origins (big bang)
TRANSCRIPT
OriginsOrigins
From The Big Bang to Modern From The Big Bang to Modern ManMan
Origin of the Cosmos—3 Origin of the Cosmos—3 OptionsOptions
Option 1: Someone made the universe Option 1: Someone made the universe (Big Bang or creationist theory)(Big Bang or creationist theory)
Option 2: The universe made itself Option 2: The universe made itself (Inflationary or evolutionist theory)(Inflationary or evolutionist theory)
Option 3: The universe has always been Option 3: The universe has always been here (Steady State Theory)here (Steady State Theory)
Scientists now know that the cosmos had Scientists now know that the cosmos had a beginning (proton decay and galactic a beginning (proton decay and galactic motion)motion)
Therefore only options 1 and 2 are viableTherefore only options 1 and 2 are viable
THE Big Bang/NucleosynthesisTHE Big Bang/Nucleosynthesis 13.7 billion years ago13.7 billion years agoMass of universeMass of universesize of size of
head of a pin (singularity)head of a pin (singularity) Unimaginable release of energy (an expansion Unimaginable release of energy (an expansion
not a traditional explosion)not a traditional explosion)trillions of degreestrillions of degrees Nobody knows how/why it happenedNobody knows how/why it happened Created space and timeCreated space and time Created the 4 main forces: gravity, strong, weak Created the 4 main forces: gravity, strong, weak
and electromagnetic forces.and electromagnetic forces. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces
/funfor.html Electrons, quarks and gluons created (building Electrons, quarks and gluons created (building
blocks for all atoms)blocks for all atoms)
Big Bang FlowchartBig Bang Flowchart
Sounds a little “Quarky” to me…Sounds a little “Quarky” to me…
Strong Force
http://tinyurl.com/3jjnwhttp://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/quarks.html
Wave CharacteristicsWave Characteristics
WavelengthWavelength: distance from the : distance from the beginning of one crest to the beginning of one crest to the beginning of anotherbeginning of another
FrequencyFrequency: number of waves in a : number of waves in a given time period and distancegiven time period and distance
AmplitudeAmplitude: distance from the : distance from the midpoint of a wave to the crest or midpoint of a wave to the crest or troughtrough
Electromagnetic Spectrum (EM) Electromagnetic Spectrum (EM) SpectrumSpectrum
Evidence for the Big Bang Theory
http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/waves3.html
MicrowavesMicrowaves
http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/micro.html
Cosmic Microwave Background Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)(CMB)
Discovered by the Hubble Space Discovered by the Hubble Space TelescopeTelescope
Originally discovered in the 1960’sOriginally discovered in the 1960’s Mapped out in 1990 at BerkleyMapped out in 1990 at Berkley Energy waves (photons) left over Energy waves (photons) left over
from the original Big Bang in the from the original Big Bang in the form of microwavesform of microwaves
Thought to prove the BBTThought to prove the BBT
So….What’s The MATTER?So….What’s The MATTER?
Baryonic MatterBaryonic Matter (10% of universe): Matter (10% of universe): Matter composed of protons/neutrons and composed of protons/neutrons and electrons (solid, liquid and gases)electrons (solid, liquid and gases)
Non-BaryonicNon-Baryonic or Dark Matter (90% of or Dark Matter (90% of universe): composed of WIMP (weakly universe): composed of WIMP (weakly interacting massive particles)interacting massive particles)
NeutrinosNeutrinos: elementary particles with none : elementary particles with none or very little mass or very little mass
It’s All Elemental My Dear It’s All Elemental My Dear Watson!Watson!
Expanding universe = stuff slowly Expanding universe = stuff slowly cools down (space is cold dude!!)cools down (space is cold dude!!)
