osim fieldguide (apr 2008)

7/27/2019 OSIM FieldGuide (Apr 2008)

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Narrow Medium Wide

GOOD FAIR POOR

Concrete Crack Widths (mm)

Hair

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LightMediumSevere

GOODFAIRPOOR

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1

FIELD INSPECTIONGUIDE

Apr 2008


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1) STRUCTURAL INSPECTIONS

1. Inspection Objectives 5

2. Inspection Accuracy 5

3. Additional Investigations 6

4. Site Inspection 6

5. Post Inspection Procedures 8

2) HELPFUL HINTS

1. Condition 10

2. Excellent & Good 11

3. Recommended Work 13

4. Performance Deficiencies 15

5. Maintenance 16

APPENDIXAMATERIAL DEFECTS 171. Concrete Defects 18

2. Steel/Aluminum Defects 24

3. Wood Defects 30

4. Masonry Defects 32

6. Asphalt Defects 34

7. Coatings 42

APPENDIX B - ELEMENT LIST 49

APPENDIX C - CONDITIONSTATETABLES 52

APPENDIX DPERFORMANCE

DEFICIENCIES & MAINTENANCE 77

APPENDIX EOSIM FORMS 89

TABLE OF CONTENTS

STRUCT

HINTS

DEFECTS

ELEMENT

CONDITION

DEFICIENCIES

FORMS

97


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5

1. STRUCTURAL INSPECTIONS

1.1 INSPECTION OBJECTIVES(Part 1, Sect. 1.2)

The goal of the structural inspection is to ensure,within an economic framework, an acceptablestandard for structures in terms of public safety,comfort and convenience. The main objectives areto:

maintain structures in a safe condition

prolong the life of structures

identify maintenance & repair needs

provide the basis for structuremanagement

1.2 INSPECTION ACCURACY(Part 1, Sect. 1.3)

In order to achieve the inspection objectives andadequate accuracy, the inspector should spend atleast 2 hours at a typical bridge site to adequatelyassess the condition of all elements.

The inspection should be a visual inspection per-formed Close enough to determine the element

condition, and generally conducted within armslength of the element.

In some cases it may be possible to inspect a por-tion of the bridge close-up and then estimating thecondition of the remaining inaccessible parts byvisually comparing them to the partial close-up in-spection. If this is done, periodic Enhanced OSIMinspections must be done to closely inspect allcomponents as described in Part 1, Section 1.3.2 ofthe OSIM.

Additional equipment should be used to facilitate

inspection, when necessary (Bridgemaster, buckettruck, ladder, etc).


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Additional specialized testing (NDT, etc) shouldbe recommended for critical structures (fatigueprone, fracture critical, hangers, etc)

1.3 ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS(Part 1 Clause 1.3.4)

If during a detailed visual inspection, theinspector feels that more detailed information isneeded, specialized inspections (within a certaintimeframe*)can be requested. Some of theseinvestigations are:

Detailed Deck Condition Survey Non-destructive Delamination Survey

of Asphalt Covered Decks

Substructure Condition Survey

Detailed Coating Condition Survey

Underwater investigation

Fatigue investigation

Seismic investigation

Structure evaluation

Monitoring, etc.* Normal timeframe is with in 2 years

1.4 SITE INSPECTION (Part 2-Clause 1.5.2)

The inspector shall:

Arrange forspecial equipment/trafficcontrol and safety devices, as requiredfor site.

Complete an overview inspection of the siteto:

Assess the overall i ntegrity of thestructure and identify areas where moredetailed examination may be required

Observe the bridge under truck loadingand identify any abnormal flexibility,deflections or noises (rattling or vibration

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C

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of members)

Look forabnormal deflections, settlements orrotations by looking along the rail or barrier wallor other members

Identify obstacles that may either interfere withthe inspection or indicate a need for additionalspecial equipment.

Determine the quantities in each condition statebased on the severity of material defects in theappropriate units (m2, each, etc.), for eachelement. Details of condition states and materialdefects are included in Appendix A and C.The element list is included in Appendix B andthe OSIM form for recording information isincluded in Appendix E.

Determine the performance deficiencies,maintenance needs, recommended work andtime frame for work for each element. Details ofthese are included in the Appendix D of thisGuide

Take photographs to adequately describe thestructure and the defects found including all areas

of POOR.

Update element quantities/dimensions ifrequired.

Correct missing/erroneous inventory data


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1.5 POST INSPECTION PROCEDURES(Part 2 - Clause 1.5.3)

The inspector shall:

Ensure that all inspection equipment andtemporary traffic control devices are removedfrom the site and the site is left in workmanlikeorder

Ensure the appropriate follow-up action is

taken (notify bridge owner immediately) for anycritical structural defects or deficiencies (i.e.fatigue cracks in steel, imminent deck punchthrough, etc.) and all other unsafe conditionsthat are discovered in the field.

Submit the Maintenance Needs list to themaintenance crew for action

Ensure additional investigations are initiated inthe timeframe recommended

Write all necessary follow-up correspondenceand reports

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2. HELPFUL HINTS (Part 2, Section 4)

CONDITION

First look for areas of POOR

Concrete Spalls, delaminations, severe

scaling, wide cracks (4m=1 sq.mdefect area)

Steel More than 10% section loss,

cracks and deformations Actual inspection quantity (e.g. sq.m.)

should be used for elements in Poorconditionnot percent.

Next, look for areas of FAIR Concrete

Medium defects (medium scaling,medium cracks, etc.)

Steel 1% to 10% section loss

Each Area of Poor (except for verylarge areas) should generally havean equal area of associated Fair sur-

rounding it. Remainder of areas probably in Good orExcellent Condition. Actual Good or Excellent depends

on visual inspection; however, age ofstructure can be used as a guide,depending on environmental expo-sure of element (see section 2.2 ofthis guide).

Similar guidance based on age doesnot exist for the transition from Goodto Fair Condition. Fair is determined by visual iden-

tification of defects.

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2. EXCELLENT AND GOOD All materials must begin in the Excellent conditio

state

Once any defect is visible, it drops to the Goodcondition state

The defects may not be visible from a distance, are from close-up.

Guidance is provided below for the age of comnent when transition* from Excellent to Good isexpected:

Concrete, ACR Steel, Coated Steel, Coatin

Severe5 years

Moderate15 years

Benign25 years* Transition can be spread over afew inspections.

Defects in Good condition state include(see Tables in Appendix C for completelist):

ACR Steel First signs of patina flaking

Coated Steel

First signs of surface rust First signs of coating lifting from

steel Re-coated steel that had rust previ

ously Coating

First signs of adhesion or coating relatedefects

Concrete Hairline and Narrow cracks Surface carbonization Light scaling Other light defects


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Examples of Environments

Severe Moderate Benign

ExposedConcreteDeck

ConcreteDeck with wa-terproofing

Exterior Soffit Interior Soffit

Railings andinside faceof BarrierWalls

Outside faceof barrier wall

Abutment insplash zone

Abutment atexpansion

joint

Abutment with nojoint (integralabutment)

Pier insplash zone

Pier at expan-sion joint

Pier with no joint(where deck con-tinuous)

End Portion of

Beams (atjoints)

Remainder of

Beams

Joints

89

OSIM FORMS

(Part 2, Section 7)

APPENDIX E


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3. RECOMMENDED WORK (Part 2, Sect. 7)

Work on Element

Recommended work- Must be consistent with condition of element.- Must be used for elements that cause a bridge to

be placed on a capital construction program, typically the 5 main elements listed below.

- Can be used for other elements as required.- Must not be used for work that is carried out as

maintenance.- Must not be used for additional investigations or

functional deficiencies.

Recommended work on an element can be either:- Rehabilitation- Replacement

The timeframe for the work is either:- 1 to 5 years,- 6 to 10 years

Typically, the 5 main elements require repair in 1 to 5

years when:

Deck Top 10% to 20% PoorDeck Soffit 5% to 15% PoorBarrier Wall 15% to 30% PoorExpansion Joint 15% to 25% PoorGirders 5% to 10% Poor

o Sometimes, a lower percentage of Poor

may also trigger a rehab for critical ele-ments.

o If there are immediate safety concerns

with some elements, a Structural Maintenance item should be recorded.


