os requirements and features

8/7/2019 Os requirements and features

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LicenseWindows 7 system requirements

If you want to run Windows 7 on your PC, here's what it takes:

y 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor

y 1 gigabyte (GB) RAM (32-bit) or 2 GB RAM (64-bit)

y 16 GB available hard disk space (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit)

y DirectX 9 graphics device with W DDM 1. 0 or higher driver

A dditional requirements to use certain features:

y Inter net access (fees may apply)

y Depe nding on resolutio n, video playback may require additio nal memory a nd adva nced graphicshardware

y Some games a nd programs might require a graphics card compatible with DirectX 10 or higher foroptimal performa nce

y For some Wi ndows Media Ce n ter fu nctio nality a TV tuner a nd additio nal hardware may be required

y Windows Touch a nd Tablet PCs require specific hardware

y HomeGroup requires a network a nd PCs ru nn ing Windows 7

y DVD/ CD authori ng requires a compatible optical drive

y BitLocker requires Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 1.2

y BitLocker To Go requires a U SB flash drive

y Windows XP Mode requires a n additio nal 1 GB of RAM and an additio nal 15 GB of available harddisk space .

y Music a nd sou nd require audio output


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Key features

Product fu nctio nality a nd graphics may vary based o n your system co nfiguratio n. Somefeatures may require adva nced or additio nal hardware .

PCs with multi-core processors :Windows 7 was desig ned to work with today's multi-core processors . All 32-bit versio nsof Windows 7 ca n support up to 32 processor cores , while 64-bit versio ns can supportup to 2 56 processor cores .

PCs with multiple processors (CPUs) :Commercial servers , workstatio ns, and other high-e nd PCs may have more tha n onephysical processor . Windows 7 Professio nal, En terprise , and Ultimate allow for twophysical processors , providi ng the best performa n ce o n thesecomputers . Windows 7 S tarter , Home Basic , and Home Premium will recog n ize o n ly onephysical processor .

HomeGroupTakes the headache out of shari ng files a nd pri n ters o n ahome network .

Jump ListsSpeedy access to yourfavorite pictures , so ngs, websites , and docume n ts .

SnapA quick (and fun! ) new way toresize a nd compare wi ndowson your desktop .

Windows Live Esse n tialsA suite of great programs i n one free dow n load . Mail, Movie Maker , Photo Gallery , and more .

Windows SearchF ind virtually a nything on your PC , insta n tly.

Windows TaskbarBetter thumb nail previews , easier-to-see ico ns, an d moreways to customize .


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Full 64-bit supportWindows 7 makes the most of powerful 64-bit PCs , the newdesktop sta ndard .

More perso nalRedecorate your desktopwith fu n new themes , slideshows , or ha ndy gadgets .

Performa nce improveme n tsDesig ned to sleep a nd resumequicker , be less memoryhungry, an d spot U SB devicesfaster .

Windows 7 makes new thi ngs possible

Play ToPlay your media o n other PCs , stereos , or TVs arou nd the

house .

Remote Media S treami ngEnjoy music a nd video o n your home PC eve n whe n

you're n ot at home .

Windows TouchPair Windows 7 with atouchscree n and you wo n 't

always need a keyboard ormouse .


