OSPREY· MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES

eCJ3lackCJ3runswickers

Text by OTTO VON PIVKA

Colour plates by MICHAEL ROFFE

MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES

EDITOR: MARTIN WINDROWALBAN BOOK SERVICES

e~lack

~runswickersText by OTTO VON PIVKA

Colour plates by MICHAEL ROFFE

OSPREY PUBLISHING LIMITED

Published in 1973 byOsprey Publishing Ltd, P.O. Box 25,707 Oxford Road, Reading, Berkshire© Copyright 1973 Osprey Publishing Ltd

This book is copyrighted under the BerneConvention. All rights reserved. Apart from anyfair dealing for the purpose of private study,research, criticism or review, as permitted under theCopyright Act, 1956, no part of this publicationmay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photo­copying, recording or otherwise, without the priorpermission of the copyright owner. Enquiries shouldbe addressed to the Publishers.

I wish to acknowledge the invaluable assistancegiven to me in the preparation of this book by theauthorities and staff of the Landesmuseum inBrunswick, the members of the Berlin section of theGesellschaft fill' Heereskunde, and my many friendsand comrades in that city.

Printed in Great Britain byJarrold & Sons Ltd, Norwich

Before we can delve into the details of the uni­forms, campaigns and organization of the troopsof the Duchy of Braunschweig-Luneburg-Oels it isnecessary to cast a brief look at the politicalsituation in Europe during the Napoleonic era inorder to see why it was that these Germans, withno direct connection to the British crown, enteredits service and fought so bravely against Napoleon.

Before 1870, Germany, as a cohesive state,such as there was in 1914, did not exist. Instead,the area which is now occupied by the twoGermanies (the Federal Republic of Germany inthe West and the German Democratic Republic inthe East), and part of what is nowadays termedPoland, was a raggle-taggle collection of elector­ates, duchies, grand duchies, principalities andkingdoms. These states, mostly small, werepolitically divided among themselves, mutuallyfearful, if not sometimes openly hostile, and, forthe most part, without any influence on affairsoutside their own, very limited, borders. Togetherwith Austria they formed the Holy RomanEmpire and some of the rulers had the right tocast a vote in the election of the emperor. Tradi­tionally, the emperor was the Austrian head ofstate but there had been exceptions to this: forinstance, from 1742 to 1745, when the ElectorKarl Albrecht of Bavaria had occupied theImperial throne because the Austrian head ofstate was then a woman, Queen Maria Theresa.

Apart from voting for the emperor, each statewas required to provide a Kontingent of troopswhen needed by the emperor for use against theenemies of the Empire. This delightfully demo­cratic Imperial military system had obviousdisadvantages, however, particularly when oneconsiders all the various and different drillregulations which were used and the fact thatpractically every state produced its own firearms,each to its own calibre and specifications. Inshort, the Holy Roman Empire, as it existed in

Cjlie CJ3If/ck CJ3runswickers

1796 when Napoleon burst on to the Europeanmilitary and political scene in a blaze of ~nergyand decision, was a colourful but totally out­moded and semi-fossilized institution.1

The Imperial Army managed to stay on thebattlefield against the Revolutionary Frenchforces until 1800, but constant bickering among itscommanders and the old-fashioned system oftactics ensured that its days were numbered, andfinally, at the battle of Hohenlinden in Bavaria on3 December 1800, the military power of the HolyRoman Empire was shattered, leaving only thegaudy titles on the European stage; and these,too, were to vanish in 1805.

In 1805 Napoleon, who was then in firm, andpopular, dictatorial command of the Frenchnation and army, was about to extend his grip

The Duke of Brunswick

3

George III (National Army MuseUJn)

on the mainland of Europe. It was the era of theCoalition Wars in which Revolutionary Francewas opposed by a rapidly changing kaleidoscopeof European monarchies, whom she repeatedlydefeated or who defeated themselves by dissolvinginto mutually isolated, hostile, self-seeking sub­groups. Prussia and Austria squabbled overSilesia; Saxony feared annexation from Prussia;Prussia looked nervously at Russia over her newlyacquired Polish provinces, and England, althoughthe greatest naval power in the world at that time,did not possess a large enough army both to enterthe lists on the European mainland and tomaintain her colonial possessions against Frenchand Dutch opposition.

Added to this martial weakness on land wasthe fact that Napoleon already controlled mostof the European coastline facing England andthus any attempt at intervention on the Continentwould have to have been opened with an opposedlanding on a hostile coast, a task for which theBritish Government (and the Army) had littleenthusiasm.

4

Britain's main contribution to these earlyCoalition Wars against Francc in Europe waslimited to two fields: money and intelligence.British gold paid for the muskets and ammunitionof Austrian, Prussian and Russian soldiers, andBritish agents intrigued against France and soughtto stiffen their wavering allies.

In 1803 Napoleon had overrun the Electorate ofHanover thus deepening the rift between Franceand England, whose monarch (George III) was,of cou rse, also the Elector of Hanover. Most of theHanoverian Army made its way to England wherethey became the King's German Legion.

Until 1805 an uneasy peace reigned in Europe,but the same year the restless French Emperorwas again opposed by yet another unsteadycoalition (the Third Coalition). On this occasionAustria and Russia entered the lists against him,backed by British gold and the hope that Prussiaand Saxony would help them with more tangiblemeans. King Frederick William III of Prussia, aweak and vacillating monarch, dithered on theside-lines until it was too late to achieve anything,his procrastination contributing largely to theAustro-Russian defeats in this campaign.

On 17 October 1805 the Austrian commanderin Germany, Feldmarschall-Leutnant Mack, wassurrounded and forced to capitulate at Ulm with20,000 men. 2 Mack had pushed far into hostileBavarian territory at the start of the campaignand was waiting in Ulm to be joined by a strongRussian force when Napoleon, moving withcharacteristic speed and outnumbering Mack'stroops by three to one, encircled him, forcing ahumiliating surrender. The majority of Napoleon'sforward troops in this operation were Germans ­Bavarians, Wtirttembergers and Badenese - andhis victory was aided by some incredibly badliaison work on the part of his Austrian andRussian foes.3 (At this time Napoleon had justabandoned his scheme to invade England, but hisnaval strategy was dealt a heavy blow on 2 I

October 1805 when Nelson destroyed the Frenchand Spanish fleets at Trafalgar.) The Russiansand Austrians were not yet in the mood to sur­render, however, and another crushing defeatwas needed, that of Austerlitz on 2 December1805, to force them to come to terms with him.

In the subsequent Treaty of Pressburg, on

26 December 1805, the Holy Roman Empire wasofficially dissolved and Emperor Franz II, havingalready renounced his electoral title, becameknown simply as Emperor Franz I of Austria.Titles were not the only thing which the Austrianmonarch lost however: the Tyrol and the Innprovinces were given to Bavaria, and Vorarlbergto WUrttemberg. Both these states then becamekingdoms and Baden, which had also increased insize at Austria's expense, became a grand duchy.

As a lesson to Prussia for her side-line dithering,apolcon took from her the principalities of

Cleve and euchatel. Cleve he united with theformer Bavarian Duchy of Berg to make theDuchy of Cleve-Berg which he then granted toMurat, his flamboyant cavalry commander.Neuchatel went to Berthier, his chief of staff, andas compensation for these territorial losses, Prussiawas given Hanover. This state of affairs was notto continue, however. By 1806 Napoleon, seekingan agreement with England over seaborne trade

Frederick WiliiaDl III of Prussia

Lancer, Clevt:-Berg RegiDlent

with Europe, was offering Hanover back toGeorge III, without bothering too much aboutthe protests raised by the Prussian King. FrederickWilliam III of Prussia was incensed at being sohandled and, in a rare moment of decision, de­clared war on France. Saxony and BrunswickjoinedPrussia and both sides marshalled their forces.

