orthographic projection. 2 technical drawing 13 th edition giesecke, mitchell, spencer, hill dygdon,...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Orthographic Projection
![Page 2: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Objectives
• List the six principal views of projection
• Sketch the top, front and right-side views of an object with normal, inclined, and oblique surfaces
![Page 3: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Objectives (cont.)
• Understand which views show depth in a drawing that shows top, front, and right-side views
• Know the meaning of normal, inclined, and oblique surfaces
![Page 4: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Objectives (cont.)
• Know which dimensions transfer between top, front, and right-side views
• Transfer the depth between the top and right-side views
• Label points where surfaces intersect
![Page 5: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Views of Objects
• Drawings are two-dimensional representations of objects that allow you to record sizes and shapes precisely
• To provide a complete and clear description, the views must be systematically arranged
• The system of views is called multiview projection
![Page 6: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
The Six Standard Views
• Any object can be viewed from six mutually perpendicular views
![Page 7: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
The Six Standard Views
• These views are called principal views and are arranged in a standard way
![Page 8: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
The Six Standard Views
• The top, front, and bottom views align vertically
• The rear, left-side, front, and right-side views align horizontally
• To draw a view out of place is a serious error
![Page 9: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Principal Dimensions
• The three principal dimensions of an object are:• Width• Height• Depth
![Page 10: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Principal Dimensions
• Any principal view shows two of the three principal dimensions
• Height is shown in the rear, left-side, front, and right side
• Width is shown in the rear, top, front, and bottom
• Depth is shown in the left-side, top, right-side, and bottom views
![Page 11: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Example
![Page 12: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Projection Method
• Frontal plane – the plane upon which the frontal view is projected
• Horizontal plane – the plane upon which the top view is projected
• Profile plane – the plane upon which the side view is projected
![Page 13: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
The Glass Box
• One way to understand the standard arrangement of views on a sheet of paper is to envision the object in a glass box
• The outside observer would see six standard views of the object through the sides of this imaginary glass box
![Page 14: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
The Glass Box
![Page 15: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Transferring Depth Dimensions• The depth dimensions in the top
and side views must correspond • You may find it convenient to use
dividers, a ruler, or a 45-degree miter line to project dimensions
![Page 16: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Necessary Views
• A sketch or drawing should only contain the views needed to clearly and completely describe the object• Choose the views that have the fewest
hidden lines and show essential contours or shapes most clearly
• Complicated objects may require more than three views
• Some objects only need one or two views
![Page 17: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Necessary Views
![Page 18: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Necessary Views
![Page 19: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Necessary Views
![Page 20: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Orientation of the Front View• The front view should:
• Show a large surface of the part parallel to the front viewing plane
• Show the shape of the object clearly• Show the object in a usual, stable, or
operating positions
![Page 21: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Orientation of the Front View• When possible, a machine part is
drawn in the orientation it occupies in the assembly
• Usually screws, bolts, shafts, tubes, and other elongated parts are drawn in a horizontal position
![Page 22: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Orientation of the Front View
![Page 23: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
First- and Third-Angle Projection• There are two main systems used for
projecting and unfolding the views:• Third-angle projection which is used in the
United States, Canada and some other countries
• First-angle projection which is primarily used in Europe and Asia
• You should understand both methods
![Page 24: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Third-angle Projection
![Page 25: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
First-angle Projection
![Page 26: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Hidden Lines
• An advantage of orthographic views is that each view shows the object all the way through as if it were transparent• Thick dark lines represent visible features• Dashed lines represent features that
would be hidden behind other surfaces• When possible, choose views that show
features with visible lines
![Page 27: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
![Page 28: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Centerlines
• The centerline is used to:• Show the axis of symmetry of a
feature or part• Indicate a path of motion• Show the location for bolt circles or
other circular patterns• The centerline pattern is composed
of three dashes, one long dash on each end with a short dash in the middle
![Page 29: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Centerlines
![Page 30: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Precedence of Lines
• When lines coincide on a drawing the rules of precedence are:• Visible lines always take precedence
over hidden or centerlines• Hidden lines take precedence over
centerlines
![Page 31: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Precedence of Lines
![Page 32: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Visualization
• Even those with experience can’t always look at a multiview sketch and instantly visualize the object represented
• You will learn to interpret lines in a logical way in order to visualize the object as a whole
![Page 33: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Views of Surfaces
• A plane surface that is perpendicular to a plane of projection appears on edge as a straight line
• If a plane is parallel to the plane of projection, it appears true size
• If a plane is angled to the plane of projection, it appears foreshortened
![Page 34: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Views of Surfaces
![Page 35: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Views of Surfaces
• A plane surface always projects either on edge or as a surface in any view• It can appear foreshortened, smaller
than actual size, but it can never appear larger than its true size in any view
![Page 36: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Normal Surfaces
• A normal surface is parallel to a plane of projection
![Page 37: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Inclined Surfaces
• An inclined surface is perpendicular to one plane of projection but inclined to adjacent planes
![Page 38: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Oblique Surfaces
• An oblique surface is tipped to all principal planes of projection and does not appear true size in any standard view
![Page 39: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Edges
• The intersection of two plane surfaces of an object produces an edge which shows as a straight line in a drawing
• If an edge is perpendicular to a plane of projection it appears as a point, otherwise it appears as a line
![Page 40: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Parallel Edges
• When edges are parallel to one another on an object, they will appear as parallel lines in every view unless they align one behind the other
![Page 41: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Angles
• If an angle is in a normal plane, it will show true size on the plane of projection to which it is parallel
• If an angle is in an inclined plane, it may be projected either larger or smaller than the true angle depending on its position
![Page 42: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Angles
![Page 43: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Interpreting Lines
• A straight, visible, or hidden line in a sketch has three possible meanings:• An edge between two surfaces• The edge view of a surface• The limiting element of a curved surface
• Since no shading is used on orthographic views, you must examine all views to determine a line’s meaning
![Page 44: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Interpreting Lines
![Page 45: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Similar Shapes of Surfaces
• If a flat surface is viewed from several different positions, each view will show the same number of sides and vertices and same characteristic shape whenever it appears as a surface• This consistency of shapes is useful in
analyzing views
![Page 46: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Similar Shapes of Surfaces
![Page 47: Orthographic Projection. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f1b5503460f94c300b9/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47Technical Drawing 13th EditionGiesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart
© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
All Rights Reserved.
Interpreting Views
• One method of interpreting sketches is to reverse the mental process used in projecting them
• Each view provides certain definite information about the shape of the object and all are necessary to visualize it completely