orwell political outlaw and novelist ' final version with srb letters

7/28/2019 Orwell Political Outlaw and Novelist ' Final Version With Srb Letters

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SADRAJ

1. BIOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................41.1.Education and early years........................................................................................4

1.2.Indian civil service.....................................................................................................5

1.3.Paris and London......................................................................................................5

1.4.Spanish Civil War.....................................................................................................6

1.5.WWII home war effort and fame............................................................................7

2. ORWELL AS A WRITER................................................................................82.1.Establishment as a writer.........................................................................................8

2.2.First novels................................................................................................................9

2.3.Political commitments and essays...........................................................................9

2.4.First Masterpiece.....................................................................................................10

2.4.1. Animal Farm.....................................................................................................112.5.Crowning achievement...........................................................................................12

2.5.1. 1984....................................................................................................................123. ORWELL HIMSELF ON WRITING............................................................134. SOME OF ORWELLS FAMOUS THOUGHTS .........................................155. GEORGE ORWELL BIBLIOGRAPHYNINE BOOKS...........................166. BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................................................17


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3George Orwells Union card for the National Union of Journalists (1943).


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1. BIOGRAPHY

1.1.Education and Early Years 1903-1912

Eric Arthur Blair was born on 25 June 1903 in Motihari, Bengal (now Bihar) India, into a family

of the lower-upper middle class as he wryly puts it in The Road to Wigan Pier(1933). He was

the son of Ida Mabel ne Limouzin (18751943) and Richard Walmesley Blair (18571938),

who worked as a sub-deputy opium agent for the Indian Civil Service under the British Raj. Eric

rarely saw his father until he had retired in 1912. Erics grandfather had been a wealthy

plantation and slave owner but the fortunes dwindled by the time he was born. He had two

sisters, Marjorie and Avril.

At the age of one Eric and his mother settled in England; his father joined them in 1912. At the

age of five, Blair entered the Anglican parish school of Henley-on-Thames which he attended for

two years before entering the prestigious St. Cyprians school in Sussex. Corporal punishment

was common in the day and possibly a source of his initial resentment towards authority. While

there, Blair wrote his first published work, the poem Awake! Young Men of England; Oh!

Thinkof the War Lords mailedfist that is striking at England today. With pressures to excel,

Eric earned a scholarship to the most costly and snobbish of the English Public Schools Eton

College where he attended between 1917 and 1921, and where Aldous Huxley, author ofBrave

New World(1932) taught him French.

Orwells (Eric Arthur Blairs then) class at St. Cyprians school, Sussex
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1.2. Indian Civil Service 1922-1927

Following in his fathers footsteps, Blair went to Burma (now Myanmar) to join the Indian

Imperial Police, much like authorH. H. Munro or Saki had done in 1893. During the next five

years he grew to love the Burmese and resent the oppression of imperialism and decided to

become a writer instead. Works he wrote influenced by this period of his life are his essay A

Hanging (1931); It is curious, but till that moment I had never realized what it means to

destroy a healthy, conscious man.and Shooting an Elephant (1936); It is a serious matter to

shoot a working elephant it is comparable to destroying a huge and costly piece of

machinery.. His novelBurmese Days was first published in the United States in 1934 and then

London in 1935, also based on his days in service.

1.3. Paris and London 1928-1936

After Orwell resigned, he moved to Paris to try his hand at short stories, writing freelance for

various periodicals though he ended up destroying them because nobody would publish them. He

had to resort to menial jobs including one at the pseudononymous Hotel X that barely provided

him enough to eat as a plongeur; After a bout of pneumonia in 1929 Blair moved back to

England to live in East London and adopted his pseudonym George Orwell, partly to avoid

embarrassing his family.Down and Out in Paris and London, similarly to Emile Zolas The Fat

and the Thin (1873) famously exposes the seedy underbelly of Paris and accounts his days of

living hand to mouth;