Inevitably, Austria and Russia could not bebrought to concert their efforts with Prussiaagainst France, and thus Napoleon was presentedwith yet another splendid opportunity to defeathis enemies in detail. Gathering his German'allies' up as he advanced, he rushed throughsouthern Germany with a force made up of troopsfrom France, Baden, WUrttemberg, Bavaria,Frankfurt, Hesse-Darmstadt and WUrzburg. Hecaught the Prussian-Saxon-Brunswick Army un­prepared and smashed them at the twin battles ofJena and Auerstadt on 14 October 1806. DukeKarl Wilhelm Ferdinand, the then Duke ofBrunswick, was a field-marshal in the PrussianArmy at the battle and was wounded in action,dying shortly afterwards.

As a result of this 'French' victory, Saxony was

5

Hussar trooper of the Black Horde in 1809 wearing thelong off-white greatcoat with wrist-length cape. Coloursof the rest of the uniforRl are given in the Colour Plates

forced to break her alliance with Prussia and tojoin the French-controlled Confederation of theRhine; the Prussian Army disintegrated, theremnants fleeing eastwards.

By now Russia had decided to join Prussia indefying Napoleon, but in turn their joint armieswere defeated at Friedland on 14 June 1807. Thesubsequent Treaty of Tilsit (7 July 1807), signedon a raft moored in the middle of the riverNiemen, gave Napoleon yet another opportunityto demonstrate his skill as an inventive Europeancartographer. Brunswick was dissolved as a state,its former territories being incorporated into thenew Napoleonic kingdom of Westphalia, whichalso included parts of the old states of Hanoverand Hesse-Kassel.

Prussia lost much land which went to set upthe Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and Saxony gained

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some territory at Prussia's expense and waselevated from an electorate to a kingdom, joiningthe Confederation of the Rhine at the same time.The King of Saxony was also created Grand Dukeof Warsaw, but Warsaw was an independentmember of the Confederation of the Rhine andthe Saxon King's secondary title was indeedhollow!

Europe lapsed once more into an uneasy peace.I t is against this violent and turbulent backgroundthat we begin our detailed study of the BlackBrunswickers.

Cjlie qormationifthe~/ack :HOrde

When the Duchy of Brunswick was dissolved in1807 the son of the dead duke, the dispossessedFriedrich Wilhelm, fled to Austrian territory ~o

nurture in exile his hatred of the French dictator.Peace again reigned on the European mainland

until 1808, but then the war in the Spanishpeninsula broke out with the rejection by proudSpaniards of their new king, Joseph Bonaparte ­Napoleon's brother - whom the Corsican hadattempted to force down their throats.

Since the bitter defeats and loss of territory of1805, Austria had been hard at work overhaulingand expanding her military machine. Althoughmuch had been accomplished in this field, Arch­duke Charles, brother of Emperor Franz I and theman in overall charge of these army reforms, wasnot convinced that the Austrian forces were yet ina state to be matched against the French Army.His protests were overridden, however, as theAustrian Government felt that with the eruptionof the Spanish war, Napoleon would be toooccupied to be able to devote large forces to dealwith them. Apart from the regular Austrianforces, extensive Landwehr (militia) formationshad been raised, equipped, armed and semi­trained; a number of volunteer corps were alsoraised.

On 25 February 1809 Friedrich Wilhelm ofBrunswick entered into an agreement with theAustrians to raise a corps of infantry and cavalryto fight alongside them as they invaded his olddomains, raising the population against theirFrench rulers. Initially, this corps was to consistof an infantry regiment and a hussar regimenteach of 1,000 men. The infantry regiment wasorganized in two battalions each of four com­panies and the hussar regiment had eight squad­roIlS. The hussar regiment had a horse artillerybattery attached to' it consisting of two light7-pounder howitzers and two light 6-poundercannon.

To set the new corps on its feet the AustrianGovernment provided the following items:

1,000 infantry shakos1,000 hussar shakos1,000 pairs of shoes1,000 pairs of hussar boots (C;r.ismen)1,000 pairs of spurs1,000 hussar-pattern waistbelts1,000 cavalry cartridge pouches1,000 infantry cartridge pouches1,000 infantry overcoats1,000 sets of hussar-pattern harness1,000 carbines1,000 infantry mmkets with slings1,000 brace of pistolsThe cloth (pepper-and-salt mixture) for 1,000

cavalry greatcoats2 light 7-pounder howitzers with all accessories2 light 6-pounder cannon with all accessories8 ammunition waggons and 240 rounds for each gun,

together with the necessary case-shot cartridges240 rounds of ammunition per head for each infantry-

man and cavalryman12,000 musket flints12,000 pistol flint25 Windbiichsen (This was a repeating air rifle capable

of firing 12 rounds at an effective range of about200 paces, almost noiselessly, before requiring arecharged air cylinder. For its era it was a veryadvanced weapon, invented by Girardoni but itrequired skilful maintenance and after Girardoni'sdeath it fetl into disuse.)

The town of Nachod in Bohemia was selectedas the forming-up place for the Brunswick Corpsand on 1 April 1809 both the infantry andcavalry regiments assembled for the first time.

Horse artillery battery gunner, 1809. Other ranks woreinfantry shakos. The coat is a short Kollet in black withsix rows of black lace on the chest and three rows of blackglass buttons. Collar, shoulder-straps, Polish cuffs andskirt turnbacks are light-blue, as are the narrow trouserstripes. Leatherwork is black with brass furniture, andthe brass-hilted sabre has a steel scabbard. Officerswore infantry officers' shakos with hussar officers'Polrock coats. Sashes, legwear and equipntent were asfor hussar officers, the black bandolier bearing a gold,heart-shaped shield with the ducal cipher FW. Horsefurniture was hussar pattern, and guns and Iintberswere painted grey

The dispossessed Friedrich Wilhelm of Bruns­wick was totally concerned with the idea ofrevenge against Napoleon for the damage whichhad been done to his family and lands. As aphysical expression of this vengeance he decided toclothe his new troops all in black and adopted ashis badge the skull and crossbones. As a result hebecame known as Der Schwarzer Herzog (the BlackDuke) and his corps waE christened Die SchwarzeSchar (the Black Horde).

7

Since the humiliating defeat of 1805 Austria hadbeen licking her wounds and waiting for anopportunity to take revenge. The revolt of theSpanish people against their newly appointedking, Joseph Bonaparte, had caused Napoleonto enter that country to prop up his brother'ssagging throne, and Austria judged the time rightto strike at the French even though ArchdukeCharles, who had been entrusted with militaryreforms after 1805, warned the War Council thatthe Landwehr was not yet ready for generalcombat.

By the terms of the Peace of Pressburg (26December 1805) Austria had lost the Tyrol toBavaria and now fomented discontent among theTyroleans who were to rise against the Bavarianoccupation forces and eject them from theirmountain province. Apart from the TyrolAustria had lost many Italian IIIyrian andDalmatian lands and was ringed with enemies.Russia was not in any fit state to enter the lists onAustria's side and Prussia, still stunned by the

dreadful collapse of her army in 1806, was mostunco-operative and almost hostile. England pro­vided plenty of financial aid, but her only armedintervention was in Portugal.

The rest of the German states were now safelywelded to the side of France in the Confederationof the Rhine, and even if they secretly wished tohelp Austria, they were totally unable to demon­strate their loyalties. apolcon, well informed ofAustria's military preparations, ordered her todisarm, but in April 1809 Austria opened hostili­ties at four points.