NucleusNucleus protons + neutrons protons + neutrons Early space: mostly hydrogen and Early space: mostly hydrogen and
helium atoms (He formed from H)helium atoms (He formed from H)
Basic Atomic StructureBasic Atomic Structure
http://tinyurl.com/5zb3r
Periodic TablePeriodic Table
http://www.chemicalelements.com/
Atomic Number/IsotopesAtomic Number/Isotopes IsotopesIsotopes Hydrogen atomsHydrogen atomssingle proton and a single single proton and a single
electronelectron Isotopes of HydrogenIsotopes of Hydrogensame number of protons same number of protons
and electrons….different number of NEUTRONSand electrons….different number of NEUTRONS ProtiumProtium1+, 1- and O neutrons (atomic number 1+, 1- and O neutrons (atomic number
of 1)of 1) DeuteriumDeuterium1+, 1- and 1 neutron (atomic number 1+, 1- and 1 neutron (atomic number
of 2)of 2) TritiumTritium1+, 1- and 2 neutrons (atomic number of 1+, 1- and 2 neutrons (atomic number of
3)3)
Deuterium/Tritium FusionDeuterium/Tritium Fusion
Deuterium: 1 proton/1 neutronDeuterium: 1 proton/1 neutron
+ (nuclei fuse together)+ (nuclei fuse together) Tritium: 1 proton/2 neutronsTritium: 1 proton/2 neutrons
== Helium: 2 protons/2 neutronsHelium: 2 protons/2 neutrons
(heavier) +(heavier) +
1 free neutron + energy1 free neutron + energy
IonsIons
Atoms with more or less electrons Atoms with more or less electrons than they are supposed to havethan they are supposed to have
Formed when atoms gain or lose Formed when atoms gain or lose electrons (bonding and fusion)electrons (bonding and fusion)
Anions: have more than the normal Anions: have more than the normal amount of electrons (negative ions)amount of electrons (negative ions)
Cations: have less than the normal Cations: have less than the normal amount of electrons (positive ions)amount of electrons (positive ions)
Formation of the Earth/Solar Formation of the Earth/Solar SystemSystem
50-100 million years pass50-100 million years pass GravityGravityclumpingclumpingcoolingcoolingformed formed
all the masses in the universeall the masses in the universe Stars begin to form(Our sun—5 Stars begin to form(Our sun—5
billion years ago)billion years ago) Planets (ie. Our solar system)Planets (ie. Our solar system) All still very very very hot!!All still very very very hot!! Too hot for ANYTHING to lastToo hot for ANYTHING to last
Doppler EffectDoppler Effect
Doppler Effect
The Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
Expanding/Contracting Universe Expanding/Contracting Universe TheoryTheoryWhich One?Which One?
Blue Shift of LightBlue Shift of Lightgalaxies moving galaxies moving toward us (contracting universe)toward us (contracting universe)
Faster move toward usFaster move toward usmore blueshiftedmore blueshifted Red Shift of LightRed Shift of Lightgalaxies would be galaxies would be
moving away from us (expanding moving away from us (expanding universe)universe)
Faster move away from usFaster move away from usmore more redshiftedredshifted
Ambulance example (eeee Ambulance example (eeee ummm) ummm)
Hubble ExpansionHubble Expansion
Galaxies in our local group are Galaxies in our local group are moving away from usmoving away from us
ThereforeThereforeRed ShiftingRed Shifting Proves our universe is still expandingProves our universe is still expanding
The Big Crunch and CyclingThe Big Crunch and Cycling
Stuff is still red shifting todayStuff is still red shifting today Eventually gravity will slow junk Eventually gravity will slow junk
downdown Crap will stop and then slowly begin Crap will stop and then slowly begin
to blue shiftto blue shift Blue shifting will speed upBlue shifting will speed up Stuff, junk and crap will then form Stuff, junk and crap will then form
another singularityanother singularity BIG CRUNCH = Another Big BangBIG CRUNCH = Another Big Bang
Origin of the AtmosphereOrigin of the Atmosphere
http://www.env.leeds.ac.uk/envi1280/lecture_notes_carslaw1/sld022.htm
That’s Some Ha-High Quality That’s Some Ha-High Quality H2O!!H2O!!
Water originated in the original formation Water originated in the original formation of the universe (heavy elements bonded of the universe (heavy elements bonded together)and solar systemtogether)and solar system
water on earth also came from comets water on earth also came from comets melting as they enter the atmospheremelting as they enter the atmosphere
Over billions of yearsOver billions of yearsenough melted ice enough melted ice and rain to fill up the crevices in the earthand rain to fill up the crevices in the earth
Oceans, lakes and rivers formedOceans, lakes and rivers formed
Water/Atmosphere RelationshipWater/Atmosphere Relationship
Surface originally too hotSurface originally too hotNo No atmosphere present to reflect heat atmosphere present to reflect heat from sunfrom sun
No atmosphere to hold it near the No atmosphere to hold it near the surfacesurface
Evaporated into space Evaporated into space Molecules escaped faster than Molecules escaped faster than
gravity could hold themgravity could hold them
OK…..Cool!!OK…..Cool!!
Earth cools as time goes on (took a Earth cools as time goes on (took a billion years or so)billion years or so)
Early atmosphere forms (outgassing)Early atmosphere forms (outgassing) Ozone formsOzone forms Traps water from outgassing and Traps water from outgassing and
comet impactscomet impacts Water cycle beginsWater cycle begins
Water CycleWater Cycle
http://tinyurl.com/3qtug
MineralsMinerals
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/rock.html
Carbon Cycle/SinksCarbon Cycle/Sinks
Content/BenchmarksContent/Benchmarks
PME IV.1/3PME IV.1/3 PCM IV.2/3PCM IV.2/3 PWV IV.4/1,3,4PWV IV.4/1,3,4 EAW V.3/1EAW V.3/1 ES V.4/1,2,3,4ES V.4/1,2,3,4