N.B. [A]plongeuris one of the slaves of the modern world. Not that there is any need to whine over him, for he is better off

than many manual workers, but still, he is no freer than if he were bought and sold. His work is servile and without art; he is paid

just enough to keep him alive; his only holiday is the sack... trapped by a routine which makes thought impossible. Ifplongeurs

thought at all, they would long ago have formed a union and gone on strike for better treatment. But they do not think, because

they have no leisure for it; their life has made slaves of them. Down and Out in Paris and London (1933)
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At present I do not feel that I have seen more than the fringe of poverty. Still I can point to one

or two things I have definitely learned by being hard up. I shall never again think that all tramps

are drunken scoundrels, nor expect a beggar to be grateful when I give him a penny, nor be

surprised if men out of work lack energy, nor subscribe to the Salvation Army, nor pawn my

clothes, nor refuse a handbill, nor enjoy a meal at a smart restaurant. That is a beginning.

A proponent for socialism, Blair now wanted to write for the common man and purposefully

lived as a tramp in London and the Home Counties and stayed with miners in the north. Blair

learned of the disparity between the classes and came to know a life of poverty and hardship

amongst beggars and thieves. His study of the under-classes in general would provide the theme

for many of his works to follow. We read of his urban rides and experience with the

unemployed in The Road to Wigan Pier(1937), written for the Left Book Club.

In 1932 Blair was a teacher for a time before moving to Hampstead, London to work in a

bookstore. In the sardonically comical Keep The Aspidistra Flying (1936) Gordon Comstock

spurns the Money God, materialism, and status, though that which he hates becomes an

obsession. Comstocks political creed soon proves a cover-up for deep seated emotional issues;

In 1936 Blair and once student of J.R.R. Tolkien student Eileen O'Shaughnessy (1905-1945)

married. In 1944 they would adopt a son, Richard Horatio. Based on his teaching days, A

Clergymans Daughterwas published in 1935.

1.4. Spanish Civil War

When civil war broke out, Blair and his wife both wanted to fight for the Spanish government

against Francisco Francos Nationalist uprising. While on the front at Huesca in Aragon Blair

was shot in the throat by a Fascist sniper. In Barcelona he joined the anti-Stalinist Spanish

Trotskyist Partido Obrero de Unificacin Marxista or POUM, the Workers Party of Marxist

Unification. When the communists partly gained control and tried to purge the POUM, many of

Blair's friends were arrested, shot, or disappeared. He and Eileen barely escaped with their lives

in 1937. His autobiographical Homage to Catalonia is written in the first person, mere months

after the events.


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1.5. WW II, the Home War Effort, and Fame 1939-1950

Back in England, Blair set to freelance writing again for such publications as New English

Weekly, The Tribune and New Statesman. His essay subjects include fellow authors Charles

Dickens, William Butler Yeats, Arthur Koestler, and P.G. Wodehouse. Essay titles include

Inside the Whale (1940), The Lion and The Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius

(1941), Notes on Nationalism (1945), How the Poor Die (1946), and Reflections on

Gandhi (1949). Coming Up For Airwas published in 1939. Blair joined the Home Guards and

also worked in broadcasting with the BBC in propaganda efforts to garner support from Indians

and East Asians. He was also literary editor for the left wing The Tribune, writing his column

As I Please until 1945, the same year he became a war correspondent forThe Observer. Eileen

OShaughnessy died on 29 March 1945 while undergoing surgery in Newcastle upon Tyne.

In 1946 Blair lived for a year at Barnhill on the Isle of Jura. For years he had been developing his

favourite novel that would cinch his literary legacy, Animal Farm (1944). On my return from

Spain I thought of exposing the Soviet myth in a story that cou ld be easily understood.

Publishers did not want to touch his anti-Stalinist allegory while war was still raging so it was

held for publishing until after the war had ended. From Chapter One ofAnimal Farm;

Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger

and overwork is abolished for ever. Man is the only creature that consumes without producing.

He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast

enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to

them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself.

