origins (big bang)

29
Origins Origins From The Big Bang to From The Big Bang to Modern Man Modern Man

Upload: ssgadew

Post on 01-Jul-2015

246 views

Category:

Education


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Origins (big bang)

OriginsOrigins

From The Big Bang to Modern From The Big Bang to Modern ManMan

Page 2: Origins (big bang)

Origin of the Cosmos—3 Origin of the Cosmos—3 OptionsOptions

Option 1: Someone made the universe Option 1: Someone made the universe (Big Bang or creationist theory)(Big Bang or creationist theory)

Option 2: The universe made itself Option 2: The universe made itself (Inflationary or evolutionist theory)(Inflationary or evolutionist theory)

Option 3: The universe has always been Option 3: The universe has always been here (Steady State Theory)here (Steady State Theory)

Scientists now know that the cosmos had Scientists now know that the cosmos had a beginning (proton decay and galactic a beginning (proton decay and galactic motion)motion)

Therefore only options 1 and 2 are viableTherefore only options 1 and 2 are viable

Page 3: Origins (big bang)

THE Big Bang/NucleosynthesisTHE Big Bang/Nucleosynthesis 13.7 billion years ago13.7 billion years agoMass of universeMass of universesize of size of

head of a pin (singularity)head of a pin (singularity) Unimaginable release of energy (an expansion Unimaginable release of energy (an expansion

not a traditional explosion)not a traditional explosion)trillions of degreestrillions of degrees Nobody knows how/why it happenedNobody knows how/why it happened Created space and timeCreated space and time Created the 4 main forces: gravity, strong, weak Created the 4 main forces: gravity, strong, weak

and electromagnetic forces.and electromagnetic forces. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces

/funfor.html Electrons, quarks and gluons created (building Electrons, quarks and gluons created (building

blocks for all atoms)blocks for all atoms)

Page 4: Origins (big bang)

Big Bang FlowchartBig Bang Flowchart

Page 5: Origins (big bang)

Sounds a little “Quarky” to me…Sounds a little “Quarky” to me…

Strong Force

http://tinyurl.com/3jjnwhttp://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/quarks.html

Page 6: Origins (big bang)

Wave CharacteristicsWave Characteristics

WavelengthWavelength: distance from the : distance from the beginning of one crest to the beginning of one crest to the beginning of anotherbeginning of another

FrequencyFrequency: number of waves in a : number of waves in a given time period and distancegiven time period and distance

AmplitudeAmplitude: distance from the : distance from the midpoint of a wave to the crest or midpoint of a wave to the crest or troughtrough

Page 7: Origins (big bang)

Electromagnetic Spectrum (EM) Electromagnetic Spectrum (EM) SpectrumSpectrum

Evidence for the Big Bang Theory

http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/waves3.html

Page 8: Origins (big bang)

MicrowavesMicrowaves

http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/micro.html

Page 9: Origins (big bang)

Cosmic Microwave Background Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)(CMB)

Discovered by the Hubble Space Discovered by the Hubble Space TelescopeTelescope

Originally discovered in the 1960’sOriginally discovered in the 1960’s Mapped out in 1990 at BerkleyMapped out in 1990 at Berkley Energy waves (photons) left over Energy waves (photons) left over

from the original Big Bang in the from the original Big Bang in the form of microwavesform of microwaves

Thought to prove the BBTThought to prove the BBT

Page 10: Origins (big bang)

So….What’s The MATTER?So….What’s The MATTER?

Baryonic MatterBaryonic Matter (10% of universe): Matter (10% of universe): Matter composed of protons/neutrons and composed of protons/neutrons and electrons (solid, liquid and gases)electrons (solid, liquid and gases)

Non-BaryonicNon-Baryonic or Dark Matter (90% of or Dark Matter (90% of universe): composed of WIMP (weakly universe): composed of WIMP (weakly interacting massive particles)interacting massive particles)

NeutrinosNeutrinos: elementary particles with none : elementary particles with none or very little mass or very little mass

Page 11: Origins (big bang)

It’s All Elemental My Dear It’s All Elemental My Dear Watson!Watson!

Expanding universe = stuff slowly Expanding universe = stuff slowly cools down (space is cold dude!!)cools down (space is cold dude!!)

NucleusNucleus protons + neutrons protons + neutrons Early space: mostly hydrogen and Early space: mostly hydrogen and

helium atoms (He formed from H)helium atoms (He formed from H)

Page 12: Origins (big bang)

Basic Atomic StructureBasic Atomic Structure

http://tinyurl.com/5zb3r

Page 13: Origins (big bang)

Periodic TablePeriodic Table

http://www.chemicalelements.com/

Page 14: Origins (big bang)

Atomic Number/IsotopesAtomic Number/Isotopes IsotopesIsotopes Hydrogen atomsHydrogen atomssingle proton and a single single proton and a single

electronelectron Isotopes of HydrogenIsotopes of Hydrogensame number of protons same number of protons

and electrons….different number of NEUTRONSand electrons….different number of NEUTRONS ProtiumProtium1+, 1- and O neutrons (atomic number 1+, 1- and O neutrons (atomic number

of 1)of 1) DeuteriumDeuterium1+, 1- and 1 neutron (atomic number 1+, 1- and 1 neutron (atomic number

of 2)of 2) TritiumTritium1+, 1- and 2 neutrons (atomic number of 1+, 1- and 2 neutrons (atomic number of

