024/m² and the associated one is Pine tree with IV 53.94. This result clearly shows mixed coniferous forest characterization. According to PCDP (2002) koklass are widely distributed in coniferous forests, some survive in deodar and Oak scrub forests. The forest floor was dominated by (Sambucus wightiana with population density 1.03/m² and IV= 35.67, Solidago verga aurea with population density 1.75/m² and IV=20.54 Corydalis stewartii population density 2.43/m² and IV= 12.197, Corydalis govanianum with Population Density 2.23/m² and IV= 19.265 and Frageria vesca with


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population density of 3/m²). Frageria vesca which is known as wild strawberry by local residents and is consider as the main food of koklass during summer season. Majority of the shrubs observed were viburnum and Rhamnus which occurs at least 1 and 0.4/m² respectively. Shrub cover indicates there well hiding places. According to Ali and Ripley (1969) the koklass spend most of the day skulking in dense forests undergrowth. This habitat was moist temperate and mixed coniferous because the humidity recorded was 58% and the oak with coniferous trees constitute mixed forest. According to Zaman (2008) koklass habitats at lower elevation are mostly dominated by Oak, chir pine, blue pine and Rhododendron. The phytosociology of Anakar at elevation of 8981 feet showed that majority of the area was dominated by Quercus and Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana with importance values 108.66 and 96.38 respectively among broad leaf trees and Cedrus deodara and Abies pindrow with importance values 61.45 and 34.87 respectively among coniferous trees. Madge et al. (2002) also stated that koklass are found mostly in temperate broad leaf, coniferous Oak forests because they are secretive in habit. Ramesh et al. (1999) also searched the broadleaf dominated mixed forests for the population of koklass. The shrub cover consists on Syringa emodii with importance value 50.48 and population density 0.01/m². the ground layer was dominated by Sambucus ( IV=24.81) and the associated plants were Frageria vesca, Actea spicata, Solidago verga aurea, Dipsacus inermis, Geranium wallichianum, Primula denticulata, Primula rosea, Paeonia emodi, Podophylum emodi, Thalictrum cultratum, Anemone falconeri, Corydalis diphyla, Corydalis stewartii, Corydalis govanianum, Sambucus wightiana, Hypericum perforatum, Pseudomarfeusia perviflora, Impatiens brachycentra, Thymus linearis, Anaphalis triplinervis, Cortusa brutheris, Rumex dentatus, Taxicum officinalis and Rumex alpinus. The herb diversity confirm the statement of Howman (1979) that koklass is strong herbivorous. The vegetation analysis of Janshai site at 9305 feet elevation shows that most of the trees in this area are coniferous i.e. Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow, Picea smithiana, Pinus wallichiana with population densities 0.024/m², 0.004/m², 0.004/m² and 0.002/m² respectively. The most dominant species is deodar with (IV=184.36) due to high tree population in this site no shrub was recorded and the ground cover consist on Sambucus the most dominant species with IV=59.71 with majority of herbs. The overall vegetation analysis of the three sites confirm the statements of Madge et al. (2002), Ramesh et al, (1999), Ali and Ripley (1969) and Howman (1979) because all sites contain coniferous trees, broadleaf trees, shrub density and maximum number of herbs.

REFERENCES Ali, S. and S.D. Ripley, 1969. Handbook of the Birds

of India and Pakistan. vol.3. Oxford Univer. Press, Bombay, India.

Gaston, A. J., 1980. The Himalayas: summary of current knowledge on the status of pheasants. In: Pheasants in Asia: pp 33-35.

Gaston, A.J., P.J. Garson, and M.L.Jr. Hunter, 1981. Present distribution and Status of pheasants in Himachal Pradesh. Journal of World Pheasant Association; 6: 10-30.

Grimmet, R., C. Inskipp, and T. Inskipp, 1998. Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Oxford University Press, Delhi, India.

Howman, K.C.R., 1979. Pheasants: Their breeding and management. K and R Books, Edlington.

Johns Guard, P.A.1986. The Pheasants of the World. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Madge, S. and P. McGowan, 2002. Pheasants, Partridges, and Grouse. Helm Identification Guides. Christopher Helm, London, UK.

Mirza, Z.B., 1977. Galliformes of Pakistan. Lahore: WWF Pakistan and WPA Pakistan.

Mirza, Z.B., 1980. Status of pheasants in Pakistan. In: C.W.D. Savage, editor. Pheasants in Asia. Pp. 72-75.

Misra, K.C. 1974. Manual of plant ecology. Oxford and IBH publishing Co., New Delhi. 376p.

Muller-Dombois & Ellenberg, H. 1974. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. John Willeyand Sons, Inc, U.S.A. 547pp.

Online, (2011) wikipedia.org/wiki/Swat, Pakistan (Accessed: 4th July, 2011).

PCDP, 2002. Community based committees for rehabilitation work. Report On Participatory relief, rehabilitation and development programs in Palas, Kohistan. Record of Palas Conservation and Development Project.