Back in England, in 1949 Blair was admitted to the Cotswolds Sanatorium, Gloucestershire for

tuberculosis, the same year he married Sonia Bronwell (1918-1980). Eric Arthur Blair died

suddenly in London on 21 January 1950 at the age of forty-six, succumbing to the tuberculosis

that had plagued him for the last three years of his life. He lies buried in the All Saints

Churchyard in Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire, England.
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2. ORWEL AS A WRITER

George Orwells life and works have been the source of inspiration for many other authors

works. Keep The Aspidistra Flying, Animal Farm, and Nineteen Eighty-Four have inspired

numerous television and film adaptations. He has also contributed numerous concepts, words,

and phrases to present day language includingNewspeak; doublethinkthe power of holding two

contradictory beliefs in ones mindsimultaneously, and accepting both of them; thoughtcrime;

four legs good, two legs bad; all animals are created equal, but some animals are more equal

than others;He who controls the past controls the future. He who controls the present controls

the past; and War is peace, freedom is slavery, ignorance is strength . Among the ranks of other

such acclaimed literary giants as Jonathan Swift and Aldous Huxley, George Orwell is a master

of wit and satire, critically observing the politics of his time and prophetically envisioning the

future. He devoted much of his life to various causes critical of capitalism, imperialism, fascism,

and Stalinism, but in the end what he most wanted to do is to make political writing into an

art.

Liberty is telling people what they do not want to hear.from a preface toAnimal Farm

2.1 Establishment as a writer

In the first 6 months after his decision, Orwell went on what he thought of as an expedition to the

East End of London to become acquainted with the poor people of England. As a base, he rented

a room in Notting Hill. In the spring he rented a room in a working-class district of Paris. It

seems clear that his main objective was to establish himself as a writer, and the

choice of Paris was characteristic of the period. Orwell wrote two novels, both lost, during his

stay in Paris, and he published a few articles in French and English. After stints as a kitchen
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porter and dishwasher and a bout with pneumonia, he returned to England toward

the end of 1929.

Orwell used his parents' home in Suffolk as a base, still attempting to establish himself as a

writer. He earned his living by teaching and by writing occasional articles, while

he completed several versions of his first book, Down and Out in London and Paris. This novel

recorded his experiences in the East End and in Paris, and as he was earning his living as a

teacher when it was scheduled for publication, he preferred to publish it under a pseudonym.

From a list of four possible names submitted to his publisher, he chose " George

Orwell." The Orwell is a Suffolk river.

2.2. First Novels

Orwell'sDown and Outwas issued in 1933. During the next three years he supported himself by

teaching, reviewing, and clerking in a bookshop and began spending longer periods away from

his parents' Suffolk home. In 1934 he published Burmese Days. The plot of this novel concerns

personal intrigue among an isolated group of Europeans in an Eastern station. Two more novels

followed:A Clergyman's Daughter(1935) andKeep the Aspidistra Flying(1936).

In the spring of 1936 Orwell moved to Wallington, Hertfordshire, and several months later

married Eileen O'Shaughnessy, a teacher and journalist. His reputation up to this time, as

writer and journalist, was based mainly on his accounts of poverty and hard times.

His next book was a commission in this direction. The Left Book Club authorized him to write

an inquiry into the life of the poor and unemployed. The Road to Wigan Pier(1937) was divided

into two parts. The first was typical reporting, but the second part was an essay on class and

socialism. It marked Orwell's birth as a political writer, an identity that lasted for

the rest of his life.


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2.3. Political Commitments and Essays

In July 1936 the Spanish Civil War broke out. By the end of that autumn, Orwell was readying

himself to go to Spain to gather material for articles and perhaps to take part in the war. After his

arrival in Barcelona, he joined the militia of the POUM (Partido Obrero de Unificacion

Marxista) and served with them in action in January 1937. Transferring to the British

Independent Labour party contingent serving with the POUM militia, Orwell was promoted first

to corporal and then to lieutenant before being wounded in the middle of May. During his

convalescence, the POUM was declared illegal, and he fled into France in June. His experiences

in Spain had made him into a revolutionary socialist.

After his return to England, Orwell began writing Homage to Catalonia (1938),

which completed his disengagement from the orthodox left. He then wished to return to India to

write a book, but he became ill with tuberculosis. He entered a sanatorium where he remained

until late in the summer of 1938. Orwell spent the following winter in Morocco, where he wrote

Coming Up for Air(1939). After he returned to England, Orwell authored several

of his best-known essays. These include the essays on Dickens and on boys' weeklies and "Inside

the Whale."