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O ther capabilities

Browse A to Z

64-bit support

Accessibility

Action Cen ter

Aero

Audio a nd video

Backup a nd Restore

BitLocker

Calculator

Desktop

Device ma nageme n t

DirectX 11

Email

Gadgets

Games Explorer

Getti ng S tarted

HomeGroup

Inter net Explorer

Inter net TV

Jump Lists

Language packs

Libraries

Locatio n -aware pri n ting

Multiplayer games

Networki ng

Pain t

Pare n tal Con trols

Peek

Performa nceimproveme n ts

Play To

Power ma nageme n t

ReadyBoost

Remote DesktopConn ectio n

Remote Media S treami ng

Shake

Snap

Sn ipping Tool

S tartup Repair

S ticky Notes

System Restore

Tablet PC

User Accou n t Con trol

Windows A nytimeUpgrade

Windows Co nn ect Now

Windows Defe nder

Windows Easy Tra nsfer

Windows Experie nceIndex

Windows Fax and S can

Windows F irewall

Windows Live Esse n tials

Windows Live MovieMaker

Windows Live PhotoGallery

Windows Media Ce n ter

Windows Media Player 12

Windows Mobility Ce n ter

Windows Search

Windows Taskbar

Windows Touch

Windows Troubleshooti ng

Windows Update

Windows XP Mode

WordPad

XPS

Browse categories

Communications Email

HomeGroup

Inter net Explorer

Networki ng

Windows Co nn ect Now


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Entertainment

DirectX 11

Gadgets

Games Explorer

Inter net TV

Multiplayer games

Play To

Remote Media S treami ng

Windows Live MovieMaker

Windows Live PhotoGallery

Windows Media Ce n ter

Windows Media Player 12

Performance

64-bit support

Action Cen ter

Audio a nd video

Performa nce

improveme n tsPower ma nageme n t

ReadyBoost

S tartup Repair

System Restore

Windows A nytimeUpgrade

Windows Easy Tra nsfer

Windows Experie nceIndex

Windows Troubleshooti ng

Windows Update

Productivity

Accessibility

Aero

Calculator

Desktop

Device ma nageme n t

Getti ng S tarted

Jump Lists

Language packs

Libraries

Locatio n-aware pri n ting

Pain t

Peek

Remote DesktopConn ectio n

Shake

Snap

Sn ipping Tool

S ticky Notes

Tablet PC

Windows Fax and S can

Windows Live Esse n tials

Windows Mobility Ce n ter

Windows Search

Windows Taskbar

Windows Touch

Windows XP Mode

WordPad

XPS

Safety & Security

Backup a nd Restore

BitLocker

Pare n tal Con trols

User Accou n t Con trolWindows Defe nder

Windows F irewall


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Commands in Windows 7

The comma nd prompt that has bee n in previous versio ns of Windows is still with us a n d

is not much cha nged fro n Win dows Vista . The comma nd line remai ns a powerful a n d

much used feature by system admi n istrators everywhere . Thus , the old comma nd

in terpreter cmd.exe has bee n con tinued although i n a slightly newer versio n. Several

comma nds are now in the sta ndard list that were formerly available o n ly on servers .

New comma ndsare i ndicated with a n asterisk i n the list below . Note that some

comma nds may require admi n istrator privileges . A number of comma nds involving

specialized system or network admi n istratio n have bee n omitted .

The comma nds give n below remai n in wide use but Microsoft has shifted its corporate

emphasis to a new comma nd shell called Powershell that is described o n another page . This new comma nd shell is i ncluded with Wi ndows 7 .

ASSO C Displays or modifies file exte nsion associatio ns.

ATTRIB Displays or cha nges file attributes .

BREAKSets or clears exte nded CTRL+C checking.

BCDBOO T* Used to copy critical files to the system partitio n an d to create a new system

BCD store .

BCDEDIT Sets properties i n boot database to co n trol boot loadi ng.

CACLS Displays or modifies access co n trol lists (ACLs) of files . CALL Calls one batch program from a nother .

CD Displays the name of or cha nges the curre n t directory .

CHCPDisplays or sets the active code page number .

CHDIR Displays the name of or cha nges the curre n t directory .

CHKDSK Checks a disk a nd displays a status report .

CHKNTFS Displays or modifies the checki ng of disk at boot time .

CHO ICE Batch file comma n d that allows users to select from a set of optio ns.

CIPHERDisplays or alters the e ncryptio n of directories [files] o n NTFS partitio ns.

CLIP Redirects output of a n other comma nd to the Wi ndows clipboard .

CLS Clears the scree n.

CMD S tarts a new insta nce of the Wi ndows comma nd in terpreter .

CMDKEY Creates, lists a nd deletes stored user names a nd passwords or crede n tials .

CO LO R Sets the default co nsole foregrou nd a nd backgrou nd colors .

CO MP Compares the co n te n ts of two files or sets of files byte-by-byte


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CO MPACTDisplays or alters the compressio n of files o n NTFS partitio ns.

CO NVERT Converts FAT volumes to NT FS . You ca nn ot co nvert the curre n t drive .