Ramesh, K., S. Sathyakumar, and G.S. Rawat, 1998. Monitoring strategy for The pheasants of Great Himalayan National Park, Western Himalaya. Abs. Mountain Meet 1998 International Symposium on Mountain Environment, 4-7 October 1998, Rishikesh, India.

Ramesh, K., S. Sathyakumar, and G.S. Rawat, 1999. Recent trends in the Pheasant populations of Great Himalayan National Park, India Conservation implications. Proceedings of The National Symposium on Wildlife research, conservation and management, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.

UCN, 2007. The 2006 Red List of threatened species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Zaman, I.U., 2008. Conservation of pheasants in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Professional paper.

Zaman, I.U., 2008. Conservation of pheasants in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Professional paper.



Appendix1. Phytosociological details at Batandar for koklass S.NO name of species density frequency dominance Relative

density Relative frequency

Relative dominance

Importance value

1 Cedrus deodara 0.024 1 0.00255 35.29 38.46 38.59 112.34 2 Quercus semecarpifolia 0.036 1 0.00278 52.94 38.46 42.18 133.58 3 Pinus wallichiana 0.008 0.6 0.00126 11.76 23.07 19.11 53.94 4 Viburnum grandiflorum 0.02 1 0.001768 66.66 71.42 10.11 148.19 5 Rhamnus purea 0.01 0.4 0.0155 33.33 28.57 89.59 151.49 6 Frageria vesca 3 0.6 0.004662 8.08 5.76 0.37 14.21 7 Actea spicata 0.98 0.466 0.049784 2.64 4.4 4.02 11.06 8 Solidago verga aurea 1.753 0.673 0.012 4.72 6.12 9.7 20.54 9 Dipsacus inermis 1.953 0.6066 0.0248 5.26 5.82 2.004 13.084

10 Geranium wallichianum 1 0.2 0.00715 0.57 1.97 2.69 5.23 11 Primula denticulata 2.773 0.7266 0.00712 7.47 6.98 0.575 15.025 12 Primula rosea 0.014 0.42 0.00489 0.036 4.03 0.395 4.461 13 Paeonia emodi 1.433 0.34 0.0852 3.86 3.26 6.887 14.007 14 Podophylum emodi 1.2 0.3 0.002142 3.23 2.88 0.17 6.28 15 Thalictrum cultratum 1.622 0.406 0.0809 4.37 3.901 6.53 14.801 16 Anemone falconeri 1.52 0.38 0.00483 4.09 3.651 0.39 8.131 17 Corydalis diphyla 1.08 0.27 0.0054 2.9 2.59 0.436 5.926 18 Corydalis stewartii 2.433 0.486 0.0121 6.55 4.669 0.978 12.197 19 Corydalis govanianum 2.233 0.446 0.023 6.014 4.66 8.591 19.265 20 Sambucus wightiana 1.035 0.54 0.3434 2.79 5.188 27.7 35.678 21 Hypericum perforatum 0.853 0.213 0.0061 2.29 2.04 0.493 4.823 22 Pseudomarfeusia perviflora 0.74 0.246 0.3766 1.99 2.13 30.47 34.59 23 Impatiens brachycentra 1.42 0.44 0.01383 3.82 4.227 1.117 9.164 24 Thymus linearis 2.213 0.55 0.0039 5.96 5.284 0.3152 11.5592 25 Anaphalis triplinervis 1.6733 0.453 0.00532 4.5 4.352 0.428 9.28 26 Cortusa brutheris 1.6 0.32 0.015584 4.31 3.074 1.259 8.643 27 Rumex dentatus 2.6333 0.5266 0.0668 7.09 5.06 5.399 17.549 28 Taxicum officinalis 1.1 0.406 0.03152 0.0295 3.9012 2.547 6.4777 29 Rumex alpinus 1.02 0.36 0.0186 2.749 3.4592 1.5035 7.7117

Appendix 2. Phytosociological details at Anakar for koklass

S.NO name of species density frequency dominance Relative density

Relative frequency

Relative dominance

Importance value

1 Cedrus deodara 0.008 0.4 0.0006 25 33.33 3.12 61.45 2 Abies pindrow 0.002 0.2 0.00092 12.5 16.66 5.71 34.87 3 Quercus 0.002 0.2 0.0128 12.5 16.66 79.5 108.66 4 Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana 0.008 0.4 0.00178 50 33.33 11.05 94.38 5 Syringa emodii 0.01 0.4 0.00174 10.85 22.22 17.41 50.48 6 Frageria vesca 2.16 0.54 0.003356 8.87501 7.585 0.2297 16.68 7 Actea spicata 1.42 0.42 0.072133 5.83 5.89 4.937 16.65 8 Solidago verga aurea 1.38 0.446 0.00986 5.67 6.26 0.0006 11.93 9 Dipsacus inermis 0.54 0.486 0.0154 2.218 6.82 1.054 10.09