After World War II began, Orwell believed that "now we are in this bloody war we have got to

win it and I would like to lend a hand." The army, however, rejected him as physically unfit, but

later he served for a period in the home guard and as a fire watcher. The Orwells moved to

London in May 1940. In early 1941 he commenced writing "London Letters" forPartisan

Review, and in August he joined the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) as a producer in

the Indian section. He remained in this position until 1943.

2.4. First Masterpiece


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The year 1943 was an important one in Orwell's life for several reasons. His mother died in

March; he left the BBC to become literary editor of the Tribune; and he began book reviewing

on a more regular basis. But the most important event occurred late that year, when he

commenced the writing of Animal Farm. Orwell had completed this satire byFebruary 1944, but several publishers rejected it on political grounds. It finally appeared in

August 1945. This fantasy relates what happens to animals that free themselves and then are

again enslaved through violence and fraud.

Toward the end of World War II, Orwell traveled to France, Germany, and

Austria as a reporter. His wife died in March 1945. The next year he settled on Jura off the coast

of Scotland, with his youngest sister as his housekeeper.

2.4.1. ANIMAL FARM

The first of Orwell's great cries of despair was Animal Farm, his satirical beast fable, often

heralded as his lightest, gayest work. Though it resembles the Russian Revolution and the rise of

Stalin, it is more meaningfully an anatomy of all political revolutions, where the revolutionary

ideals of justice, equality, and fraternity shatter in the event. Orwell paints a grim picture of the

political 20th century, a time he believed marked the end of the very concept of human freedom.

It is constructed on a circular basis to illustrate the futility of the revolution. The novel is a series

of dramatic repudiations of the Seven Commandments, and a return to the tyranny and

irresponsibility of the beginning. The only change will be in the identity of the masters, and

ironically, that will be only partially changed.

Animal Farm is the story of a revolution gone sour. Animalism, Communism, and Fascism are

all illusions which are used by the pigs as a means of satisfying their greed and lust for power.

As Lord Acton wrote: "Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely." So long as

the animals cannot remember the past, because it is being continually altered, they will have no

control over the present and hence over the future.


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One of many illustrations from the book for the proclamation which will later become synonymous with the idea of socialism.

2.5. Crowning Achievement

By now, Orwell's health was steadily deteriorating. Renewed tuberculosis early in 1947 did not

prevent the composition of the first draft of his masterpiece, Nineteen Eighty-four. The second

draft was written in 1948 during several attacks of the disease. By the end of 1948 Orwell was

seriously ill.Nineteen Eighty-four(1949) is an elaborate satire on modern politics, prophesying a

world perpetually laid waste by warring dictators.

Orwell entered a London hospital in September 1949 and the next month married Sonia

Brownell. He died in London on Jan. 21, 1950.

Orwell's singleness of purpose in pursuit of his material and the uncompromising honesty that

defined him both as a man and as a writer made him critical of intellectuals whose

political viewpoints struck him as dilettante. Thus, though a writer of the left, he

wrote the most savage criticism of his generation against left-wing authors, and his strong stand

against communism resulted from his experience of its methods gained as a fighter in the

Spanish Civil War


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2.5.1. NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR

1984 is possibly the definitive dystopian novel, set in a world beyond our imagining. A world

where totalitarianism really is total, all power split into three roughly equal groups--Eastasia,

Eurasia, and Oceania. 1984 is set in Oceania, which includes the United Kingdom, where the

story is set, known as Airstrip One.

Winston Smith is a middle-aged, unhealthy character, based loosely on Orwell's own frail body,

an underling of the ruling oligarchy, The Party. The Party has taken early 20th century

totalitarianism to new depths, with each person subjected to 24 hour surveillance, where people's

very thoughts are controlled to ensure purity of the oligarchical system in place. Figurehead of

the system is the omnipresent and omnipotent Big Brother.

But Winston believes there is another way.

1984 joins Winston as he sets about another day, where his job is to change history by changing

old newspaper records to match with the new truth as decided by the Party.