Archduke Ferdinand d'Este was ordered toinvade Poland and initially met with easy successand entered Warsaw with 36,000 men. He wasopposed by a 14,000-strong Saxon-Polish forceunder Prince Poniatowski; the main armies ofSaxony and Poland were employed in Austriaand Spain.

After the battle of Raszyn on 19 April 1809,the Saxon contingent of Poniatowski's force (twoand a half battalions of infantry) were recalled toSaxony. In Saxony itself, Oberst Thielmann hadbeen placed in command of a force put togetherfrom various depot troops which later grew toeight battalions of infantry, each of 1,000 menand a half a battalion of the Leib-grenadiergarde.

These troops opposed the Austrian force underGeneralmajor am Ende which was in and aroundTheresienstadt in Bohemia. Part of this force wasthe Duke of Brunswick's Black Horde and the

Saddle furniture of a hussar trooper in English service,1809-15. Note that the stirrups are not shown. Blacksheepskin saddle-cover with light-blue wolf's-tooth edge;black portDlanteau and shabrack, both edged in light­blue, with white death's-head badge; black harness withbrass fittings

8

Landwehr, Brunswickers and Hessians) andordered him to make a diversionary raid intoSaxony. On IOJune this raid began and the Dukeof Brunswick moved his corps out of the town ofAussig.

Thielmann, whose forces had brushed with theBrunswickers already, evacuated Dresden andmoved all his forces to Gorbitz, and the next day,I I June, the combined force of General am Endeoccupied Dresden. On 12 June the Brunswickersand some Austrian Jagers advanced on Gorbitzand pushed Thielmann and the Saxons back, viaPennrich, Wilsdruff and Birkenhain, to Nessen.Ten Saxons were killed and forty-seven werewounded.

The King of Saxony had appealed to KingJerome of Westphalia, another of Napoleon'sbrothers, to come to his aid, and a sizable forceof French, Dutch, Westphalian and Bergischtroops was assembled. But due to the activities ofthe Prussian Major von Schill who, with hisregiment, the 2nd (Brandenburg) Hussars, hadbroken out of his garrison at Potsdam without theapproval or knowledge of his king, and was

The First Battalion of the Black Horde had a band and in1809 Queen Charlotte Sophia of England presented DukeFriedrich Wilhehn with this Schellenbaum or 'JinglingJohnnie' to be carried at the head of the band. It is nowin the Brunswick LandeslDuseulD. (It was presented bythe officers of the Brunswicker 92nd Infantry RegilDentwho had inherited it and carried it until 1918.) Unique inhaving down-turned horns rather than up-swept, itoriginally had red horse-tails, but these were replacedby the black ones illustrated. The Black Horde had noflags or standards until 181S

Kurhessischen Korps of the deposed Prince ofHesse-Kassel. The Austrian forces in Bohemiaremained on the defensive and did not invadeSaxony until after a certain amount of provocationon the part of the Saxons under Oberst Thielmann.

Encouraged by his opponents' lack of activity,Thielmann invaded Bohemia on 25 May 180g,while on 30 and 31 May the Black Horde stormedand captured the Saxon town ofZittau. Thielmannthen withdrew to Dresden.

After the battle of Aspern Esslingen (21/22 May1809), Archduke Charles of Austria reinforcedGeneral am Ende's force to 10,000 men (Line, Guards of King JerolDe's Westphalian RegilDent

9

rampaging his way through the old Prussian

provinces of Westphalia, Jerome was very slow toconcentrate his forces and come to the aid of theSaxon King.

On 24 J une Jerome's force consisted of:

2nd Westphalian DivisionCommander - Divisionsgeneral D'Albignac

1st Westphalian Line Infantry Regiment 1,680 men5th Westphalian Line Infantry Regiment 1,800 men6th Westphalian Line Infantry Regiment 1,700 men1st Westphalian Kilrassier Regiment 260 men

5.440 men

X Corps of the 1st German Army1st Westphalian Guards Division

Commander - Divisionsgeneral Graf BernterodeOne squadron Garde du Corps 140 menOne battalion Grenadiergarde 840 menOne battalion Jagergarde 600 menThree squadrons Chevaulegersgarde 550 menOne battalion Jager-Carabiniers 360 men

2490 men

3rd Dutch DivisionCommander - Divisionsgeneral Gration

6th Dutch Line Infantry Regiment7th Dutch Line Infantry Regiment8th Dutch Line Infantry Regiment9th Dutch Line Infantry Regiment2nd Dutch Kilrassier RegimentThree companies of artillery

a total of 5,300 men

Also in Westphalia were the following forces:

Thielmann's Saxon Corps of about 2,000 menconsisted of:

In addition to these mobile forces, there were2,300 Mecklenburgers and 800 Oldenburgers asgarrisons in the fortresses along the Oder asfollows:

400 men under Brigadegeneral LibertI, I 00 men under Brigadegeneral Candras2,000 men (commander unknown)

StettinStralsundKilstrin

Commander - Oberst Chabert3rd Bergisch Line Infantry Regiment - 1,000 men

in Kassel28th French Light Infantry Regiment )3,000 men.22nd French Line Infantry Regiment in all,27th French Line Infantry Regiment partly in30th French Line Infantry Regiment Homburg and33rd French Line Infantry Regiment partly in65th French Line Infantry Regiment Magdeburg

Four squadrons of Kilrassiers (von Zastrow)One squadron of Chevaulcgers (von Polenz)Three squadrons of Saxon HussarsThe Grenadier-Bataillon (von Einsiedel)One combined infantry battalion (Wolan)Two companies of infantry regiment (von Burgsdorf)One musketeer battalion of infantry regiment

(von Oebschelwitz)Two and a half foot artillery batteriesOne horse artillery battery

Dolman and waistcoat of a subaltern officer of the Lieb­Bataillon, 1815. Note the narrow shoulders and embroideryin black on the blue collar of the dolman, and in silver onthe blue collar of the waistcoat. The waistcoat buttonsare plain silver spheres, and those of the dolman arecovered with black cloth. Note also the black embroideryabove the pointed cuffs

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Herzogs Fahne (Duke's Flag), Ist Line Battalion, I8IS'On I4 March the ladies of Brunswick presented the BlackDuke with six embroidered flags which were transferredto the three line battalions the following month. That ofthe 1st Battalion was later carried by the at Battalion92nd Infantry Regiment. The central cross is light-blue,the corners yellow, and all charges are silver. There is asilver fringe

Jerome sent part of his Guards Division and the3rd Bergisch Infantry Regiment to Eisenach, toreinforce the Saxon King's Personal Guard, andon 18 June 180g he left Kassel with the rest of theGuards Division, the 2nd Westphalian Divisionand the 3rd Dutch Division, crossed the riverSaale and on 25 June entered Merseburg.

Meanwhile, the Austrians and Brunswickers hadoccupied Leipzig on 22 June (where the GelernteJ agers were raised) , bu t on the approach ofJerome's superior forces they left the city again on24 June. Jerome entered the city amid pealingchurch bells and much public jubilation on26 June.

On 28June the 2nd Westphalian Division had abrush with the Brunswickers.

The Austrian forces in the area were nowformed into the XI Corps under Feldmarschall­Leutnant Freiherr von Kienmayer and the mainweight of their offensive was transferred south intoFranconia. By dint of skilful use of mobility, theAustrian-Brunswick forces avoided battle withtheir enemies and kept them off balance. Leavinga 'bait' of some Landwehr battalions on the road

i~ ('-. ~, I ~.