3)3)

Page 15: Origins (big bang)

Deuterium/Tritium FusionDeuterium/Tritium Fusion

Deuterium: 1 proton/1 neutronDeuterium: 1 proton/1 neutron

+ (nuclei fuse together)+ (nuclei fuse together) Tritium: 1 proton/2 neutronsTritium: 1 proton/2 neutrons

== Helium: 2 protons/2 neutronsHelium: 2 protons/2 neutrons

(heavier) +(heavier) +

1 free neutron + energy1 free neutron + energy

Page 16: Origins (big bang)

IonsIons

Atoms with more or less electrons Atoms with more or less electrons than they are supposed to havethan they are supposed to have

Formed when atoms gain or lose Formed when atoms gain or lose electrons (bonding and fusion)electrons (bonding and fusion)

Anions: have more than the normal Anions: have more than the normal amount of electrons (negative ions)amount of electrons (negative ions)

Cations: have less than the normal Cations: have less than the normal amount of electrons (positive ions)amount of electrons (positive ions)

Page 17: Origins (big bang)

Formation of the Earth/Solar Formation of the Earth/Solar SystemSystem

50-100 million years pass50-100 million years pass GravityGravityclumpingclumpingcoolingcoolingformed formed

all the masses in the universeall the masses in the universe Stars begin to form(Our sun—5 Stars begin to form(Our sun—5

billion years ago)billion years ago) Planets (ie. Our solar system)Planets (ie. Our solar system) All still very very very hot!!All still very very very hot!! Too hot for ANYTHING to lastToo hot for ANYTHING to last

Page 18: Origins (big bang)

Doppler EffectDoppler Effect

Doppler Effect

The Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms

Page 19: Origins (big bang)

Expanding/Contracting Universe Expanding/Contracting Universe TheoryTheoryWhich One?Which One?

Blue Shift of LightBlue Shift of Lightgalaxies moving galaxies moving toward us (contracting universe)toward us (contracting universe)

Faster move toward usFaster move toward usmore blueshiftedmore blueshifted Red Shift of LightRed Shift of Lightgalaxies would be galaxies would be

moving away from us (expanding moving away from us (expanding universe)universe)

Faster move away from usFaster move away from usmore more redshiftedredshifted

Ambulance example (eeee Ambulance example (eeee ummm) ummm)

Page 20: Origins (big bang)

Hubble ExpansionHubble Expansion

Galaxies in our local group are Galaxies in our local group are moving away from usmoving away from us

ThereforeThereforeRed ShiftingRed Shifting Proves our universe is still expandingProves our universe is still expanding

Page 21: Origins (big bang)

The Big Crunch and CyclingThe Big Crunch and Cycling

Stuff is still red shifting todayStuff is still red shifting today Eventually gravity will slow junk Eventually gravity will slow junk

downdown Crap will stop and then slowly begin Crap will stop and then slowly begin

to blue shiftto blue shift Blue shifting will speed upBlue shifting will speed up Stuff, junk and crap will then form Stuff, junk and crap will then form

another singularityanother singularity BIG CRUNCH = Another Big BangBIG CRUNCH = Another Big Bang

Page 22: Origins (big bang)

Origin of the AtmosphereOrigin of the Atmosphere

http://www.env.leeds.ac.uk/envi1280/lecture_notes_carslaw1/sld022.htm

Page 23: Origins (big bang)

That’s Some Ha-High Quality That’s Some Ha-High Quality H2O!!H2O!!

Water originated in the original formation Water originated in the original formation of the universe (heavy elements bonded of the universe (heavy elements bonded together)and solar systemtogether)and solar system

water on earth also came from comets water on earth also came from comets melting as they enter the atmospheremelting as they enter the atmosphere

Over billions of yearsOver billions of yearsenough melted ice enough melted ice and rain to fill up the crevices in the earthand rain to fill up the crevices in the earth

Oceans, lakes and rivers formedOceans, lakes and rivers formed

Page 24: Origins (big bang)

Water/Atmosphere RelationshipWater/Atmosphere Relationship

Surface originally too hotSurface originally too hotNo No atmosphere present to reflect heat atmosphere present to reflect heat from sunfrom sun

No atmosphere to hold it near the No atmosphere to hold it near the surfacesurface

Evaporated into space Evaporated into space Molecules escaped faster than Molecules escaped faster than

gravity could hold themgravity could hold them

Page 25: Origins (big bang)

OK…..Cool!!OK…..Cool!!

Earth cools as time goes on (took a Earth cools as time goes on (took a billion years or so)billion years or so)

Early atmosphere forms (outgassing)Early atmosphere forms (outgassing) Ozone formsOzone forms Traps water from outgassing and Traps water from outgassing and

comet impactscomet impacts Water cycle beginsWater cycle begins

Page 26: Origins (big bang)

Water CycleWater Cycle

http://tinyurl.com/3qtug

Page 27: Origins (big bang)

MineralsMinerals

http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/rock.html

Page 28: Origins (big bang)

Carbon Cycle/SinksCarbon Cycle/Sinks

Page 29: Origins (big bang)

Content/BenchmarksContent/Benchmarks

PME IV.1/3PME IV.1/3 PCM IV.2/3PCM IV.2/3 PWV IV.4/1,3,4PWV IV.4/1,3,4 EAW V.3/1EAW V.3/1 ES V.4/1,2,3,4ES V.4/1,2,3,4