CO PY Copies one or more files to a nother locatio n . DATEDisplays or sets the date .

DEFRAGDisk defragme n ter accessory . DELDeletes o ne or more files . DIR Displays a list of files a nd subdirectories i n a directory . DISKCO MP Compares the co n te n ts of two floppy disks . DISKCO PY Copies the co n te n ts of o ne floppy disk to a nother . DISKPARTDisplays or co nfigures Disk Partitio n properties . A separte comma nd

in terpreter with a sub-set of comma nds . DOS KEY Edits command lines , recalls Wi ndows comma nds , and creates macros . DRIVERQUERYDisplays curre n t device driver status a nd properties .

ECHO Displays messages , or tur ns comma nd echoi ng on or off .

ENDLO CAL Ends localizatio n of e nvironme n t cha n ges in a batch file .

ERASE Deletes o ne or more files .

EXIT Quits a nd closes the comma nd shell .

EXPAND Expands o ne or more compressed files . FC Compares two files or sets of files , and displays the differe nces betwee n them . F IND Searches for a text stri ng in a file or files . F INDSTRSearches for stri ngs in files . FO R Runs a specified comma n d for each item i n a set . FO RF ILES Selects files i n a folder for batch processi ng. FO RMAT Formats a disk for use with Wi n dows . FS UTILDisplays or co nfigures the file system properties . FTYPEDisplays or modifies file types used i n file exte nsion associatio ns.

GO TO Directs the Wi ndows comma nd in terpreter to a labeled li ne in a batch program .

GPRESULTDisplays Group Policy i nformatio n for machi ne or user .

GRAFTABL Enables Wi ndows to display a n exte nded character set i n graphics mode .

HELP Provides Help informatio n for Wi ndows comma nds .

ICACLS Display , modify , backup , or restore ACLs for files a nd directories (more here) .

IF Performs co nditio nal processi ng in batch programs .

IPCO NF IG Displays all curre n t TCP/ IP network co nfiguratio n values

LABEL Creates, cha nges , or deletes the volume label of a disk .

MD Creates a directory .

MKDIR Creates a directory .


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MKLINK Creates Symbolic Links and Hard Links

MO DE Configures a system device .

MO REDisplays output o ne scree n at a time .

MO VE Moves one or more files from o ne directory to a nother directory .

O PENF ILES Queries , displays , or disco nn ects ope n files or files ope ned by network users . PATH Displays or sets a search path for executable files .

PAUSE Suspe nds processi ng of a batch file a nd displays a message .

PO PD Restores the previous value of the curre n t directory saved by PU SHD.

PRINT Prin ts a text file .

PRO MPT Changes the Wi ndows comma nd prompt .

PUSHD Saves the curre n t directory the n cha nges it .

RD Removes a directory .

RECO VER Recovers readable i nformatio n from a bad or defective disk .

REMDesignates comme n ts (remarks) i n batch files

REN Renames a file or files .

RENAME Renames a file or files .

REPLACE Replaces files.

RMDIR Removes a directory .

RO BO CO PY Advanced utility to copy files a nd directory treesSETDisplays , sets , or removes e nvironme n t variables for curre n t sessio n. SETLO CAL Begins localizatio n of e nvironme n t cha nges in a batch file . SETXSets e nvironme n t variables . SC Displays or co nfigures services (backgrou n d processes) . SCHTASKS Schedules comma nds a nd programs to ru n on a computer . SHIFT Shifts the positio n of replaceable parameters i n batch files . SHUTDO WN Allows proper local or remote shutdow n of machi ne . SO RT Sorts i nput . STARTS tarts a separate wi n dow to ru n a specified program or comma nd. SUBST Associates a path with a drive letter . SYSTEMINFO Displays machi ne specific properties a nd co nfiguratio n.

TAKEO WN Allows an admi n istrator to take ow nership of a file (more here) .

TASKLIST Displays all curre n tly ru nn ing tasks i ncluding services .

TASKKILL Kill or stop a runn ing process or applicatio n.

TIME Displays or sets the system time .

TIMEO UT Pauses the comma nd processor for the specified number of seco nds .More

here .


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TITLESets the wi ndow title for a CM D.EXE session.