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Herzogs Fahne (reverse). There are three equal horizontalstripes of yellow, light-blue and yellow, with silvercharges in the corners and the ducal arms in the centre

to Dresden, the Austro-Brunswick main forceslipped off south. On I July I 80g Jerome enteredDresden, but his foes had long since gone. Hesent General von Bongars in pursuit, but von Bon­gars followed a cold trail to Halle in Saxony. Until4 July Jerome stayed in Dresden and then movedoff south to Hof where he hoped to join up withJ unot's Corps which was already in Franconia.

Kienmayer and the Austrians had been pushedout of Nurnberg by Junot with 10,000 men andfell back towards Hof and took the offensiveagainst J unot on 8 July at Berneck and Gefraess.Having halted the French, Kienmayer turned onJerome and confronted him at Hof on I I Julyafter having spent two days in Bayreuth.

Jerome, who was at Plauen, then fell back toSchleiz, Kienmayer followed and confronted himthere again on 13 July. After a few cannon shotsJerome fell back to Neustadt an del' Orla wherethere was another skirmish. On 15 July Jeromefell back again to Erfurt which he reached on17 July. The withdrawal was more of a rout andJerome's effort to join up with Junot had endedin near-disaster.

II

Uhlanen

CavalryHussars

In Erfurt Jerome heard that an armistice hadbeen signed between France and Austria and,without waiting to ensure that Saxony no longerrequired the aid she had initially requested, hethankfully hurried back to Kassel, his capital, with2,000 men of the Guards Division, his KurassierRegiment, the 1st and 6th Westphalian LineInfantry Regiments and the 3rd Bergisch InfantryRegiment. Gratien's 3rd Dutch Division remainedin Erfurt and Thielmann's Saxons remained inSaxony.

The armistice had been signed at Znaim on12 July 1809 and Kienmayer's Austrians ceasedfighting. The Black Duke, however, did notconsider himself in any way bound by thisarmistice; in fact, it left him in a hopeless position.He therefore decided to fight his way out to thenorth German coast where he hoped to be able toget his force to England on British warships. Mostof his corps seemed quite happy at this prospectof self-imposed exile in a foreign land, but a smallsection ofhis officers requested termination of theircommissions and attempted to spread disaffectionamong the loyal men.

qliefighttothe @oastThe Black Duke parted from the Austrians and on26 July (after the 3rd Infantry Battalion had beenformed and the Uhlans had joined the Hussarsat Zwickau) he entered Halle (in the kingdom ofWestphalia), emptied the public chests, recruitednew men and pulled down the Westphalian crest.The next day Jerome ordered General Rewbell inHanover, General Gratien in Erfurt and GeneralMichaud in Magdeburg, to close in on the dukeand destroy him.

Rewbell collected together in Celie the 1stand 6th Westphalian Line Infantry Regiments,the 1st Westphalian KUrassier Regiment, the3rd Bergisch Line Infantry Regiment and tenguns, and ordered the 5th Westphalian InfantryRegiment to join him. This latter unit was inHalberstadt on 29July and was 3,000 men strong.

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The Black Duke heard that they were in an ex­posed position in the town and resolved to attackthem.

At this time, his forces consisted of:

Infantry (Commander - Oberst von Bernewitz)1st Battalion 500 men under Major von Fragstein2nd Battalion 500 men under Major von Reich-

meister3rd Battalion 150 men under Major von Herz-

bergScharfschutzen 150 men under Major von

Scriever

550 men, the regiment was com­manded by Major Schrader as theOberstleutnant, von Steinmann,was recovering from a wound

80 men under Rittmeister Graf vonWedell

Artillery (Premier-Leutnant Genderer)4 guns 80 men

Total: 100 officers and 2,010 men

The 5th Westphalian Infantry Regiment gotnews of the approach of the Black Horde and setabout putting Halberstadt, an old walled town,into a good state of defence. At 6 p.m. on 29 Julythe Brunswickers arrived outside the walls of thetown and the Westphalian commanding officer,Oberst Graf Wellingerode, sent out a few com­panies of his regiment to throw them back. A fewrounds of canister from the duke's artillery sentthem scuttling back into the town and the gateswere hurriedly shut and barred. Surrounding thetown with patrols, the duke assembled assaultcolumns and led one of them against the HarsleberGate. A second column assaulted the KuhlingerGate. Here the fighting was heavy and casualtiesnumerous until the gates were shot in by a guncrewed by officers. The Brunswick Scharfschutzenthen rushed in, pulled away some carts full ormanure which blocked the road behind the gate,and the Brunswickers poured into the townshouting 'Sieg oder Tod!' (Victory or death).

The fight at the Harsleber Gate had also costthe lives of many of the Black Horde before aLeutnant von Hertell, of the 2nd Infantry Batta­lion, succeeded in setting fire to the woodenobstructions in the gateway. Two companies ofthc2nd Battalion managed to cut down the postern

gate oftheJohannis Gate and also gained entranceto the town.

The Cavalry of the Black Horde entered thetown by the Kuhlinger Gate and rushed throughthe town until they came upon the enemy reserveof several hundred men in the main square. Itwas dark and the reserve thought that they were

Subaltern of the Leib-Bataillon in undress uniforIn, ISIS.The black cap has a light-blue headband; the collars ofthe dolDlan and waistcoat and the wide trouser stripesare also light-blue. DolInan lace and buttons are black,waistcoat lace and buttons are silver. The gloves aredark-green, the sabre-strap silver and gold

confronted by superior forces and when chal­lenged to throw down their weapons and surrenderdid so. There was a period of house-to-housefighting, the Westphalian commander was cap­tured by a bold officer of the Black Hussars, aswas the commandant of the town, PlatzmajorStockmayer, and gradually the fighting died

down. Only a few hundred Westphalians heldout in a big house near the Breiten Gate untildawn.

ext day the Brunswickers found that they hadcaptured 80 officers and 2,000 men and that theWestphalian dead and wounded numbered about600. Among the dead were about twenty West­phalian gendarmes who were hated by the Bruns­wickers. The flags of the 5th Westphalian InfantryRegiment were also taken, but what happened tothem is a mystery. About one hundred West­phalians escaped.

The Brunswickers' losses were 400 killed andwounded. After replenishing his ammunition andequipment from captured stocks, and recruitingover 300 men from the Westphalian soldiers, theBlack Duke pushed on to his old capital of Bruns­wick which he reached on the evening of 31 July.On I August he fought his way through a West­phalian and Bergisch force at Oelper underGeneral Rewbell. There was no general uprisingin the duke's favour, probably because thehoped-for English invasion in north Germany hadnot occurred and only a few gunboats had in factappeared.

After the skirmish at Oelper, Rewbell pulledoff north towards Celie and then re-advanced onOelper to find that the Black Duke had gonetowards Hanover, and on 4 August he reachedHoya. Rewbcll followed slowly via Burghorf,crossed the river Leine and later continued north­west to Hoya on the Weser. Rewbell had nocertain information concerning the duke's move­ments and did not seem too keen to catch him andin any case the bridge over the Weser had beendestroyed by the duke's men which further slowedthe pursuit.

The Blaek Duke went on to Dclmenhorst, butleft a weak rearguard behind with instructions towithdraw north towards Bremen and thus leadthe enemy away from his real embarkation pointwhich was Elsfleth on the west side of the Weser.The ruse succeeded and after a skirmish at Heid­rug the rearguard were able to rejoin themain body at Elsfleth on 6 August, leaving Rew­bell slowly marching and counter-marching,trying to decide whieh trail to follow. The BlackHorde (now 1,600 men strong) even had time tosell off their horses before embarking on English

13

ships which took them first to Heligoland andthence to the Isle of Wight, where they went intoa period of reorganization before entering Britishservice and fighting in the Peninsula.