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Work on Structure

Work on structure is only required when there is enoughto warrant placing the bridge on the capital constructionprogram.

Recommended work on the structure can be either:- Minor Rehabilitation that include work on ele-

ments other than the deck (i.e. barriers, bear-ings, etc.)

- Major Rehabilitation that include work to thedeck (i.e. patch-waterproof-pave, overlay, etc.)plus possibly other elements.

- Replacement of entire structure.

The timeframe for the work is either:- 1 to 5 years,- 6 to 10 years

87

M

aintenanceNeed

Description

8R

epairofBridgeConcrete

Therepair

ofallconcretecomponentsofthestructure,suchascurbs,pedestrianwalks,concrete

handrailposts,parapetwalls,abutmentsandpiers,exceptwhentherepairismoredirectlyassociated

withoneoftheotherdefinedbridgemaintenanceoperationsorthequantityofrepairisexcessivefora

maintenan

ceoperation.

9R

epairofBridgeTimber

Therepair

ofallbridgetimber,includingtherepairoftimberdecksonsteelbridges.

10B

aileyBridgesInstallation,

M

aintenanceandRemoval

Theinstallation,removal,repairandmaintenanceworkthatisuniquetoBaileyBridges,butnot

includingw

orkdefinedbyotherstructuralmaintenanceoperations.

11A

nimal/PestControl

Theinstallationandmaintenanceofanimal/pestcontrold

evicesunderbridgestructuressuchas

pigeon-pro

ofing.

12B

ridgeSurfaceRepair

Therepair

ofbridgesurfacessuchaspotholepatching.

13E

rosionControlatBridges

Operationsperformedtopreventorrepairdamageduetoerosion,suchasscouratabutmentsand

aroundpie

rs,andwashoutsonslopes.Includesremova

lofobstructionstowaterflow,clearingof

vegetation

growth,extensionofdeckdrains,etc.

14C

oncreteSealing

Thesealingortreatmentofbridgeconcretesurfaceswith

approvedmaterials,aswellasthe

preparationofsurfacespriortotreatment.

15R

outandSealConcreteand

A

sphaltPavementonBridgeDecks

Theroutingofjointsand/orcracksinconcreteandaspha

ltpavementandthefillingofsamewithjoint

fillersorru

bberizedasphalticsealingcompounds.

16B

ridgeDeckDrainage

Therepair,maintenance,andreplacementofbridgedeckdrains.Includessteamingandcalcium

application

tounthaw.

17S

caling(LooseConcreteorACR

S

teel)

Theremov

alofloosedelaminatedconcreteordelaminatedpatinaofACRsteelgirdersthatposearisk

asafalling

hazard.

18O

therMaintenance

Amaintenanceactivitythatdoesnotfitintoanyothercategory.


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MaintenanceNeed

Description

1

LiftandSwingBridge

Maintenance

Theoperation,maintenanceandrepairactivitiesthata

reuniquetoliftandswingbridge

structures,

includingallmechanicalequipmentandelectricaldevicessuchassignals,flashers,

lighting,navigationlights,etc.,butnotincludingworkd

efinedbyotherstructuralmaintenance

operations.

2

BridgeCleaning

Thecleanin

gofbridgecomponentsincluding:

1)

Washingofbearings,bearingseats,trussmembe

rs,etc.

2)

Sweepingofbridgedecks,curbsandgutters.

3)

Removalofdebrisfromexpansionjoints.

4)

Debris

pick-uporminorremovalofaggregate.

5)

Cleaningofcatch-basins,man-holesanddeckdrains.

3

BridgeRailingSystem

Maintenance

Thepaintin

g,repairand/orreplacementofmetalhandrails,railingsystemsandposts,aswellas

touch-uppaintingactivities.

4

Pa

intingSteelBridgeStructures

Thepreparation(sandblasting,etc.)andpaintingofstr

ucturalsteel.Includeshandrailswhen

performedaspartofanoverallbridgepaintingoperation.

5

BridgeDeckJointRepair

Therepairand/orreplacementofexpansionand/orfixeddeckjointsandenddams.

6

BridgeBearingMaintenance

Theadjustment,repairand/orreplacementofbridgebearings.Includesallworkdirectly

associated

withbridgebearings.

7

Re

pairtoStructuralSteel

Therepairofallstructuralsteel,includingrepairorreplacementofsteelcomponents,boltsand

fasteners.

Ta

ble

6.1

:Ma

intenance

Nee

ds

(Part

2,

Sec

tion

6)

DE

F

I

C

I

E

N

C

I

E

S

15

4. PERFORMANCE DEFICIENCIES(Part 2, Section 6)

A Performance Defic iency should be recorded i fan elements ability to perform its intended functionis in question.

Suspected Performance Deficiencies are re-corded for each element

Potential Deficiencies categorized asSuspected since often difficult to ascertain thsignificance of defect at the time of the inspec-tion

Suspected Performance Deficiencies usuallyindicate some follow-up action is required(strength evaluation, specialized inspection,monitoring, etc.)

Standard List of possible deficiencies areshown on the inspection form (see Appendix Dand Appendix E).

Follow-up action can be addressed underAdditional Investigations or Special Notesfor the bridge.

Example:A severely corroded girder at the midspan

Can the girder safely carry traffic loading? Inspector cannot determine this in the field

Inspector can only indicate Suspected Per-formance Deficiency for a follow-up strengthevaluation

Only then can decision be made whetherbridge needs strengthening or posting


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5. MAINTENANCE (Part 2, Section 6)

There are two types of maintenance work that areperformed:

Structural Maintenance Work- Is work to improve the structural capacity of a

specific element and not part of a larger con-struction contract

- Is generally only done to one element- Include emergency repairs and holding strat-

egy repairs- Is work that requires engineering drawings to

complete the work.

Routine Maintenance Work- Is for preventative maintenance and minor re-

pair work that can be performed without engi-neering direction.

- Is usually carried out by bridge crews or roadmaintenance contractors

For all Maintenance work a standard list of mainte-nance needs are shown on the inspection form(see Appendix D, or Appendix E). The mainte-nance needs list should be forwarded to mainte-

nance crews for action, with urgent items flaggedfor immediate attention.

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15Unstable

Embankments

Embankments

Settlementofembankment,slope

protectionsorapproachroa

dway;

Slidingfailureofthetoeors

lopesof

theembankment;

Surfaceordeepseatedslips;

Lossofembankmentmaterialfrom

underfoundations.

Geotechnicalinvestigation

16Other

14Underminingof

Foundation

Streams&

Waterwaysor

Foundation

Lossofmaterialsupporting

foundationsduetoscouror

erosion.

UnderwaterInvestigation


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Suspected

Performance

ElementName

(Examples)

DescriptionofDeficiency

PossibleFollow-upActio

n

13Flooding/Channel

Blockage

Streams&

Waterways

Theinspectorshouldlookforthefo

llowing

evidenceofhighwaterlevels,inadequate

openingatthestructureandadverseaffectson

othercomponentsofthestructure:

Bendingorbucklingofthelowerch

ordofsteel

trussesinthedownstreamdirectionbyiceor

heavydebris;

Icescarsanddamagetosubstructures;

Coarsedebris,suchasbranchesa

ndsmall

trees,caughtorwedgedunderthe

superstructure;

Finedebris,suchasgrassandtwigs,on

fences,trees,embankments,structures,etc.;

Washlinesonbaresoilslopes;

Mudorsiltdepositedonembankments;

Marksandstainsonstructures.

Determinehistorical

frequencyoffloodingand

recordedwaterlevelsand

comparetocurrenthigh

waterelevation

Monitorwaterelevations

throughoutyear

Performhydrologystudy

Table

5.1:SuspectedPerformance

Deficiencies(Part2,

Section

5)

D

E

F

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C

I

E

N

C

I

ES

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APPENDIX A

MATERIAL DEFECTS

This appendix contains a simplified table formaterial defects and condition states bycombining the information from OSIM Part1, Section 2 and Part 2, Section 4

TABLES1. Concrete

2. Steel/Aluminum3. Wood4. Masonry5. Asphalt Wearing Surface6. Asphalt Covered Deck7. Coating


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1.