TREE Graphically displays the directory structure of a drive or path .

TYPEDisplays the co n te n ts of a text file .

VERDisplays the Wi ndows versio n.

VERIFY Tells Win dows whether to verify that your files are writte n correctly to a disk . VO LDisplays a disk volume label a nd serial number .

VSS ADMIN Volume S hadow Copy Service admi n istratio n tool

WHEREDisplays the locatio n of files that match a search patter n.

XCO PY Copies files and directory trees . WMIC Displays WM I informatio n inside i n teractive comma nd shell .


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O pen source

Ubuntu System requirements

The desktop versio n of Ubu n tu curre n tly supports the x86 32 bit a nd 64

bit architectures . Unofficial support is available for the PowerPC ,[31] IA-64

(Ita n ium) a nd Play S tatio n 3architectures ( n ote however that Sony officially removed

support for O ther OS on the P S 3 with firmware 3 .21, released o n 1 April 2010), as well as

ARM mobile processors (see HTC H D2).[32] A supported GPU is required to

enable desktop visual effects .

Current Minimum Requirements[33][34][3 5]

Server Desktop

Processor (x 8 6 ) with the i 6 8 6 instruction set [36] 300 MHz 1 GHz

Memory 128 MB 51 2 MB

Hard Drive (free space) 1 GB 5 GB

Monitor Resolution 640480 1024768

Key featues

Ubun tu 10.1 0, aka Maverick Meerkat , has bee n officially released a nd while we pausefor a mome n t to thi nk of the poor servers a nd mirrors getti ng hammered - as a if amillion Ubun tu users cried out (i n tears of joy) before bei ng silenced (to the humdrum of dow n load waiti ng) - you might be wo nderi ng what's new .

Here's a quick summary:

SpeedCanon ical claims a more streamli ned boot process (yes , improvi ng on the alreadysuperfast Lucid boot speed) a nd , of course , a sparky new ker nel based o n 2.6.35 andbringing with it improved hardware support .


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StyleThere's new themes , icons, and default wallpaper as expected , but there's also thein troductio n of a new system fo n t collectio n desig ned specifically for Ubu n tu , called theThe Ubu n tu Fon t Family , that's easy to read a nd easy o n the eyes . It's certai n ly clean, and remi n iscen t of the Ubu n tu logo fo n t in troduced i n 10.04 . F or the netbook editio n, a

new in terface desig n called U n ity aims to make usi ng netbooks simpler a nd more stylish , too .

FeaturesThe Software Ce n ter gets new sectio ns for Features a nd What's New (to nes of App S toreperhaps?) , an improved look that's more pleasa n t to browse , a new package i nstallatio n history which is defi n itely welcome , and a n in teresti ng new tre nd: the ability topurchase commercial software . A test package is available , 'Ricks Wallpapers' whichusers ca n buy for $ 1. Proceeds are re-i nvested i n to Ubu n tu developme n t .

A pplicationsThere's nothi ng we love more tha n the latest versio n of , well , anything. Meerkat comeswith G nome 2 .32 , O pe nO ffice 3 .2.1 , Transmissio n 2.04 , and the latest F irefox 3 .6.1 0amo ng other updates . The photo-ma nager F -Spot is go ne now , replaced by Shotwell . Photos ca n be directly published to Facebook , F lickr and others , an d collectio ns madewith F -Spot ca n be imported .

CloudCanon ical is pushi ng cloud computi ng hard with both the Desktop a nd Server editio ns of Ubun tu . For the desktop the free 2GB o n line storage o n Ubun tu O ne for all Ubu n tuusers has bee n suppleme n ted by a new , cheaper , pricing structure (upgrade to 20GB for

$US2.99) a nd the additio n of both a Wi ndows clie n t (for cross- OS syncing) and bothiPhone a nd An droid clie n ts , along with a new streami ng service to stream music fromyour cloud collectio n to your smartpho ne .