King Jerome was furious with Rewbell, whopreviously had been his favourite, and sentGeneral von Bongars to Bremen on 10 August withorders to remove Rewbell from his position ofcommand. Rewbell, however, was not to befound; sensing that things might be gettingunpleasant, he had quietly slipped aboard shipand was on his way to America.

GJ3runswick POOpSin/he Peninsula

THE INFANTRY

On 8 October 18 IO the Brunswick-Oels Jagers,as the infantry regiment was then known, landedin Lisbon. They were apparently twelve com­panies and a regimental headquarters (H.Q.)strong, and initially went to Pakenham's Brigadein Cole's 4th Division. Shortly after this theywere transferred to General Craufurd's LightDivision and as part of this formation they tookpart in the pursuit of Marshal Massena from theLines of Torres Vedras on 17 November 1810,and in the skirmish at Santarem (19 November).Other actions in which they participated in theLight Division were Redinka (12 March 181 I),Casal Novo (14 March) and Foz d'Arouce(16 March).

After this they were transferred from the LightDivision to the newly formed 7th Division whichthey joined before April 181 I. They were in vonAlten's Brigade with a strength of the regimentalH.Q. and nine companies, the other companiesbeing detached as follows: 4th Division (GeneralLowry Cole), one company in Ellis's Brigade;5th Division (General Leith), one company inGreville's Brigade, and one company in Pringle'sBrigade. The officers commanding these forma-

14

Marshal Massena, defeated in Portugal

tions changed frequently during the war and theirnames can be found in Oman's excellent Historyof the Peninsular War.

At the battle of Fuentes de Onoro on 3, 4 and 5May 1811 the main body of the Brunswickers withthe 7th Division were very exposed, positionedas they were on a ford over the Don Casas riverat a village called Pozo Velho on the right flank ofthe British. The 7th Division was an untriedpolyglot force (the other units in the brigade withthe Brunswickers were the 85th Line (British), the2nd (Portuguese) Ca~adores and the ChasseursBritanniques (a French emigre unit). The 7thDivision had not intended to get seriously involvedin the battle, but General Marchand's divisionof Massena's Army fell upon it and pushed it backon to the main British position. The losses whichthe Brunswickers suffered are shown in thetable on page 16.

After the battle the 7th Division marched intoEstremadura and took part in the abortive siegeof Badajoz; the Brunswickers suffering casualtiesin two unsuccessful assaults on the outwork ofSan Cristobal on the nights of 6 and 9 June.The siege was then lifted due to the approach of a

The gilt tip of the flagstaff isidentical to the type used with theHerzogs Fahne. A banderole orcravat in silver was worked withround yellow cords

_J-,'-,,;r;r----;u.-----rr-lrrT;,1\""7""_:-'S-;I===-'-;=--=--_---,1"\-,t-:-"~ILrl~~i

-J;~

----r,--+~I

Bataillonsjahne, 1St Line Battalion, ISIS (later carriedby the 2nd Battalion 92nd Infantry Regiment). The flag isyellow, with a light-blue lozenge. The corner charges aresilver, as is the fringe. The ducal arms in the centre arecomplex and are as follows. (Left to right, first row) bluerampant lion on a gold field scattered with red hearts;two gold rampant lions on a red field; white rampantlion with red claws and crown on a blue field. (Secondrow) gold rampant lion on a red field, blue and whiteborder; red rampant lion with blue claws and crown ona gold field; gold rampant lion with blue claws on a redfield. (Third row) two black bear's claws on a white field,three narrow red stripes divided by two broad whitestripes, two rows of blue and white checks; silver horseon a red field; two rows of red and silver checks, threewide gold and two narrow red stripes. (Fourth row) redantler on a silver field; black stag on a silver field; blackantler on a silver field

The arms rest on a scarlet and ermine coat with goldcords; the· crown is gold with crimson cushions, ermineband and pearl trim on the arches

At upper right is the Bataillonsjahne (reverse), 1st LineBattalion. The flag is yellow with a light-blue lozenge andsilver charges.

relief force under Soult. The 7th Division had nomore combats of note in this year.

In 1812 they were present at the final siege ofBadajoz as were the 4th and 5th Divisions whosecasualties in the storming attempts are shown inthe table on page 16.

The Brunswickers were at the battle of Sala­manca on 22 July 1812, but were not heavilyengaged and had no casualties. At the battle ofVittoria on 21 June 1813 they suffered some lossesand more at the battles of Maya and Roncesvalleson 25 July.

The detached company with the 4th Division

was again engaged in the first battle of Soraurenon 28 July and the main body of the regiment lostsome men in the second battle of Sorauren on30 July.

At the skirmish of Echalar on 2 August themain body was again in action, as were the twodetached companies in the 5th Division at thesiege ofSt Sebastian on 31 August.

By the time of the crossing of the Bidassoa(7 October) a company of the Brunswick-OelsJagers was with the I st Division and both theseand their comrades in the 4th Division wereengaged that day.

15

The main body of the Jagers (still in the 7thDivision) was engaged in the battles of the Nivella(10 November) and the Nive (9 December). Thecompany in the 5th Division also had losses in thislatter battle and on the next day. Their last battlein the Peninsular campaign was that of Orthezon 27 February 1814 where the Brunswickers inthe 7th Division were quite heavily involved. Thestrength of the main body of the Brunswick-OelsJagers in the 7th Division at the battle of theNivella was 42 officers and 457 men.

THE HUSSARS

The cavalry of the Black Horde were reorganizedinto a regiment of hussars which was also sent toSpain, but to the eastern side of the Peninsulawhere they operated in a force made up largelyof foreign levies which was used in amphibiousoperations along the Spanish coast. This forcewas commanded by Sir John Murray andincluded English, Portuguese, Spanish and Italiantroops.

LOSSES OF THE BRUNSWICK-OELS JAGERS IN THE PENINSULA

Killed Wounded lviissingBattle and Parent

Date formation Officers MenTotal

Officers iV/en Officers lvien

Fuentes d'Onoro 7th Division 6 185 May 1811

10

Siege of Batlajoz 7th Division 5 79 June 181 I

Siege of Badajoz 4th Division )6 April 1812 5th Division 7 2 26 35

Battle of Vittoria 4th Division

}2 I June 1813 5th Division 5 67th Division

Battle of Maya 7th Division 8 3 15 15 4125 July 181 3Roncesvalles 4th Division 2 225 July 181 3

4

1st Sorauren 4th Division 328 July 1813

5

2nd Sorauren 7th Division 230 July 181 3

14 I7

Skirmish at Echalar 7th Division 4 72 Aug. 1813

2 14

Siege of 5th Division 2 6 5St Sebastian

15

31 Aug. 1813Crossing of 1st Division )the Bidassoa 4th Division - 7 7 18 32

7 Oct. 181 3Battle of the Nive

9 Dec. 181 3 5th Division 2 410 Dec. 1813 5th Division 2 3I I Dec. 1813 5th Division I' 3Battle of Orthez 7th Division 227 Feb. 1814

5 5 32 4 48

Totals 3 40 26 130 52 252

16

The Brunswick Hussars, two squadrons strong,landed at Alicante, direct from England, in July1813 and then took part in the raid on Tarragona.This raid, initially very successful, was badlymanaged by a timid commander and developedinto a farce, with a disgracefully, and, unneces­sarily, hurried evacuation of the force back on toits ships in which much valuable equipment,including many cannon, was abandoned. Sir JohnMurray was later court-martialled.