CONCRETE(Part

1,

Sec

t.2

.2an

dPar

t2

,Ta

ble4

.5)

DEFECT

CONDITIONSTATE

GOOD(LIGHT)

FAIR(MEDIUM)

POOR

(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)

Sca

ling

Localflaking/lossofsurfac

eportionofconcreteormortardue

tofreeze-thaw

Up

to5mm

dep

th

6-

10mm

dep

th

>10mm

dep

th

Disin

tegra-

tion

Physicaldeteriorationorbreakingdownoftheconcreteintos

mallfragments

All

Ero

sion

Deteriorationofconcreteb

roughtaboutbywater-bornesand

andgravelparticles

scrubbingagainstsurfaces

All

Corro

siono

f

Rein

force-

m

en

t

Deteriorationofreinforcem

entbyelectrolysis

Due

todra

ins

/cha

irs

Rus

ts

tains

fromre

inforcem

en

t

Expose

dre

inforce-

men

tw

ithrus

t

Dela

mina-

tion

Discontinuityofthesurfaceconcretewhichissubstantially,butnotcompletely

detachedfromconcretebe

loworaboveit.

All

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C

83

10SurfacePonding

Sidewalk,

Wearingsurface

Waterpondingonsidewalks/wearingsurface,

asitpresents

as

afetyhazard,especiallyifallowedtofreeze

;

Fillindepression

withasphalt

(Maintenance

Operation)

11DeckDrainage

DrainageSystem

Deckdrainsnotprovidedwherenecessary,orhaveinadequatesize

ofo

pening;

Deckdrainsanddrainagesystemsimproperlyconstructedwith

inadequateslopesorsharpdirectionalchanges;

Drainagesystempluggedorpartiallypluggedandno

tallowingfor

freeandunobstructedflowofwater;

Drainageoutletsdischargingdirectlyontostructurec

omponentsor

roa

dwaysbelowthedeck;

Drainageoutletsdischargingdirectlyontoembankmentwithout

pro

perprovisionforcollecting,channellingandcontrollingof

dischargewithsplashpads,spillwaysorgutters;

Ina

dequateprovisionfordrainageatthestructureap

proaches.

Reviewdeck

drainage

requirements

12Slipp

erySurfaces

DeckTop

Lossinridingcomfortandpotentiallossofvehiclecontrol

duetodefectsinthecomponentmaterial;

Lossofprotectiontounderlyingsurfacesduetodefectsin

the

wearingsurfacematerials;

Resurfaceproblem

area(Maintenance

Operation)


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Su

spected

Pe

rformance

ElementName

(Examples)

DescriptionofDeficiency

PossibleFollow-upAction

9Ro

ughRiding

Su

rface

WearingSurface,

Approachslabs

R

oughapproaches,settlementorconsolidationof

approachembankments,ordeteriorationofthe

approachslabsorramps,resultinginvehicle

s

"b

ouncing"ontothebridge.Inadditiontoapp

lying

excessivedynamicloadingtothebridge,this

may

alsoresultindifficultyinmaintainingvehiclecontrol

D

epressionsandcracksintheroadwaypave

ment

aboveculvertsandsoil-steelstructures;

Smoothoutasphaltat

approach(Maintenance

operation)

Strengthevaluation

8Pe

destrian/

vehicularhazard

Armouring/

retainingdevices,

Sidewalk

Verticalorhorizontalmisalignmentacrossthejoint;

Severematerialdefects(e.g.Spalling)

H

orizontal,verticalorrotationaldisplacementsin

curbsandsidewalksastheyarehazardousto

pedestrianandvehicularsafety,andpresent

obstructionstosnowplows.

In

adequatecurbheight,orlossofcurbheigh

tfor

sidewalksduetotheplacementofanadditional

la

yerofwearingsurfaceordeckoverlay

Removeobstruction

(Maintenanceoperation)

ReviewCoderequirements

forcurbheight

Ta

ble5

.1:

Suspec

tedPerformance

De

fic

ienc

ies

(Part

2,

Sec

tion

5)

19

1.

CONCRETE

DEFECT

CONDITIONSTATE

GOOD(LIGHT)

FAIR(MEDIUM)

POOR

(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)

Sp

alling

Fragmentswhichhavebe

endetachedfromalargerconcretemass

All

Crac

king

Linearfracturewhichextendspartlyorcompletelythroughthemember.

1

.0mmw

ide

A

lka

li-

Aggrega

te

Re

ac

tion

Aggregatesreactadverselywiththealkaliesincementtoproduceahighlyexpansivealkali-

silicagel

Ha

irlinepa

tterncracks

0

.3mmw

ide


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1.

CONCRETE

D

EFECT

CONDITIONSTATE

GOOD(LIGH

T)

FAIR(MEDIUM)

POOR

(SEVEREandVERYSEVERE)

Honey

com

bing

Producedduetotheimproperorincompletevibrationof

theconcretewhichresultsin

voidsbeingleftinthe

concretewherethemortarfailedto

completelyfillthespaces

betweenthecoarseaggregateparticles

Ho

lesup

to25m

mdia

.

Ho

les

25-

50mm

dia.

Ho

lesmore

than

50mm

dia

.

Pop-O

uts

Shallowconicaldepre

ssionsresultingfromthebreaking

awayofsmallportionsofthe

concretesurface,due

totheexpansionofsomeaggrega

tesduetofrostaction.

Ho

lesup

to25m

mdia

.

Ho

les

25-

50mm

dia.

Ho

lesmore

than

50mm

dia

.

81

Sus

pected

Per

formance

Def

iciency

ElementName

(Examples)

Des

criptionofDeficiency


5

SeizedBearings

Bearings

B

indingorjammingofexpansionorrotationa

l

componentsduetocorrosion,lackoflubricationor

d

amagetoslidingsurfaces;

Strengthevaluationto

accountforchangein

articulation

LubricateBearings

(MaintenanceOperation)

6

Bea

ringnot

uniformlyloaded/

uns

table

ElastomericBearing,

RockerBearing,etc

N

on-uniformcontactofbearingsurfaceswith

each

o

therorwithbearingseat

E

xcessiveinclinationsofbearings

Regularmonitoringofbearing

movements

7

Jam

medexpansion

Joint

Armouring/

retainingdevices

Inadequatejointgaptoaccommodateanticip

ated

furthermovement;

S

urfacingmaterialshavejammedinthejointsduring

resurfacingofdeck;

D

esignorconstructionproblemsnotallowing

proper

m

ovementofmulti-sealjoints.

Regularmonitoringofdeck

movements

Cleanoutgap(Maintenance

operation)


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Suspected

Performance

Deficiency

ElementName

(Examples)

Description

ofDeficiency


4Continuing

Movements

AbutmentWall,

Pier,DeckTop,

Bearings,etc

Outofplu

mbofabutmentwalls,piles,piersorother

componentssupportedonthem;

TiltingorbulgingofRetainedSoilSystem(RSS)walls

Unusualo

runexpectedsubstructuremovementsocc

urring

duringthe

passageofheavyvehiclesoverthebridge

;

Taperingormisalignmentofcracksandjointsinfoun

dations,

abutments,piersorothercomponentssupportedonthem;

Suddend

ropsorkinksinthestructureprofileoverpiersor

abutment

wallswhensightingalongrailingsorbeam

lines;

Abnormallylargeorsmallopeningsormisalignmentofdeck

expansionjointsatabutmentsandpiers;

Abnormaldisplacementsorinclinationsofbearings;

Abnormallylargeorsmallclearancebetweenballast

wall

andsuperstructure;

Cracksin

abutmentwallandballastwall

Shiftinalignmentfromoriginalposition;

Regularmonitoringand

measurementofmovements,

inclinations,crackwidths,etc.

Underwaterinvestigation

Geotechnicalinvestigation

Ta

ble5

.1:

Suspec

tedPerformance

De

fic

ienc

ies

(Part

2,

Sec

tion

5)

21

1.