All up, it sou nds like a worthy upgrade . Speaki ng of which , if you do n 't wa n t to do aclea n install you ca n upgrade to 10.1 0 from withi n 10.04 itself via the Update Ma nager -but as 10.04 is a n LTS (Long Term Support) release , you'll first need to tell it you wa n t to:click System --> Admi n istratio n --> Software Sources , the n under the Updates tab set'Check for new distributio n releases' to 'Normal Releases' . Click Close and ru n theUpdate Ma nager a nd you'll be prompted to upgrade . Backup your home directory a n dperso nal data first , of course , as whe n doing any operati ng system i nstall or upgrade foryour machi ne .


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Commands in Ubuntu

adduser Add a user to the systemaddgroup Add a group to the systemalias Create a n alias apropos S earch Help ma n ual pages (ma n -k)apt-get Search for a nd install software packages

(Debia n / Ubu n tu)aptitude S earch for a nd install software packages(Debia n / Ubu n tu)aspell Spell Checkerawk F ind a nd Replace text , database sort / validate / indexbbase name S trip directory a n d suffix from file namesbash GNU Bour ne-Again S Hellbc Arbitrary precisio n calculator la nguagebg Send to backgrou ndbreak Exit from a loop builti n Run a shell builti n bzip2 Compress or decompress named file(s)ccal Display a cale n darcase Co nditio nally perform a comma n dcat Display the co n te n ts of a file

cd Cha nge Directorycfdisk Partitio n table ma n ipulator for Li nuxchgrp Cha nge group ow nershipchmod Cha nge access permissio n schow n Change file ow ner a n d groupchroot Ru n a comma nd with a differe n t root directorychkco n fig System services (ru n level)cksum Pri n t CRC checksum a n d byte cou n tsclearClear termi nal scree n cmp Compare two filescomm Compare two sorted files li ne by li necomma nd Run a comma n d - ignoring shell fu n ctio ns con tin ue Resume the next iteratio n of a loop cp Copy o ne or more files to a nother locatio n cron Daemo n to execute scheduled comma ndscron tab S chedule a comma n d to ru n at a later timecsplit S plit a file i n to co n text-determi ned piecescut Divide a file i n to several partsddate Display or cha nge the date & timedc Desk Calculatordd Co nvert a n d copy a file , write disk headers , boot recordsddrescue Data recovery tooldeclare Declare variables a n d give them attributes df Display free disk spacediff Display the differe nces betwee n two filesdiff3 S how differe n ces amo ng three filesdig DNS lookupdir Briefly list directory co n te n tsdircolorsColour setup for `ls'dirname Co nvert a full path name to just a pathdirs Display list of remembered directoriesdmesg Pri n t ker n el & driver messages

du Estimate file space usageeecho Display message o n scree negrep Search file(s) for li n es that match a n exte n dedexpressio n e jectE ject removable mediaenableE nable a n d disable builti n shell comma nds env Environme n t variablesethtool Ether n et card setti ngseval Evaluate several comma nds / argume n tsexec Execute a comma n dexitExit the shell

expect Automate arbitrary applicatio ns accessed over atermi nalexpa nd Convert tabs to spacesexport Set a n environme n t variableexpr Evaluate expressio ns

f false Do nothi ng, unsuccessfullyfdformat Low-level format a floppy diskfdisk Partitio n table ma n ipulator for Li nuxfg S end job to foregrou n dfgrep Search file(s) for li n es that match a fixed stri ngfile Determi n e file typefin d S earch for files that meet a desired criteriafmt Reformat paragraph textfold Wrap text to fit a specified width . for Expa nd wor ds , and execute c o mm an ds format Format disks or tapesfree Display memory usagefsck F ile system co nsiste ncy check a nd repairftp F ile Tra nsfer Protocolfun ctio n Defin e Functio n Macrosfuser Ide n tify/ kill the process that is accessi ng a file

ggawk F in d an d Replace text withi n file(s)getopts Parse positio nal parametersgrep S earch file(s) for li nes that match a give n patter n groups Pri n t group names a user is i n gzip Compress or decompress named file(s)hhash Remember the full path name of a name argume n thead O utput the first part of file(s)help Display help for a built-i n comma nd history Comma n d Historyhost name Pri n t or set system nameiiconv Convert the character set of a fileid Prin t user a nd group id'sif Conditio nally perform a comma n difconfig Configure a network i n terfaceifdown Stop a network i n terfaceifup S tart a network i n terface upimport Capture a n X server scree n an d save the image to fileinstall Copy files a nd set attributesj jobs List active jobs joinJoin lin es o n a commo n fieldkkill S top a process from ru nn ingkillall Kill processes by namelless Display output o n e scree n at a timelet Perform arithmetic o n shell variables ln Make li nks betwee n fileslocal Create variables locate F ind files