On 25 August 1813 the Brunswick Hussars,with 18 officers and 258 troopers, were part ofLord F. Ben,tinck's Brigade in this British force onthe east coast of Spain. At the combat of Villafranca on 13 September 1813, they were engagedand lost one officer and eight men, with twoofficers and twenty-four men wounded andeighteen men missing. In 1814 they took part inthe invasion of Sicily.

CJhe /8/5CampaignThe Brunswick-Oels Jagers returned home andleft English service on 25 December 1814, buttheir hussar colleagues remained in Englishservice until mid-I815.

When the Russian and Prussian armies hadflooded across north Germany in 1813, the Dukeof Brunswick-Oels had been confirmed in hisfamily possessions and at once set about raisingnew forces which could be used to speed Napo­leon's downfall. The first unit raised was acompany of Gelernte Jager which was completedon I January 1814. By 16 March 1814 a secondcompany had been formed. Before the year wasout Brunswick's forces were:

RESER VE-INF ANTERIE-BRIGADE

5· 1st, 2nd, Jrd, 4th and 5th Reserve-lrifanterie-Bataillone,and a type of Landwehr

LINIEN-INF ANTERIE-B RIGADE

4. ISt, 2nd and Jrd Linien-Infanterie-BataiLLone: Newlyraised troops

HUSAR EN-REGIMENT

6. This included a squadron of Uhlanen and all menwere newly raised troops

}Newly raised

troops

ARTILLERIE

7. One foot battery - 8 gunsOne horse artillery battery ­

8 gunsThe military train

LEICHTE-INF ANTE RIE-BRIGADE

I. The Avantgarde: The original infantry of the BlackHorde now returned from English service and thetwo, new Gelernte Jager companies. There was atotal of four companies in the Avantgarde

2. The Leib-BataiLLon: A new Leib-Bataillon raisedfrom a cadre of the Black Horde and initiallyknown as the 'Leichte-Bataillon von Prostler' (thename of its commander); on 14 April 1815 thisunit became known as the 'Leib-Bataillon'

3· ISt, 2nd and Jrd Leichte-BataiLLone: Newly raisedtroops

The Avantgarde of 1815 wasdivided into two companies ofGelernte Jager and two lightcompanies. This private is aGelernte Jager. His black hathas green brim binding, band,loop, button and plume, and awhite metal Saxon horse badge.The grey coat has dark-greenfacings on collar, shoulder­straps and cuffs, and doublestripes on the grey trousers; thegaiters are black. White metalbuttons bear the horse motif.The black satchel and ban­dolier have white metal buckles.The brown powder-horn is slungon a green cord, and has brassfurniture, and the rifle sling isblack. He carries a Hirschfangerbayonet, as in 1809. Browncalfskin packs and round tincanteens were carried. N.C.O.sbore silver rank chevrons on theupper left arm in the Britishsequence.

Officers' uniforms differed inthat the hat had silver edgingand a band and plume ofdrooping dark-green cock'sfeathers. There were no shoulder-

\straps and the collar and cuffshad silver lace edging. Officers of

\ the rank of major and up wore a

\

black bandolier and pouch withsilver picker equipment and ahunting horn badge. All officers

\ \

carried a hussar sabre withsilver and yellow Porte-epee, and

~wore a silver and yellow waist­sash, )

17

Apart from the hussars quoted above, the oldhussars of the original Black Horde were still inEnglish service. The foot artillery battery had 188

men and the horse artillery battery 227. With theexception of the Reserve-Infanterie-Brigade, theseforces were present at Quatre Bras and atWaterloo.

apoleon left his exile island of Elba on 26February 1815 and on I March he landed betweenFrejus and Antibes on the French coast with aforce of about a thousand men. The Europeanmonarchs were still busy in Vienna, hammeringout the post-war map of the Continent, butBonaparte's reappearance galvanized them intoaction.

Hat of a private of the Gelernte Jager companies of theAvantgarde, 1815 (to be seen in the Brunswick Landes­museum). All details are in dark-green, and the horsebadge is silver. Knotel illustrates a Gelernte Jager withthe right side of the hat brim turned up (Uniformenkunde,Vol. IV, Plate 52). The original hat shown here has thehat brim turned up on the left-hand side and the horsebadge facing forward. The Beyer-Pegau pictures show theleft side turned up, although many other representationshave been based on the Knotel plate

18

The French Army flocked to rejoin their eagles,Louis XVIII fled to Belgium, and a war-wearyEurope took to the business of war again. Thearmies ofBritain, the Netherlands, Prussia, Russia,Austria and their minor allies, were mobilizedand divided into six main groups to combat theirFrench adversaries. The northernmost group, andthe one with which we shall be most concerned,was a British-Hanoverian-Netherlands-Nassau andBrunswick force of 95,000 men under the Duke ofWellington in Belgium.

To the south-east of this army were 124,000

Prussians under Blucher; 200,000 Russians wereadvancing on the Saar; Prince Schwarzenberg(the Allied supreme commander) was at the headof 2 10,000 Austrians advancing via Basle intosouthern France; and two smaller armies, com­posed of Austrians and Sardinians, were crossingthe Alps from Italy to invade the southernmostparts of France. From their various mobilizationpoints, these armies had different distances tocover in order to close with the enemy, and not allof them were in the same state of readiness foractive service. It thus transpired that the armies ofWellington and Blucher were in position inBelgium on the French borders and were ready foraction by early June 1815, far in advance of theirallies. Schwarzenberg had decided that all hisarmies should enter France almost simultaneouslyand thus it was that Wellington and Blucher wereinstructed to remain inactive until I July beforeadvancing.

Napoleon's intelligence service informed him ofthe dispositions of his enemies and he quicklydeduced that his northernmost foes, Wellingtonand Blucher, were by far the most serious threatto his plans. He thus resolved to attack them first,gain a quick victory (and Brussels, a capital city),and negotiate with his remaining opponents froma strong position.

A potential weakness of the Wellington-Blucherposition was that the two army groups haddivergent lines of communication. Wellington'slay north-west to the ports ofOstend and Antwerp,and Blucher's lay due east to Prussia. Napoleonrecognized this weakness and hoped. to exploi titby striking at the junction of the two armies,defeating first one and then the other, causingthem to withdraw along their lines of communica-

Private, light companies of theAvantgarde, 1815. The hat isidentical to that of the GelernteJager, apart from the whiteJIletal hunting horn badge. Theprivate wears a black dolman­style coat with dark-green collar,shoulder-straps and Polish cuffs;the lace, tassels and buttons areblack. The trousers are blackwith a green stripe; the gaitersand leather equipment areblack. A steel canteen isstrapped to the top of a blackcanvas pack. N.C.O.s wore thesame distinctions as theGelernte Jager companies.Officers' hats had droopingplumes of dark-green cock'sfeathers, and silver - instead ofgreen - decorations. They woreno shoulder-straps, and hadsilver edging on the cuffs.Weapons and equipment, sashand Porte-epee were the same asfor officers of the GelernteJager units. Green gloves wereworn

tion, lose touch with one another and thusendanger their own positions.

On 15 June 1815, the anniversary of theapolconic victories of Marengo in 1800 and

hied land in 1807, the French Army crossed theBelgian border near Charleroi and attacked thewestern flank of the Prussian Army. Wellingtonand Blucher were taken by surprise, but Blucher(nicknamed 'Marshal Forwards' by his men dueto his aggressive and impetuous nature) reactedin character. From his headquarters in Namur heordered three of his four corps to concentrate atSombrefTe to give battle to the French.