CONCRETE

DEFECT

CONDITIONSTATE

GOOD(LIG

HT)

FAIR(MEDIUM)

POOR


Stratifica

tion

Separationofconcreteintolayerspriortohardeningd

uetoover-vibration.

ALL

Segr

ega

tion

Concretenotuniformduetofallingconcrete(poorplacement)

ALL

Cold

Jo

ints

Causedbyhardene

dconcretepriortothenextadjace

ntpour

ALL

Depo

sits

Waterseepedthrou

ghconcrete,leachingchemicalsanddepositingthemonthe

surface-efflorescence

ALL

Abra

sion

ALL

Wearingcausedby

vehiclesorsnow-ploughblades


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22

1.

CONCRETE

DEFECT

CONDITIONSTATE

GOOD(LIGHT)

FAIR(MEDIUM)

POOR


Wea

r

Resultofdynamic

and/orfrictionalforcesgenerated

byvehiculartraffic,coupledwith

theabrasiveinfluxofsand,dirtanddebris

ALL

Slippery

Con-

crete

Surface

Smoothsurfaceresultingfromthepolishingoftheco

ncretedecksurfacebytheaction

ofrepetitivevehiculartraffic

Act

ive

We

tAreas

Concretesoffitsurfaceiswetordamp

We

tbu

tnocrac

ks

We

tw

ithcrac

ks

ALL

*includesuspected

per-

formancesdeficiencyof

slipperysurface

D

E

F

E

C

TS

79

Mis-align

ment,lateraldeformation,warping,etc.ofcomponents;

Inabilityoftheabutmenttowithstandlateralearthpr

essures,as

indicated

bylong,mediumhorizontalcracksinabutments;

Deformationoftheroofslab,floorslaborwallsofcu

lverts.

Deformationofsoil-steelstructuressuchasflattenin

gorpeakingof

thesoffit

orbucklingoftheshouldersorhaunches;

Up-liftat

endsofsoil-steelstructures

Movementscausingdistressinabearingorit'scomponents,orin

otherstructurecomponents;

3Cont

inuing

settle

ment

Foundation

Lossofs

trengthorsupportforappliedloadsduetomaterialdefects;

Lossofm

aterialsupportingfoundationsduetoscourorerosion

Consolid

ationorfailureofunderlyingsoilresultingin

crackingor

movementoffoundations,abutmentsorpiers

Lossofc

ontactbetweenpilesandpilecaporpiercap;

Changes

intheinclinationofpiles.

Rotationalmovementofpilecapsandlossoffullcontactwithpiles.

RegularMonitoringof

settlement,pierand

abutmentelevations

andcrackwidths

Strengthevaluation

Geotechnical

investigation

Underwater

investigation


23/50

78

Suspected

Performance

Deficiency

ElementName

(Examples)

De

scriptionofDeficiency

PossibleFollow-up

Action

1Lo

adCarrying

Capacity

Girder,DeckTop,Railing

System,etc

Materialdefectsleadingtolossofstrength,orwhichare

indicativeofinadequatestrengthofthecom

ponent

(eg.20%sectionlossatmid-spanofgirder)

Detrimentalmodificationsmadesubsequen

tto

construction;

Strongevidenceofunderdesigntocurrent

loads

Strengthevaluation

Monitoringofdeforma-

tionsdisplacementsor

rotations)orcracks

2Excessive

Deformations

RailingSystem,

DeckTop,TrussChord,

AbutmentWall,

Bearings,etc

Overloading,eithersingleorrepetitiveoccu

rrence,

resultinginpermanentdeformationsofthe

deckordeck

components.

Permanentdeformations,especiallyincom

pression

components

Unanticipatedorexcessivevibrationordeflectionof

components,connectionsorjointsunderliv

eloads

Unexpectednoisefromcomponentsorcon

nectionsdueto

vehiclesmovingacrossthestructure.

Strengthevaluation

Monitoringof

deformations

(displacementsor

rotations)

Ta

ble5

.1:

Suspec

tedPerformance

De

fic

ienc

ies

(Part

2,

Sec

tion

5)

23


24/50

24

2.

STEEL/ALUMINUM(Part

1,

Sec

t.2

.3an

d2

.6,

Part2Ta

ble4

.15

,4.1

6,

an

d4

.17)

DEFECT

CONDITIONSTATE

GOOD(LIGHT)

FAIR(MEDIUM)

POOR

(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)

Corros

ion

Deteriorationofsteelbychemical/electro-chemicalreaction

resultingfromexposuretoair,

moisture,de-icingsalts,industrialfumesandotherchemica

ls/contaminantsintheenvironment

inwhichitisplaced

Nosec

tion

loss,

looserus

t/

pitting

inpa

int-

10%sec

tion

loss,

ex-

tens

iverus

t/

perfora

tions

Earlys

ignso

fpa

tinad

amage

Flakingo

fpa

tina

Permanen

t

Deforma

tions

Steelmemberscantake

theformofbending,buckling,twistingorelongation.

CorrugateSteelPipe(CS

P)culvertscanexhibitcusping(ab

ruptchangeincurvature,typically

atseam),crimping(local

bucklingofculvertwall),globaldeformation(changeinoriginal

curvedshape),andbolttilting(bearingfailureofbolts).

For

Mem

bers:

ALL

(Es

tima

terepa

irarea)

D

E

F

E

C

T

S

77

Performance Deficiencies andMaintenance Needs

APPENDIX


25/50

76Wood

Su

bs

truc

tureor

Supers

truc

ture

Adetailedinvestigationofthewood

componentsusingtechniquessuchasprobing,

drilling,coring,etc.

10%ofelemen

tin

PoorConditio

nState

Part4ofthismanual

Struc

tura

lStee

l

Coating

Adetailedsurveyoftheconditionofthecoating

toconfirmthefeasib

ilityofover-coating.The

surveyinvolvestestingcoatingadhesion,dry

filmthickness,etc.Ifdeteriorationisstillinthe

earlystages(CombinedareaofFairandPoor

greaterthan25%,a

ndPoorislessthan10%at

thevisualinspection

stage),over-coatingof

thesteelmaybeav

iablerehabilitationoption.

Thisinvolvescleaningthesurfacewithawire

brushandover-coa

tingtheentiresurface.If

deteriorationexceedsthethreshold,traditional

coatingtechniques(sandblastingthesurface,

priming,etc,)would

probablyhavetobeused.

25%ofcombin

edarea

inFairandP

oor

ConditionStatesand

alsothepercentagein

Poorlessthan

10%.

StructuralSteelCoating

Manual

C

O

N

D

I

T

I

O

N

*Thistableindicatesthematerialdefectpr

oportionsthatwouldgenerallytrigger

the

needforadetailedconditionsurveytobedone.

25

2.

STEEL/ALUMINUM

DE

FECT

CONDITIONSTATE

GOOD(LIGHT)

FAIR(MEDIUM)

POOR

(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)

Cuspingorcrimpingofc

ulverts

10mminheight*

GlobalDeformation10%

ofculvertdiameterandre-

versecurvature*

BoltTilting

Crac

king

Arelinearfractureinthe

steelextendingpartiallyorcompletelythroughthemember.Theyare

mainlycausedbyfatigue

,whichcanleadtobrittlefracture(membercrackscompletely)

throughwithoutpriorwarning)

Cracksperpendiculartostressareveryseriousandshould

have

immediateactiontaken.

ALL

(Es

tima

terepa

irarea)


26/50

26

2.

STEEL/ALUMINUM

DEFECT

CONDITIONSTATE

GOOD(LIGHT)

FAIR(MEDIUM)

POOR

(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)

Connec

tion

De

fic

ienc

ies

Looseconnectionscanoccurinbolted,rivetedorclamp

edconnections.Theymaybe

causedbycorrosionoftheconnector,gussetplatesorfasteners,excessivevibration,

overstressing,cracking,orthelackofpropertightening

duringconstruction.