logname Pri n t curre n t login namelogout Exit a logi n shell look Display lines begi nn ing with a give n stri nglpc Line pri n ter co n trol programlpr O ff lin e pri n tlprin t Prin t a filelprin td Abort a pri n t joblprin tq List the pri n t queuelprm Remove jobs from the pri n t queuels List in formatio n about file(s)lsof List ope n filesm


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make Recompile a group of programsma n Help ma nualmkdir Create n ew folder(s)mkfifo Make FIFO s (named pipes)mkisofs Crea te a n hybrid ISO 9660 / JO LIET/ HFS filesystemmknod Make block or character special filesmore Display output o n e scree n at a timemou n tMou n t a file system

mtools Ma n ipulate MS

-DOS

filesmtr Network diag nostics (traceroute / ping)mv Move or re name files or directoriesmmv Mass Move a nd re name (files)n netstat Networki ng informatio n n ice S et the priority of a comma n d or jobn l Number li n es a n d write filesnohup Ru n a comma n d immu ne to ha ngupsnotify-se nd Send desktop notificatio nsnslookup Query In ter net name servers i n teractivelyoope n O pe n a file in its default applicatio n op O perator accessppasswd Modify a user passwordpaste Merge li n es of files

pathchk Check file name portabilityping Test a n etwork co nn ectio n pkill S top processes from ru nn ingpopd Restore the previous value of the curre n t directorypr Prepare files for pri n tingprin tcap Pri n ter capability databaseprin te nv Prin t e nvironme n t variablesprin tf F ormat a nd pri n t data ps Process statuspushd Save a nd the n cha nge the curre n t directorypwd Pri n t Worki ng Directoryqquota Display disk usage a nd limitsquotacheck Scan a file system for disk usagequotactl S et disk quotasrramram disk devicercp Copy files betwee n two machi n esreadRead a li ne from sta n dard i nput readarray Read from stdi n in to a n array variable reado n ly Mark variables / functio ns as reado n lyrebootReboot the systemre nameRe name filesre n ice Alter priority of ru nn ing processesremsy nc Syn chro n ize remote files via emailretur n Exit a shell fu n ctio n rev Reverse li nes of a filerm Remove filesrmdir Remove folder(s)rsync Remote file copy ( Syn chro n ize file trees)sscree n Multiplex termi nal, ru n remote shells via sshscp Secure copy (remote file copy)

sdiff Merge two files i n teractivelysed S tream Editorselect Accept keyboard i nputseq Pri n t n umeric seque ncesset Ma n ipulate shell variables a n d fu nctionssftp S ecure F ile Transfer Programshift S hift positio nal parametersshopt Shell O ptio nsshutdow n Shutdow n or restart li n uxsleep Delay for a specified time

slocate Fin d filessort S ort text filessource Ru n comma nds from a file ` .'split Split a file i n to fixed-size piecesssh Secure Shell clie n t (remote logi n program)strace Trace system calls a n d signalssu S ubstitute user ide n titysudo Execute a comma nd as a nother user

sum Pri n t a checksum for a filesuspe n dSuspe nd executio n of this shell symlink Make a n ew name for a filesync Synchro n ize data o n disk with memoryttail O utput the last part of filestar Tape ARchivertee Redirect output to multiple filestest Evaluate a co n ditio nal expressio n time Measure Program ru nn ing timetimes User a nd system timestouch Cha nge file timestampstop List processes ru nn ing on the systemtraceroute Trace Route to Hosttrap Ru n a comma nd whe n a signal is set(bour ne)tr Tra n slate , squeeze , and/ or delete characterstrue Do nothi ng, successfully