"He who controls the past, controls the future" is a Party slogan to live by and it gives Winston

his job, but Winston cannot see it like that. Barely old enough to recall a time when things were

different, he sets out to expose the Party for the cynically fraudulent organisation that it is. He is

joined by Julia, a beautiful young woman much in contrast with Winston physically, but equally

sickened by the excesses of her rulers.

You will meet many recognisable characters, themes, and words which have become part of our

everyday life as you read 1984. Written in Orwell's inimitable journalistic style, 1984 is a tribute


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to a man who saw the true dangers of historian Lord Acton's (1834-1902) statement: "Power

corrupts; absolute power corrupts absolutely."

3. ORWELL HIMSELF ON WRITING AND WRITERS

* "For a creative writer possession of the "truth" is less important than

emotional sincerity." George Orwell on Writers

I do not think one can assess a writer's motives without knowing something of his early

development. His subject matter will be determined by the age he lives in -- at least this is true in

tumultuous, revolutionary ages like our own -- but before he ever begins to write he will have

acquired an emotional attitude from which he will never completely escape. It is his job, no

doubt, to discipline his temperament and avoid getting stuck at some immature stage, in some

perverse mood; but if he escapes from his early influences altogether, he will have killed his

impulse to write. Putting aside the need to earn a living, I think there are four great motives for

writing, at any rate for writing prose. They exist in different degrees in every writer, and in any

one writer the proportions will vary from time to time, according to the atmosphere in which he

is living. They are:

1. Sheer egoism. Desire to seem clever, to be talked about, to be remembered after death, toget your own back on the grown-ups who snubbed you in childhood, etc., etc....... Serious

writers, I should say, are on the whole more vain and self-centered than journalists,

though less interested in money.

2. Aesthetic enthusiasm. Perception of beauty in the external world, or, on the other hand,in words and their right arrangement. ............... Above the level of a railway guide, no

book is quite free from aesthetic considerations.

3. Historical impulse. Desire to see things as they are, to find out true facts and store themup for the use of posterity.

4. Political purpose -- using the word "political" in the widest possible sense. Desire topush the world in a certain direction, to alter other peoples' idea of the kind of society that


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they should strive after. Once again, no book is genuinely free from political bias. The

opinion that art should have nothing to do with politics is itself a political attitude.

It can be seen how these various impulses must war against one another and how they must

fluctuate from person to person and from time to time.

What I have most wanted to do throughout the past ten years is to make political writing into an

art. My starting point is always a feeling of partisanship, a sense of injustice. When I sit down to

write a book, I do not say to myself, "I am going to produce a work of art." I write it because

there is some lie that I want to expose, some fact to which I want to draw attention, and my

initial concern is to get a hearing. But I could not do the work of writing a book, or even a long

magazine article, if it were not also an aesthetic experience. Anyone who cares to examine my

work will see that even when it is downright propaganda it contains much that a full-time

politician would consider irrelevant. I am not able, and do not want, completely to abandon the

world view that I acquired in childhood. So long as I remain alive and well I shall continue to

feel strongly about prose style, to love the surface of the earth, and to take a pleasure in solid

objects and scraps of useless information. It is no use trying to suppress that side of myself. The

job is to reconcile my ingrained likes and dislikes with the essentially public, non-individual

activities that this age forces on all of us.

George Orwell embodied the English qualities of independent thought, clarity of expression and

intolerance of cant. As an observer of social deprivation and a rebel against Edwardian

conformity, he was admired by the political left. At the same time, he wrote the definitive satire

on Stalinism and one of the greatest of all novels about totalitarianism.

He was a passionate Europhile but also an eloquent eulogist of England - John Major's vision of

warm beer, cricket on the village green and a redoubtable maiden aunt bicycling to morning

communion through the mist was borrowed from Orwell.

Eric Blair died in London. The choice of Sutton Courtenay as burial place was somewhat

arbitrary. He wanted to be buried in a country churchyard though he was certainly not a religious

man in the conventional sense.

Orwell's grave lies between that of Herbert Asquith and a family of local gypsies: an Edwardian

liberal grandee on one side, travellers and hop-pickers on the other. There could be no better

resting-place.