There followed the battle of Ligny on 16 Junein which the Prussians were defeated and fell backinitially along their lines of communication to theeast which was just what Napoleon wanted. Inorder to ensure that their eastern progress wouldhe maintained, apoleon sent Marshal Grouchyto follow them up and keep them away from

their British-Netherlands allies. At the same time,he dispatched Marshal Ney north along theCharleroi-Brussels road to seize and hold thecrossroads at Quatre Bras - a vital junction forthe co-operation of the two Allied armies opposinghim.

At Quatre Bras on 16 June ey was opposedby a force under the Prince of Orange, son of theKing of the etherlands, and it was here that theBlack Brunswickers came under fire again.

~atrec.Bras16June1815

The Prince of Orange, a young, rash and inex­perienced officer, commanded the I Corps ofWellington's Army and it was troops of this corpswhich were in possession of the vital crossroadson 15 June when Ney's advanced guard cavalryarrived to take it. After a short fight, ey calledoff the attack until the next day. The etherlands

Marshal Ney, who unsuccessfully led the French atQuatre Bras

19

forces at Quatre Bras on the 15 June were ColonelGbdecke's 2nd Brigade of de Perponcher's 2ndDutch-Belgian Division:

The Brunswickers formed their own brigade(commanded by the Black Duke himself) for theWaterloo campaign and were part of Wellington'sReserve.

Colonel Gbdecke surrendered command of thisbrigade to Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar on

the evening of 15 June.ey's forces at Quatre Bras were General

Count Reille's Second Corps:

188 men227 men

17 men

727 men246 men

690 men

} 2,075 men

The artillery and the 1 st and 3rd Light Batta­lions did not reach the battlefield until 6 p.m. thatevenIng.

The Brunswickers arrived on the field of QuatreBras along the Brussels road at 2.50 p.m. on16 June and by then, the etherlands forces therehad been reinforced by the following troops:

ISt Brigade: 2hd Dutch-Belgian Division of the I Corps(Major-General Count de Bylandt)

7th Line Regiment 5 701 men27th Jager Battalion 809 men5th Militia Battalion 482 men7th Militia Battalion 675 men8th Militia Battalion 566 menOne foot artil1ery battery 8 guns

Fifty hussars of the 2nd Silesian Hussar Regi­ment (Prussian Army) had appeared on the fieldbriefly earlier in the day and had renderedvaluable service by pushing back the Frenchoutposts, but had later returned eastwards to theirparent unit and the Prince of Orange had nocavalry under his command.

The AvantgardeTwo companies of Gelernte JagerTwo companies of light infantryThe Light infantry BrigadeThe Leib-Bataillon1st Light Infantry Battalion2nd Light Infantry Battalion3rd Light Infantry BattalionThe Line Infantry Brigade1St Line Infantry Battalion2nd Line Infantry Battalion3rd Line Infantry BattalionThe CavalryThe Hussar RegimentUhlan SquadronThe ArtilleryOne horse artil1ery battery of8 gunsOne foot artillery battery of 8 gunsThe FeldgendarmerieOne commando of Polizei-Husaren

When news of the French thrust at Quatre Brasreached Wellington, he sent part of the Reserve,including the Brunswickers, to bolster up the weak

etherlands forces there.The Brunswickers involved were:

) '" battalio",

) " battalio",

) " battalion,

3 battalions or2,709 men

2 battalions 01'1,591 men

8 guns

} 46 guns

19,75° 4

1,7291,385

40 9

Total InfantryCavalryArtilleryEngineers

2nd Nassau Infantry Regiment

Artillery5 batteries of foot artil1eryI battery of horse artilleryEngineers

Regiment of Orange Nassau

A battery of Dutch Horse Artil1ery

5th Division (Lieutenant-General Baron Bachelu)2nd Light Infantry Regiment61st Line Infantry Regiment72nd Line Infantry Regiment108th Line Infantry Regiment6th Division (Prince Jerome apoleon)1st Light Infantry Regiment1St Line Infantry Regiment2nd Line Infantry Regiment3rd Line Infantry Regiment7th Division (Lieutenant-General Count Girard)11th Light Infantry Regiment }12th Light Infantry Regiment 8 battalions82m\ Line Infantry Regiment9th Division (Lieutenant-General Count Foy)4th Light Infantry Regiment92nd Line Infantry Regiment93rd Line Infantry Regimentlooth Line Infantry Regiment2nd Cavalry Division (Lieutenant-General Baron Pire)1St and 6th Chasseurs a Cheval 8 squadrons5th and 6th Lancers 7 squadrons

20

Les Quatres Bras looking towards Waterloo (NationalArmy Museum)

Recognizing the importance of Quatre Bras,Wellington had sent the 5th Infantry Divisionfrom his reserve to bolster up the Prince ofOrange's heavily pressed, but gallant, force.Apart from the Brunswickers, the 5th Division,commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir ThomasPicton, included the following troops: ~

8th British Brigade (Major-General Sir James Kempt)1St Battalion, 28th Regiment 557 men1St Battalion, 32nd Regiment 662 men1St Battalion, 79th Regiment 703 men1St Battalion 95th Regiment 549 men9th British Brigade (Major-General Sir Denis Pack)3rd Battalion 1St Regiment 604 men1St Battalion 42nd Regiment 526 men2nd Battalion 44th Regiment 455 men1St Battalion 92nd Regiment 588 men4th Hanoverian Brigade (Colonel Best)Landwehr Battalion Verden 621 menLandwehr Battalion Luneburg 624 menLandwehr Battalion Osterode 677 menLandwehr Battalion Munden 660 men

Total Infantry 7,226 men

ArtilleryBritish Foot Battery (Major Rogers)Hanoverian Foot Battery (Hauptmann von Rettbe!'g)

At this time a violent struggle was developingaround the farm of St Pierre where the 5th DutchMilitia Battalion was holding out against heavyodds. Finally these young militiamen broke underthe continued assault and the French occupiedthe vital farm.

The 3rd Dutch Light Cavalry Brigade, underGeneral van MerIen, arrived and attempted torestore the situation; but the two regiments (5thDutch Light Dragoons with 441 sabres, and the6th Dutch Hussars with 641 sabres) were over­thrown by Pire's cavalry and rushed off thebattlefield.

As soon as the Brunswickers arrived, they werethrown forward against the farm of St Pierre in anattempt to win back the ground lost by the Dutch.The two Gele~nte Jager companies of the Avant­garde went into the wood at Boussu, while the2nd Light Battalion was sent over to the left flankof the Allied position ncar the Materne pond.The main body of the Black Duke's force remainedon the Brussels-Charleroi road.

The French began to push forward through theBoussu Woods and Wellington asked the BlackDuke to advance towards Germinecourt andextend his right to link up with the Dutchskirmishers. The Leib-Bataillon (under Major

2\

Sergeant-major of the 1St Line Infantry Battalion, 1815.This splendid warrior has a red collar and shoulder­straps, a blue-over-yellow plume, and a sash in the samecolours. The shako plate and rank chevrons are silver,and a stick of office is thrust through the frog of the sabre.There is a narrow red stripe on the trousers

Prostlcr), the 1St Line Battalion (Major Metzner)and the two light infantry companies of theAvantgarde, advanced, the latter linking up in askirmishing line with their colleagues, the GelernteJager, in Boussu Wood. Directly behind theinfantry were the Brunswick Hussars (MajorCramm) and the Brunswick Uhlan Squadron(Major Pott). The 2nd and grd Line Battalionsremained, as a resen"e, In front of Quatre Brasitself.