tsort Topological sorttty Pri n t filename of termi nal o n stdi n type Describe a comma n d uulimit Limit user resources umask Users file creatio n maskumou n tUnmou n t a deviceunalias Remove a n alias uname Pri n t system i nformatio n unexpa nd Convert spaces to tabsun iqUn iquify filesun its Con vert u n its from o n e scale to a n otherunset Remove variable or fu nctio n namesunshar U npack shell archive scriptsun til Execute comma nds (u n til error)useradd Create new user accou n tusermod Modify user accou n tusers List users curre n tly logged i n uue ncode E ncode a bi nary fileuudecode Decode a file created by uue ncodevv Verbosely list directory co n te n ts (`ls -l -b')vdir Verbosely list directory co n te n ts (`ls -l -b')vi Text Editorvmstat Report virtual memory statisticswwatch Execute / display a program periodicallywc Prin t byte , word , and lin e cou n tswhereis Search the user's $path , ma n pages a n d source files fora programwhich S earch the user's $path for a program filewhile Execute comma ndswho Pri n t all user names curre n tly logged i n

whoami Pri n t the curre n t user id a n d name (`id -u n ')Wget Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP , HTTPS or FTPwrite S end a message to a n other userxxargs Execute utility , passi ng constructed argume n t list(s)xdg-ope n O pe n a file or URL in the user's preferred applicatio n . yes Pri n t a stri ng un til in terrupted. Run a comma n d script i n the curre n t shell### Comme n t / Remark


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Ubuntu 10.0 4 vs Windows 7

Installation

Windows 7 y Advan tages

- Install is quick , easy a nd pai n less . - After worki ng through a few wizard scree ns at the begi nn ing, the i nstall isautomatic

y Disadva n tages- None really

Ubuntu 9 .10

y Advan tages- O ptio n to try before you i nstall using the Live CD feature- Can easily install as a dual boot or eve n inside Wi ndows usi ng the Wubi i nstaller

y Disadva n tages- Un less you re lucky to get a C D, you do have to mess about with .ISO files a n d bur n a disc . If you re happy doi ng that , it sn ot really a problem .

Speed/Performance

Windows 7

y Advan tages

- Both are excelle n ty Disadva n tages

- None really

Ubuntu 9 .10

y Advan tages- Both are excelle n t

y Disadva n tages- None really


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Software Windows 7

y Advan tages- If you re willing to pay , there s a lot of software for the Wi n dows platform

- Equally , there s a LO T of free stuff if you look arou ndy Disadva n tages

- Bundled fayre is pretty poor

Ubuntu 9 .10

y Advan tages- Comes complete with a n excelle n t array of software- Access to , and installing, new software is a s nap

y Disadva n tages- None really just do n t expect to ru n Windows software (eve n if you do resort to

Wine)Media Support Windows 7

y Advan tages- Excellen t support for media formats , including DRMed media , out of the box

y Disadva n tages- Windows Media Player is n t the best bit of software arou nd

Ubuntu 9 .10

y

Advan tages- Good support for media formatsy Disadva n tages

- If you wa n t to play DVDs the n you need to resort to Restricted codecs- Many media formats that use proprietary DRM just wo n t work on Ubun tu becauseof DRM restrictio ns

Hardware support Windows 7

y Advan tages- O

nthe whole

,Wi

ndows 7 offers excelle

nt support for moder

nhardware right out of

the boxy Disadva n tages

- You might be out of luck with old hardware


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Ubuntu 9 .10

y Advan tages- O verall , hardware support is good , an d getti ng better- O n really low-e n d hardware you ca n substitute Ubu n tu for Xubu n tu

y Disadva n tages- There are no guara n tees- There s no Works with Li nux logo that buyers ca n look for whe n buying newhardware

My final thoughts after all

I ve thought lo ng and hard about this o ne a n d I ve come to the co nclusio n that whileneither OS is perfect (far from it) , both are also just as usable o nce you devote the timeto figuri ng thi ngs out . I have years of Wi ndows experie nce u nder my belt a nd a lot less

with Ubu n tu but I can t say that s a problem .

There s n o doubt that Wi n dows is much useful OS tha n Ubun tu . In fact , for most usersout there it s the o n ly OS and ma ny of those aware that a differe n t OS exists k nowabout Mac OS rather tha n Ubun tu .

os requirements and features

Documents