Basedontheconditionoftheworstcompone

ntwithintheconnection

DependsonpercentageofLooseBoltsorPlanAreawithseverecorrosion

10%

*-

Thesenaturallyoccurringcracksinthewood,causedbyshrinkage,arenotassevereasoverload

crackingorsplinteringsincewoodfibresexisttobridgethecrackandreducetheimpactonthem

ember

capacity.Theactualareacontainingthedefec

tshallbedeterminedforareascontainingnumerous

defects.Forisolatedcracks,8mofcrackleng

thisequalto1squaremetreofdefectforchecks,shakes

andsplits;while4mofcracklengthisequalto

1squaremetreofdefectforcracking,splintering,crush-

ingandshattering.Thelengthofcracks,shakes,splits,etc.shallbemeasuredonallsurfaces.

C

O

N

D

I

T

I

O

N

27


28/50

2873

Tab

le4

.18:

Streamsan

dWa

terw

ays

Exc

ellen

tCon

dition

Goo

dCon

dition

Fa

irCon

dition

Poor

Con

dition

No

observedmaterial

defects

Afewlocationsofscour

ordegradation

ofthe

streambedorstream

banksbutnotexposing

thefoundations

Numerouslocationsof

scourordegradationofthe

streambedorstream

bankstothetopofthep

re-

viouslycoveredfounda-

tions

Scourordegradationofthe

streambedorstreambanks

tothebottomofpreviously

coveredfoundations

Slightscourat

inletor

outletofculver

tsand

soil-steelstructures

Moderatescouratthein

let

oroutletofculvertsand

soil-steelstructures

Extensivescouraroundthe

inletoroutletofculvertsand

soil-steelstructureswithloss

ofembankmentfill

Streamalignment

shiftedbutnot

en-

croachingagainstcom-

ponentsprevio

uslynot

subjecttostreamflow

Streamalignmentshifted

andencroachingcloseto

componentsnotpreviously

subjecttostreamflow

Streamalignmentshifted

withstreamflowdirectly

againstmostofacomponent

notpreviouslysubjectto

stream

Afewlocationsofag-

gradationnota

ffecting

thestreamflow

atthe

structure

Mediumaggradationhav-

ingasignificanteffecton

thestreamflowatthe

structure

Extensiveaggradationvery

severelyaffectingthestream

flowatthestructure)


29/50

72

Tab

le4

.17:

Stee

lor

Alum

inum-

Ra

ilings

Ex

ce

llen

tCon

dition

Goo

dCon

dition

Fa

irCon

dition

P

oor

Con

dition

Noobservedmaterial

de

fects

Lightcorrosionno

sectionloss

Mediumcorrosion-up

to10%sectionloss

S

evereandverysevere

c

orrosionmorethan

1

0%sectionloss

Slightlossofcableten-

sionorslightslippage

ofcableanchorsand

splices

Moderatelossofcable

tensionorslightslip-

pageofcableanchors

andsplices

S

ignificantlossofcable

tensionorslightslip-

p

ageofcableanchors

a

ndsplices

B

rokencablestrands/

s

upports

C

ollisionorvandalism

d

amage/missingsec-

tions

P

ermanentdeforma-

tions

Lightconnectiondefi-

ciencies

Mediumconnection

deficiencies

S

evereconnectiondefi-

c

iencies

C

O

N

D

I

T

I

O

N

29

3.WOOD(Part1,Sect.2.4andPart2Table4.19)

DEFECT

CONDITIONSTATE

GOOD(LIGHT)

FAIR(MEDIUM)

POOR

(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)

W

eathering

Gradualdeteriorationofwoodduetoexposuretotheactionso

fsun,rain,wind,

frostandatmospheric

pollutants

Checks

Longitudinaltissueseparationsonthesidegrainofwoodmem

bers

Splits

Severetissueseparatio

nsextendingfromthesideintotheend

Shakes

Tissueseparationswhic

hfollowthecircularannualgrowthrings,andarevisibleontheendgrain

Weathering

10%intomember

Checks,Splits,

Shakes

10%intomember

Biologicalde

compositionofwoodcausedbym

icro-organismscalledfungi

Slightchangeincolo

urbut

woodsolid(10%

Loss)

RotorDecay


30/50

30

D

E

F

E

C

T

S

3.WOOD

DEFECT

CONDITIONSTAT

E

GOOD(LIGH

T)

FAIR(MEDIUM)

POOR(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)

InsectDamage

Consequenceofthetunnelling/boringbylarvae/matureinsectsthroughthewoodre-

sultinginlossofs

ection

Holesarepres

ent

(10%loss)

Abr

asionandWearDeteriorationofw

oodbroughtaboutbyvehiclesors

nowploughbladesscraping

againstwoodsurfaces,coupledwiththeabrasiveinfluenceofsand,dirtordebris.

10%loss

Cra

cking,Splinter-

ing,Crushingand

Sha

ttering

Physicaldamage

whichresultsfromvehicularcollis

ionfromoverloadingofamember

10%loss

71

T

able4

.16:

Stee

lor

Alum

inum

Su

bs

truc

turesan

dSupers

tructures

E

xce

llen

tCon

dition

Goo

dCond

ition

Fa

irCon

dition

Poor

Con

dition

N

oobservedmaterial

d

efects

Lightcorrosionnosec-

tionloss

Mediumcorrosion-up

to10%sectionloss

Severeandverysevere

corrosionmorethan

10%sectionloss

Allcracks(immediate

actionisrequired-

estimaterepairarea)

Permanentdeformations


ciencies

Mediumconnectiond

efi-

ciencies

Severeconnectiondefi-

ciencies

Evaluationandcondition

survey*if

>10%inthisstate.

*Involvesmeasuringthicknessofcriticalmemberstodeterminesectionlossasitvariesacrosstheele-

m

ent


31/50

70

Table4

.15:

Stee

l

Atmosp

heric

Corros

ion

Res

istan

tSu

b-

st

ruc

turesan

dSupers

truc

tures

Exce

llen

tCon

dition

Goo

dCon

dition

Fa

irCon

dition

Poor

Con

dition

Noobservedmaterial

defectswithsmooth

uniformrustlayer

(patina)

Earlysigns

ofpatina

flakingand

nosection

loss

Flakinganddelamina-

tionofPatinaupto1

0%

sectionloss

Morethan10%section

loss

Allcracks

Permanentdeforma-

tions


ciencies

Mediumconnectiondefi-

ciencies

Severeconnectiondefi-

ciencies

Evaluationandcondition

survey*if

>10%inthisstate.

31

3.

WOOD

D

EFECT

CONDITIONSTATE

GOOD(LIGHT)

FAIR(MEDIUM)

POOR

(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)

Firea

ndChem

i-

ca

lDamage

Fireisevidencedbycharringandisusuallyconfinedtothewoodsurface.Chemicaldam-

agemayresultfromth

euseofnonpreservativechemica

lsonthewoodsurfaceovera

longperiodoftime

Slig

htc

harr

ingor

so

ften

ingw

ith10%sec

tion

loss

Connec

tion

De

ficienc

ies

10mmwide

65

Tab

le4

.10:

Expans

ion

Jo

int

Seals

/Sea

lan

ts

Exce

llen

tCon

dition

Goo

dCon

dition

Fa

irCon

dition

Poor

Con

dition

Noobservedmaterial

defects

Abrasionsinsealwithno

perforations

Lossofresiliencyof

seal

butnoperforations

Cracks,tearsorholesin

theseal

Sealhasdebonded

Sealisallowingleakage

onthesubstructure.

Sealantdebonded,

pulledoutorsettled


37/50

64

Table4.9:ExpansionJointArmou

ringandRetainingDevices

Ex

ce

llen

tCon

dition

Goo

dCond

ition

Fa

irCon

dition

Poor

Con

dition

No

observedmaterial

de

fects

LightCorros

ion*

MediumCorrosion*

SevereCorrosion*

Bolts,anchors,armour-

ing,clampingdevicesor

weldsareloose,broken

ormissing

*A

sdefinedinTable4.16.

C

O

N

D

I

T

I

O

N

37

DEFECT

5.