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4 SOME OF ORWELLS FAMOUS THOUGHTS

And let the last word come from the man himself, known to have loved English cookery and

beer, French red wine, Spanish white wine, Indian tea, strong tobacco, coal fire and candlelight,

and comfortable chairs, while disliking big towns and noise, motorcar, radio, tinned food, central

heating and what was then known to be modern furniture, in particular uncomfortable chairs.

There are no recordings of his voice, although he left us that invaluable vast collection of his

views and criticisms of the society we now live in. Here are some of his thoughts:

* Who controls the past controls the future. Who controls the present controls the

past." George Orwell on Control

* "On the whole human beings want to be good, but not too good and not quite all the

time." George Orwell on Goodness

* "Each generation imagines itself to be more intelligent than the one that went before it

and wiser than the one that comes after it." George Orwell on History

* "Most people get a fair amount of fun out of their lives, but on balance life is suffering,

and only the very sound or the very foolish imagine otherwise."George Orwell on Life

* "Minds are like parachutes-- they only function when open.- George Orwell

* "Doublethink" means the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one's mind

simultaneously, and accepting both of them.George Orwell

* The eye sees only what the mind is prepared to comprehend.George Orwell

* "Serious sport has nothing to do with fair play. It is bound up with hatred, jealousy,

boastfulness, disregard of all rules and sadistic pleasure in witnessing violence. In other

words, it is war minus the shooting." George Orwell on Sports

5. GEORGE ORWELL BIBLIOGRAPHYNINE BOOKS

a. Down and Out in Paris and London//Victor Golancz Ltd./ GB, London/January9, 1933


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b. Burmese Days// Harper and Brothers/ USA, New York/ October 25, 1934c. A Clergymans Daughter// victor Golancz Ltd./ GB, London/ March 11, 1935d. Keep the Aspidistra Flying// Victor Golancz Ltd./ GB, London/ April 20, 1936e. The Road to Wigan Pier// Victor Golancz Ltd./ GB, London/ March 8, 1937f. Homage to Catalonia// Victor Golancz Ltd./ GB, London/ April 25, 1938g. Coming Up for Air// Victor Golancz Ltd./ GB, London/ June 12, 1939h. Animal Farm// Secker and Warburg/ GB, London/ May 1945i. Nineteen Eighty-Four// Secker and Warburg/ GB, London/ June 8, 1949

Some Orwells bibliographies would list those books as Novels, Fiction and non-

fiction books etc. But The Complete Works of George Orwell edited by Peter

Davison, published by Secker and Warburg in 1998, called it simple Orwells NineBooks orBig Nine.

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abrahams&Stansky, 1972 Stansky Peter & William Abrahams The

Unknown Orwell// 1972/Granada

Publishing Ltd.

Abrahams&Stansky, 1980 Peter Stansky & William Abrahams Orwell:

The transformation/// 1980 Knopf, NY/

Agathocleus, 2000 Tanya Agathocleous George Orwell:

Battling Big Brother// / 2000/ Finlay

Publisher

Bowker,2003

.

Bowker Gordon Inside George Orwell// /

2003/FinlayPublisher

Crick,1980

.

Bernard Crick George Orwell: A Life// /

1980/ Bernard Crick Publishing


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Crick, 1980 Bernard Crick Unwelcome Guerrilla // An

Anthology/ / 1980/ Bernard Crick

Publishing

Meyer,2001 Jeffrey Meyer Orwell: Wintry Conscience

of a Generation// / 2001/ Secker & Warburg

Ltd

Shelden, 1991 Michael Shelden Orwell: The Authorized

Biography// / 1991/ Harper Collins, NY

West, 1992 West W.J. The Larger Evils, Nineteen

Eighty-Four, The Truth Behind the Satire//

/ 1992/ Harper Collins, NY

West, 1985 West W.J. Orwell: The Lost Writings// /

1985/ Stanford University Press

No one can look back

on his schooldays and

say with truth


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that they were

altogether unhappy.

George Orwell on Schooldays

Hopefully I will be able to say the same one day!!!!!!!!!!!!

orwell political outlaw and novelist ' final version with srb letters

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