10 Geranium wallichianum 0.826 0.206 0.0058 3.393 2.8029 0.397 6.59 11 Primula denticulata 1.966 0.393 0.005 8.07 5.52 0.3422 13.93 12 Primula rosea 1.553 0.3666 0.00356 6.38 5.149 0.243 11.77 13 Paeonia emodi 0.533 0.18 0.0424 2.189 2.53 2.902 7.62 14 Podophylum emodi 1.24 0.4133 0.0022 5.09 5.8056 0.1505 11.04 15 Thalictrum cultratum 1.206 0.0333 0.0059 4.9552 4.64 0.4038 9.99 16 Anemone falconeri 0.833 0.20666 0.00264 3.423 2.902 0.1807 6.50 17 Corydalis diphyla 0.54 0.0133 0.00268 2.21 0.12 0.183 2.51 18 Corydalis stewartii 1.54 0.4733 0.007653 6.32 6.648 0.523 13.49 19 Corydalis govanianum 1.306 0.346 0.0134 5.366 4.86 0.917 11.14 20 Sambucus wightiana 0.753 0.38 0.2395 3.09 5.33 16.39 24.81 21 Hypericum perforatum 0.34 0.113 0.00243 1.396 1.588 0.1663 3.15 22 Pseudomarfeusia perviflora 0.607 0.22 0.0308 2.489 3.09 2.108 7.687 23 Impatiens brachycentra 1.247 0.3733 0.01214 5.122 5.243 0.83 11.19 24 Thymus linearis 1.487 0.46 0.002646 6.108 6.415 0.181 12.70 25 Anaphalis triplinervis 0.807 0.2866 0.00256 3.314 4.025 0.1752 7.51 26 Cortusa brutheris 0.673 0.2466 0.0065 2.766 9.457 0.444 12.66 27 Rumex dentatus 0.6 0.18 0.01719 2.46 2.524 1.1766 6.16 28 Taxicum officinalis 0.446 0.2133 0.0123 1.832 2.99 0.8419 5.66 29 Rumex alpinus 0.347 0.126 0.00634 1.42 1.769 0.433 3.62


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Appendix 3. Phytosociological details at Janshai for koklass S.NO name of species density frequency dominance relative

density relative frequency

Relative dominance

importance value

1 Cedrus deodara 0.024 1 0.00907 70.56 55.55 58.25 184.36 2 Abies pindrow 0.004 0.4 0.00458 11.7 22.22 29.41 63.33 3 Picea smithiana 0.004 0.2 0.00184 11.7 11.11 0.51 23.32 4 pinus wallichiana 0.002 0.2 0.00008 5.88 11.11 67.6 84.59 5 Frageria vesca 2.133 0.533 0.033 7.27 6.42 0.47 14.16 6 Actea spicata 1.46 0.486 0.074 4.94 5.85 10.69 21.48 7 Solidago verga aurea 1.78 0.446 0.012 6.02 5.37 1.73 13.12 8 Dipsacus inermis 1.573 0.393 0.019 5.32 4.73 2.74 12.79 9 Geranium wallichianum 0.206 0.06 0.001 0.69 0.72 0.14 1.55

10 Primula denticulata 1.973 0.46 0.005 6.67 5.54 0.72 12.93 11 Primula rosea 1.866 0.466 0.004 6.31 5.61 0.57 12.49 12 Paeonia emodi 0.453 0.153 0.036 1.53 1.84 5.2 8.57 13 Podophylum emodi 1.973 0.493 0.003 6.67 5.94 0.43 13.04 14 Thalictrum cultratum 1.466 0.366 0.007 4.96 4.41 1.01 10.38 15 Anemone falconeri 1.006 0.293 0.003 3.4 3.53 0.43 7.36 16 Corydalis diphyla 0.853 0.246 0.004 2.88 2.96 0.57 6.41 17 Corydalis stewartii 1.28 0.406 0.006 4.33 4.89 0.86 10.08 18 Corydalis govanianum 1.013 0.4 0.01 3.42 4.89 1.44 9.75 19 Sambucus wightiana 1.12 0.373 0.356 3.78 4.49 51.44 59.71 20 Hypericum perforatum 0.193 0.06 0.001 0.65 0.72 0.14 1.51 21 Pseudomarfeusia perviflora 0.98 0.266 0.049 3.31 3.2 7.08 13.59 22 Impatiens brachycentra 1.02 0.38 0.009 3.45 4.57 1.3 9.32 23 Thymus linearis 1.64 0.473 0.002 5.54 5.7 0.28 11.52 24 Anaphalis triplinervis 1.44 0.36 0.004 4.78 4.33 0.57 9.68 25 Cortusa brutheris 1.353 0.406 0.013 4.57 4.89 1.87 11.33 26 Rumex dentatus 0.953 0.273 0.027 3.22 3.28 3.9 10.4 27 Taxicum officinalis 1.173 0.293 0.033 3.96 3.53 4.67 12.16 28 Rumex alpinus 0.646 0.213 0.011 2.18 2.56 1.58 6.32

Appendix 4.General mixed habitat of koklass in Batandar.



Appendix5. An overview of the habitat of koklass in Anakar during study period 2012-2013.

Appendix 6. Author busy in Phytosociology during study period.


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Appendix 7.An overwiev of the habitat of koklass at janshai.

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