ASPH

ALTWEARINGSURFACE(Part1

Sec

t.2

.7,

Part

2Ta

ble4

.1)

GOOD(LIGHT)

FAIR(MEDIUM)

POOR

(SEVERE

/

VERYSEVERE)

Surface

Defec

ts

Progressivedeteriorationandlossofthepavemen

tmaterialfromsurfacedownward

No

ticea

blel

osso

f

pavemen

tm

ateria

l

Sha

llow

disintegra

tion

ofpavemen

tw

ithan

open

tex

tureappear-

ance

Sha

llow

todeep

disintegra

tion

ofpavemen

tw

ithsma

ll/

numerouspo

tho

les,

open

tex-

turean

dloosesurfacema

teria

l

Slippery

Surface

Mayresultfrom

flushingorfromthepolishingofth

ecoarsesurfaceaggregatesbythe

actionofrepetitivevehic

ulartraffic

Therearenoseveri

tydescrip

tionsg

iven

forsl

ipperysurfacesas

thisisaseri-

ousan

dpo

tentia

lly

hazardouss

itua

tionresulting

inlosso

fri

dingcom

fortand

losso

fve

hicle

con

tro

l(in

dica

tesuspec

tedper

form

de

fic

iencyo

fs

lipperysur-

face

)

Flus

hing

Themigrationofasphaltupwardstothepavementsurfaceinpavementswithtoo

muchasphaltinthe

mix.

Visibleco

lou

ringo

f

thepavement

surface

occurr

ing

inloca

lize

d

areas

Distinc

tiveco

louringo

f

thepavemen

tsurface

withexcessasp

ha

lt

freeon

thepavement

surface

Excess

ive

freeasp

ha

ltg

ives

thepavemen

tsurfacea

wet

loo

k

.Visibleimprin

tsleftfrom

foo

tprin

tsorve

hicu

lar

tra

ffic

Rave

lling


38/50

38

D

E

F

E

C

T

S

DEFECT

5.

ASPH

ALTWEARINGSURFACE(Part

1Sec

t.2

.7,

Part

2Ta

ble4

.1)

GOOD

(LIGHT)

FAIR(MEDIUM)

POOR

(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)

Sur

face

Disto

rtion

Whee

ltrac

k

rutting

Theformatio

noflongitudinaldepressionsinthepavementatthelocationsof

thewheeltracksofvehicles

Ru

tting

20mm

deep

Loca

lUn-

derly

ing

Defec

ts

Po

tho

les

Bowl-shapedholesinthepavementcausedby

thepenetrationofwaterthrough

thepavementandsubsequentheavingofthep

avementduetofreezingofthe

entrappedw

aterandbreakingupofthepavem

entduetotrafficaction

20mm

deep

Pro

trus

ions

(Delaminations)

Localdelaminationisvisibleasprotrusionsorbumps(oftencircularinshape)

20mm

inhe

ight

63

ExcellentCondition

GoodCondition

FairCondition

PoorCondition

Noobservedmaterialde-

fe

cts

Upto10%lo

ssofmaterial

forembankm

entsnotdi-

rectlysupportingfounda-

tions;or,upto5%

lossfor

embankment

sdirectlysup-

portingfoundations

10%-30%lossofmaterial

forembankmentsnotdi-


tions;or5%to15%lo

ss

forembankmentsdirectly

supportingfoundations;or,

lossofmaterialtothetop

offoundations

Morethan30%lossofmate-

rialforembankmentsnot

directlysupportingfounda-

tions;or,morethan15%

lossforembankmentsdi-


tions;or,lossofmaterialto

thebottomoffoundations

Tab

le4

.8:

Em

ban

kmen

ts


39/50

62Ta

ble

4.7

:Dra

inage

Sys

tem

Ex

ce

llen

tCon

dition

Goo

dCond

ition

Fa

irCon

dition

Poor

Con

dition

No

observedmaterial

de

fects

Upto20%o

findividual

drainagesystemhas

looseordeterioratedcom-

ponents,connectionsor

fasteners

20%to60%ofindivid-

ualdrainagesystemhas

looseordeteriorated

components,connec-

tionsorfasteners

Morethan60%ofindivid-

ualdrainagesystemhas

looseordeterioratedcom-

ponents,connectionsor

fasteners

Brokenpipecomponents

resultinginwaterdraining

ontosubstructure

C

O

N

D

I

T

I

O

N

39

DEFECT

5.

ASPHAL

TCOVEREDCONCRETEDECK(P

art

1Sec

t.2

.7,

Part

2Ta

ble4

.6)

GOOD

(LIGHT)

FAIR(MEDIUM)

POOR

(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)

BOT TOM-UP DEFECTSW

ide

Is

olated

Crac

ks

Transverse,

long

itu

dina

l

crac

ks

Long

itu

dina

lparalleltothedirectionoftrave

l,andgenerallylocatedator

nearthecen

treofthewheeltrack,pavementedgeorcentre-lineofbridge

Transverse

acrosspavementeitherfullyorp

artially

>10mmw

idesing

le

crac

ks

Loca

l

Un

derly-

in

gDe-

fe

cts

Po

tho

les

Bowl-shapedholesinthepavementcausedby

thepenetrationofwaterthrough

thepavementandsubsequentheavingofthep

avementduetofreezingofthe

entrappedw

aterandbreakingupofthepavementduetotrafficaction

ALL

Pro

trus

ions

(Delaminations)

Localdelaminationisvisibleasprotrusionsorb

umps(oftencircularinshape)

ALL

Pa

ttern

Crac

ks

Map,

edge,

alliga

tor,

radial

ALL

Incompletes

eparationintooneormorepartsw

ithorwithoutspacebetween


40/50

40

6.

ASPHALTCOVEREDCONCRETEDECKS

GOOD

(LIGHT)

FAIR(MEDIUM)

POOR

(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)

TOP-DOW

NDEFECTS

Bon

d

De

fec

ts

Losso

f

bon

d

Widespreadlossofbondanddelaminationmayoccurbetweentheasphalt

pavementanddecksurface,betweenthewaterproofingandthedecksurface,

betweenthewaterproofingandtheasphaltpa

vementorbetweenindividuallifts

ofpavement

A

LL

Ripp

ling

Theformationoftransverseundulationsinthe

pavementsurfaceconsistingof

closelyspa

cedvalleysandcrests

A

LL

Surface

De

fec

ts

Rave

llingProgressivedeteriorationandlossofthepave

mentmaterialfromthesurface

downward

A

LL

Slippery

Surface

Mayresultfromflushingorfromthepolishing

ofthecoarsesurfaceaggregates

bytheactio

nofrepetitivevehiculartraffic

A

LL

DEFECT

61

E

xcellentCondition

GoodCondi

tion

FairCondition

PoorCondition

AllBondDe

fects(e.g.rippling,loss

ofbond)inasphalt.

AllSurfaceDefects(e.g.ravelling,

flushing,slip

perysurface)inasphalt.

AllSurfaceDistortions(wheeltrack

rutting)inasphalt.

Conditionsurveyiftheareaofdete-

riorationinthisstate>10%ifnot

alreadydone.

Bas

edon

Visua

lInspec

tiono

fAspha

lt

Notes

:

(1)Forallcalculations,

theactualareashallbedeterminedforareascontainingnumerouscracks(i.e.alliga-

to

rcracks,radialcracks).Forisolat

edcracks,

4mo

fcracklengthisto

equalto1squaremetreofdefect

re

pairarea.

(2)If

abridgehasbeenrecentlyrepavedwithoutrehabilitatingthedeck,th

einspectormustestimatethecon-

ditionoftheconcretedeckusingothermeans.

Thiswouldincludeusingpreviousinspectioninformation,

Table4

.6:

Concre

te

Topo

fDe

ckBenea

thAsp

ha

ltWearing

Surface


41/50

60

Exc

ellentCondition

GoodCo

ndition

FairCondition

PoorCondition

NoAsphaltDefects.

Top-Dow

nAsphaltDe-

fects

Bottom-

UpAsphaltDefects

Localprotrusionsinasphalt.AllPotholesinasphalt.

Lightand

medium

isolatedcracksin

asphalt.

Wideisolatedcracksin

as-

phalt.

(Cracksinclude:longitudinal

cracks,abovelocation

of

voids,edgeofbeamflanges,

jointbetweenprecastu

nits,

constructionjoints,etc.,or

transversecracks)

AllPatterncrackingin

asphalt

(e.g.map,alligator,radial,

edgecracking).

BasedonVisualInspectionofAsphalt

T

able4

.6:

Concre

te

TopofD

ec

kBenea

thAsp

ha

lt

W

earing

Surface

41

DEFECT

6.

ASPHALTCOVERED

CONCRETEDECKS

GOOD(LIGHT)

FAIR(MEDIUM)

POOR

(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)

TOP-DOWN DEFECTS

Surface

De-

fec

ts

Flus

hingT

hemigrationofasphaltupwardsto

thepavementsurfaceinpave-

m

entswithtoomuchasphaltinthemix.

ALL

Surface

Dis-

tort

ion

Whee

ltrac

k

rutting

T

heformationoflongitudinaldepres

sionsinthepavementattheloca-

tionsofthewheeltracksofvehicles

ALL

Lightan

d

Me

dium

Iso

lated

Crac

ks

Iso

lated

crac

ksan

d

Transverse,

long

itu

dina

l

crac

ks

L

inearfractureextendingpartiallyorcompletelythroughthepavement

10%forsubstructures

DeckConditionSurveyif

areaofdeteriorationinthis

state>10%forsuperstruc-

tures

Tab

le4.5:Concrete

Su

bs

truc

turesandSuperstructures


43/50

58

ExcellentCondition

GoodConditio

n

FairCondition

PoorCondition

Noo

bserve

dma

teria

l

defe

cts

Lightscaling

Mediumscaling

Severetoveryseverescal-

ing,erosionanddisintegra-

tion

Ruststainson

con-

creteduetocorroding

rebarchairs

Ruststainsonconcretedueto

corrodingreinforcingsteel

Mediumtoveryseverecor-

rosionofreinforcingsteel

Surfacecarbo

nation

(Reactionwith

CO2,

associateddis

colour-

ation,shrinkageand

cracks)

Surfacedefectssuchasstrati-

fication,segregation,cold

joints,abrasion,wear,slippery

surfaces,wetareasandsur-

facedeposits(excepton

soffits).

Lighthoneyco

mbing

andpop-outs

Mediumhoneycombinga

nd

pop-outs

Severetoveryseverehon-

eycombingandpop-outs

HairlineandN

arrow

cracks

Mediumcracks

Allwidecracks

Lightalkali-ag

gregate

reaction

Mediumalkali-aggregate

reac-

tion

Severeandverysevereal-

kali-aggregatereaction

Tabl

e4.5:Concrete

Substructur

esandSuperstructures

C

O

N

D

I

T

I

O

N

43


44/50

44

DEFECT

7.COATING(PART1,Section2.8&Part2Table4.4)

GOOD(LIGHT)

FAIR(MEDIUM)


Rutsconditionratingisavisualratingofthesurfaceappe

aranceandisbasedonASTMD610

sketchesandisalsoshowninAppendixCandOSIMPart2,Figure4.1

RustConditionRating2RustConditionRating3

RustConditionRating4ormore

Co

ating

Re

lated

De

fects

Checkingor

Crazing

Finesystem

ofminutecracksinacheckerboardpattern.Causedbyweatheringand

exposureduringcuring

ALL

Cracking

Linearpatternofcrackpenetratedthroughcoating.

Resultsfromweathering,continuing

polymerizatio

norshrinkage

ALL

Alligatoring

Largeirregularchecksacrosssurface.Causedbynoncompatiblelayersofcoatingand

hardening/sh

rinkageprocess

ALL

ChemicalAt-

tack

Coatingreac

tingadverselywithairbornechemicals

oraccidentalspills

ALL

Chalking

Powderyapp

earanceofcoatingsurface.Causedb

yreactionofcoatingresinstosunlight

andprocess

ofweathering.

AL

L

Rust

ConditionRating

57

Figure 4.4b: Rust Condition Rating Categories for Coatin


45/50

56

Exce

llen

tCon

dition

Goo

dCon

dition

Fa

irCon

dition

Poor

Con

dition

NoObservedMaterial

Defects

Chalking

Checking,cracking,alli-

gatoring

Intercoatdelamination,

peeling(topcoaton

ly)

Undercutting,blisters,

peeling(primecoat),un-

derfilmcorrosion

Signsofchemicala

ttack

Overspray,runs,sags,

pinholing

Bridging,edgedefe

cts,

shadows

RUSTCONDITION**

RATING

CATEGORY1

RUSTCONDITION**

RATING

CATEGO

RY2

RUSTCONDITION

**

RATING

CATEGORY3

RUSTCONDITION**

RATING

CATEGORY4orhigher

CoatingConditionSurveyisrequiredifcombined

areaintheFairand

PoorConditionStatesis

greaterthan25%andtheareainthePoorCondi-

tionStateislessthan10%***

Ta

ble

4.4

a:

Coa

ting

*-

Struc

tura

lSteelSu

bs

truc

turesan

dSuper-

Struc

tures

45

DEFECT

7.

COATING(PART1

,Sec

tion2

.8&Part

2Ta

ble4

.4)

DEFECTS

*

GOOD(LIGHT)

FAIR(MEDIUM)


Adh

es

ion

Re

lated

De

fec

ts

Un

dercu

ttingSpreading

ofcorrosionundercoatingfromab

reak.Causedbypoorsurface

preparation

Blis

ters

Domeshapedprojectionsofcoating.Caused

bysolventorwatertrapped

withinpaintfilm

Intercoa

t

De

lam

ina

tion

Onecoats

eparatesfromanother.Causedby

contaminatedsurfacesor

excessivecuringbetweencoats

Pee

ling

Separation

ofcoatingfromsteelduetopoora

dhesion

Corrosionunderthecoatingwiththehelpoffromabreak.Causedbypoor

preparation

orporouscoating

Un

derf

ilm

Corros

ion

ALL

ALL

ALL

ALL

ALL


46/50

46

DEFECT

7.

COATING(PART1

,Sec

tion2

.8&Part

2Ta

ble4

.4)

DEFECTS

*

GOOD

(LIGHT)

FAIR(MEDIUM)

POOR

SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)

Bri

dg

ing

Coatingbridgesacrosstightcornerordebrisformingvoid.Voidcantrap

moistureandoxygen

Edge

De

fec

tsCoatingpu

llsawayfromsharpedgesandcor

ners.Duetoinsufficient

application

ofcoatingatedge

Sha

dows

Coatingisappliedtoothinintheshadowofa

rivet,bolts,orotherabruptchange

insurface

Overspray

Somepain

tparticleoutsidespraypatterndry

priortofullcoating.Leadsto

someabso

rbedsolventandamoreporoussurface

ALL

Appl

ica

tion

Rela

ted

Defec

ts

ALL

ALL

ALL

55

Ta

ble4

.3:

Coa

ting

*

Stee

lRa

iling

s

Exce

llen

tCon

dition

Goo

dCon

dition

Fa

irCon

dition

Poor

Con

dition

RUSTCONDITION**

RATING

CATEGORY1

RUSTCONDITION

RATING

CATEGOR

Y2

RUSTCONDITION

RATING

CATEGORY3

RUSTCONDITION

RATING

CATEGORY4orhigher

*

Galvanizedelementsareincluded

undertheCoatingcategory

**

RustConditionRatingsareshown

inFigure4.1.Foradditionalinform

ation,seetheStruc-

turalSteelCoatingManual.

***Inordertoconsiderovercoatinga

saviablerehabilitationoption,ad

etailedconditionsur-

veyshouldbetriggeredbeforedeteriorationistoowidespread.

C

O

O


47/50

54

Ex

ce

llen

t

Co

ndition

Goo

d

Con

dition

Fa

ir

Con

dition

Poor

Con

dition

NoObs

ervedMate-

rialDefects

Hairlinecracksinelastomericpads

Narrowtomediumcracksin

elastomericpads

Verywidecracksinelastomericpads

and/orsteelplatesdebonded

Lightbulgingorsheardeform

ationsin

elastomericpads,orlightlocal

deformationofroller/rockerp

lates

Mediumbulging/sheardeformations

inelastomericpads,ormediumlocal

deformationofroller/rockerplates

Severebulging/sheardeformations

inelastomericpads,severelocal

deformationofroller/rockerplates

Lightscoring/scratchesinTF

Eor

stainlesssteel

Mediumscoring/scratchesinT

FEor

stainlesssteel

Severescoring/scratchesorripsand

tearsinTFEorstainlesssteel

LightCorrosion

MediumCorrosion

Severeandveryseverecorrosion

andorcracksinsteel

Anchorboltsslightlybent

Anchorboltsseverelybent/cra

cked

Anchorboltsarebroken

Guidebarsandthrustplates

slightlywornGuidebarsandthrustplatesm

oder-

atelyworn

Guidebarsandthrustplatesse-

verelywornand/orlooseormissing

nuts

Upto5%ofbondedslidings

urfaceis

debonded

5%to20%ofbondedslidings

urface

isdebonded

Over20%ofbondedslidingsurface

isdebonded

Internallyconfinedcompressionma-

terialissqueezing/squeezedout

T

able4.2

:Bearings

C

O

N

D

I

T

I

O

N

47

DEFECT

7.

COATING(PART1

,Sec

tion2

.8&Part

2Ta

ble4

.4)

DEFECTS*

GOOD(LIGHT)

FAIR(MEDIUM)

POOR

(SEVERE/VERYSEVERE)

Appl

ica

tion

Rela

ted

Defec

ts

Pinho

ling

Airbubbles

trappedincoatingcreatingvoids.

Causedbyholdingsprayguntoo

close

AL

L

Runs

Downwardmovementofpaint.Causedbyover-thinningordepositingtoomuch

paintatone

time

AL

L

Sags

Similartoru

ns,thedownwardmovementofcurtainofpaint

AL

L

Pinpo

int

Rus

ting

Rustingvisibleatpointlocations.Causedbyinsufficientcoatingthicknesson

peaksofblastcleanedsubstrate

RatebasedonappearanceandRustConditionRating


48/50

4853

ExcellentCondition

GoodCondition

FairCondition

Poor

Condition

No

ObservedMate-

rialDefects

Lightcracking

Mediumcracking

Seve

retoverysevere

cracking

Lightravelling

Mediumravelling

Seve

reandverysevere

ravelling

Allareaswithlossof

bond

LightPotholes

MediumPotholes

Seve

reandverysevere

potholes

Lightwheeltrackrut-

ting

Mediumwheeltrack

rutting

Seve

reandverysevere

whee

ltrackrutting

LightRippling

MediumRippling

Seve

reandVerySevere

Rippling

LightFlushing

MediumFlushing

Seve

reandverysevere

flushing

For

allcalculations,

theactualareashallbedeterminedforareascontainingnumerouscracks(i.e.

allig

atorcracks,radialcracks).Foriso

latedcracks,

4m

ofcrack

Tab

le4

.1:

Asp

ha

ltWearing

Su

rface


49/50

52

C

O

N

D

T

O

N

APPENDIX C: MATERIAL CONDITIONSTATE TABLES

(Part 2, Section 4)

Four Condition States have been defined for bridgeelements, namely, Excellent, Good, Fair and Poor.

The condition of bridge elements is defined to be inany one or more of these Condition States.The severity and extent philosophy is used where,for each bridge element, the inspector assesses andrecords the amount (area, length or unit as appropri-ate) of the element in each of the four ConditionStates.

49

Element List and Condition StateCross Reference Table (Part 2, Ta

APPENDIX B


50/50

50

Element Group Element Name6,7,8

Unit forQuantity

1,2,3,4Appl icab le Condit ionState Table Number

5

Abutments Abutment walls Sq.m. 4.5, 4.11, 4.19

Ballast walls Sq.m. 4.5, 4.11, 4.19

Bearings Each 4.2

Wingwalls Sq.m. 4.5, 4.11, 4.19

Accessories(Attachments & Signs)

Bridge Mounted SignSupports 9

Each 4.12

Electrical 9 Each 4.12

Noise Barriers m10 4.12

Other Each 4.12

Signs Each 4.12

Utilities Each 4.12

Approaches Approach slabs Sq.m. 4.5, 4.6

Barriers 9 m10 4.17, 4.19

Curb and Gutters m. 4.5

Drainage System Each 4.7

Sidewalk/Curbs Sq.m. 4.5

Wearing surface Sq.m. 4.1, 4.5, 4.6

Barriers Barrier/Parapet Walls Sq.m. 4.5

Hand Railings m. 10 4.17

Posts Each 4.5, 4.16, 4.19

Railing Systems m.10

4.17, 4.19

Beams/Main Longitu-dinal Elements

Diaphragms Each (Sq.m ifConcrete)

4.5, 4.15, 4.16, 4.19

Floor beams Sq.m. 4.5, 4.16, 4.19

Girders Sq.m. 4.5, 4.15, 4.16, 4.19

Inside boxes (sides &bottom)

Sq.m. 4.5 , 4.15

Stringers Each 4.5 , 4.16, 4.19

Bracing Bracing Each 4.15, 4.16, 4.19

Coatings Railing Systems /Hand Railings

Sq.m. 4.3

Structural Steel Sq.m. 4.4

Culverts Barrels Sq.m. 4.5, 4.14

Inlet Components Sq.m. 4.5

Outlet Components Sq.m. 4.5

Decks Deck Top Sq.m. 4.5, 4.6, 4.19

Drainage System Each 4.7

Soffit Inside Boxes Sq.m. 4.5

Soffit Thick slab Sq.m. 4.5

Soffit Thin Slab Sq.m. 4.5, 4.19

Wearing Surface Sq.m. 4.1

Embankments &Streams

Embankments Each 4.8

Slope protection Each 4.13

Streams and Water-ways

All 4.18

Foundations Foundation (belowground level)

N/A Rate performance only.

Joints Armouring/retainingdevices

m. 4.9

Concrete end dams Sq.m 4.5

Seals/sealants each 4.10

Table 2.1: Element List and Condition State Cross Reference Table

51

Element Group Element Name6,7,8

Unit forQuantity

1,2,3,4Appl icab le Con dit ionState Table Number

5

Piers Bearings Each 4.2

Caps Sq.m. 4.5, 4.11, 4.16, 4.19

Shafts/columns/PileBents

Sq.m. 4.5, 4.11, 4.16, 4.19

Retaining walls Barrier Systems onwalls

Sq.m. 4.5, 4.17, 4.19

Railing Systems m10 4.17, 4.19

Drainage Systems All 4.7

Walls Sq.m. 4.5

Sidewalks/curbs Curbs Sq.m. 4.5

Sidewalks and medi-ans

Sq.m. 4.5

Trusses/Arches Bottom chords Sq.m. 4.5, 4.16, 4.19

Connections Each 4.16, 4.19

Top chords Sq.m. 4.5, 4.16, 4.19Verticals/diagonals Sq.m. 4.5, 4.16, 4.19

Notes: 1 For All, place the entire component (100%) in one condition state.2 For Each, give the number of occurrences of the component in each state.3 For cracks in concrete, estimate repair area (4m of crack = 1 sq. m of repair).4 For cracks in steel, estimate required repair area.5 Tables given are typical for element. Use appropriate table for applicable

material. (See Section 4).6 Sub-elements (End/Middle) to be used for the following elements at expansion

joint locations: Deck Top, Girders, Inside BoxesSub-elements (End/Intermediate) to be used for the following elements at

expansion joint locations:: Floor Beams, Stringers, Bracing and Dia-phragms

Sub-elements (End/Interior/Exterior) to be used for SoffitsSub-elements (Interior/Exterior) to be used for Barrier/Parapet Walls

7 For an explanation of which bridge components are included in each element,see Table 3.1.

8 Similar element types should be grouped together (e.g. I-girders, x-frames, etc.)9 Optional element. Not required for MTO use

10 For these elements that are inspected by linear metre, a defect in the post shallbe assumed to affect the tributary area for that post.

osim fieldguide (apr 2008)

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