The French were now preparing a generalassault on Quatrc Bras and the 5th British Division

22

Lieutenant of the 1st Line Battalion in undress uniform,1815. He wears a black cap with red band, black dolmanwith a red collar and black lace decorations; a red waist­coat with silver lace and buttons, and black trouserswith a wide red stripe. The sabre-strap is silver and gold.In the 1809 campaign fatigue caps were worn by all ranks.They were like the cap illustrated here in general shape,but were without peaks and had floppy, unstiffenedcrowns. The headbands were light-blue throughout thecorps and were about z in. wide. Officers had silverdecorations on the blue bands, and the Black Duke him­self wore a band of silver laurel leaves above the blue band

was being subjected to a very telling cannonade.To forestall this assault, the Duke of Wellingtondecided to attack the enemy and pre-empt theFrench blow. Despite heavy French fire thisassaul t or Kempt and Pack's brigades was success­ful and the French line was thrown back acrossthe valley by the Materne pond.

Meanwhile, the French were raking the exposedBrunswickers with artillery and skirmisher fireand their losses were mounting, particularlyamong the hussars. Although the members of theold Black Horde had been taken into the service

of the newly re-formed forces of the Black Duke,they had been relatively few in number and hadbeen split up among all the units in order to supplycadres of experienced men to which the newrecruits could be attached. Thus the greatmajority of each battalion was made up of new,raw recruits and this was even more true of thehussars and Uhlans. The Black Duke himself wasvery much aware of the brittle nature of themorale of his men and he sought to maintain theirspirits, despite their considerable casualties, bycalmly walking up and down in front of them,smoking his pipe in the fury of the battle. He alsorequested some artillery from the Duke ofWelling­ton so that he might at least reply to that of theenemy. Four guns arrived and were set up to theright of the Brunswickers, but two of these werequickly put out of action by well-aimed enemyfire. A mass of]erome's infantry began to advancenorthwards along the Brussels road, extending tothe Boussu Wood, and pushing the Dutch-Belgianand Brunswick skirmishers before them. In aneffort to impede this advance, the Black Dukecharged the French at the head of his UhlanSquadron, but this faint hope was dashed tofailure by the musketry of the enemy infantry andthe Uhlans fell back to Quatre Bras with heavylosses. The advance of]erome's troops continuedand the Brunswick infantry were also pushed backto the vital crossroads. The Leib-Bataillon was

hotly pursued by the enemy, and a telling volleyof artillery fire finally broke the young troops'composure and they fled back to Quatre Bras inspite of Major Prostler's efforts to rally them.

It was at this point that the Black Duke, alsotrying to re-form his men, was struck by a musketball which penetrated his hand, body and liver.The time was 6 p.m. He died within minutes, hisonly words being to his aide, Major von Wach­holtz, 'Mein lieber Wachholtz, wo ist dennOlfermann?' ('My dear Wachholtz, where isOlfermann?') 6

The Brunswick Hussars were then orderedforward to counter Pires light cavalry which wasalso advancing on Quatre Bras, but they wereoutnumbered and subjected to heavy musket fireas they advanced unsupported, and were alsooverthrown and pursued. The Brunswickersrallied at the Quatre Bras crossroads and success­fully held up further advances on this sector whileon the Allied left flank the 95th British Regimentand the 2nd Brunswick Light Battalion effectivelystopped French outflanking attempts there.

The Allied cavalry, being greatly inferior innumbers and quality to that of the French, theBritish and their allies, was continuously sub­jected to heavy cavalry attacks. These, however,were usually beaten off in the traditional Britishmanner, the 42nd Regiment (Black Watch) evencapturing part of a French lancer regiment which

Herzogs Fahne, 3rd LineBattalion, 1815. Both sideswere the same - light-blue,with narrow silver laceedging and silver devices. Thecrown tip of the flagstaff isgilt, and the cravat is goldwith light-blue silk corddecoration

23

Captain of the 1St Line Battalion in the service dress hewould have worn at Waterloo. The feather plunte isblue-over-yellow, the shako plate is silver, the collar andtrouser stripe are red; all lace and decorations on thedolntan are black. The waist-sash and sabre-strap aresilver and gold, and the sabre is in a steel sheath

1st British Division was ordered into the BoussuWood which they speedily cleared of the Frenchlight troops who had threatened the British rightfor so long. The Brunswick Leib-Bataillon joinedthis advance. of the British Guards of Maitland'sBrigade and formed on the left of their line as theyprepared to advance against the French infantrybetween the Boussu Wood and the Charleroiroad. A sudden rush of French cavalry was noticedto their flank, but both British and Brunswickerssaved themselves by their cool action: the BritishGuards simply moved into the ditch along theedge of Boussu Wood while the Brunswickersquickly formed square and poured a deadlyflanking volley into the cavalry. This was followedby more fire from the British Guards and theshattered cavalry fled the field.

Wellington now outnumbered Ney by about28,000 to 18,000 and he ordered a general advancewhich pushed the French off the field. Ney with­drew to the heights of Frasne, but Wellingtondid not pursue him because he had not heard ofBlucher's progress at Ligny. It had been a hardbattle and the Brunswickers had borne much ofthe brunt of the fighting throughout the wholelong day.

Siborne gives total losses (dead, wounded andmissing) on the Allied side as:

BritishHanoveriansBrunswiekers

The official Brunswick dispatch concerning thebattle, however, gives the casualty figures forQuatre Bras as follows:

o mention is made of missing personnel. Singledout for special commendation in this officialreport were the Leib-Bataillon, the 2nd LightBattalion and the 2nd Line Battalion.

penetrated their square as it was in act of forma­tion! The Hanoverian Landwehr Battalion Verdenwas not so lucky and was caught in line byanother French lancer attack, with the result thatit was almost completely destroyed.

Meanwhile, Ney was still desperately trying tobreak the Allied line, but gradual reinforcementswhich joined Wellington from his rear wereslowly tipping the balance.

The Brunswick artillery and the I st and 3rdLight Infantry Battalions arrived on the fieldabout one hour later; the guns were set up to theleft of Quatre Bras and the infantry reinforcedtheir countrymen (the 1st and 3rd Line Battalions)in the houses of Quatrc- Bras. The newly arrived

24

OfficersMen

Killed Wounded

3 23185 373

188

Tolal26

558

MICHAEL ROFFE

1 Trooper, Hussar Regiment, 18092 Soldier, Infantry Regiment, 18093 Officer, Infantry Regiment, 1809

3

A

B

I TruJl1peter, Hussar RegiJl1ent, 18092 Sharpshooter, 18093 Officer, Hussar RegiJl1ent, 1809

2

MICHAEL ROFFE

(

MICHAEL ROFFE

1 Trooper, Uhlan Squadron, 18092 Officer, Sharpshooters, 18093 Soldier, Infantry Reghnent in English

service, 1809-15

c

D

I Sergeant, Leib-Bataillon, 18152 Trooper, Hussar Regiment in English

service, 18°9-153 Captain, Hussar Regiment in English

service, 18°9-15

3

MICHAEL ROFFE

MICHAEL ROFFE

-------------------------

I Officer, Infantry Reghnent in Englishservice, 1809-15

2 Officer, Leib-Bataillon, 18153 Sharpshooter, Infantry Reghnent in English

service, 1809-15

2

E

F

I Sergeant-Major, 2nd Light Battalion, 18152 Private, 3rd Light Battalion, 18153 Private, 2nd Line Battalion, 1815

MICHAEl ROFFE

MICHAEl ROFFE

I Senior Musician, 1st Line Battalion, 1815Z Junior Officer, znd Line Battalion, 18153 Drununer, 1st Line Battalion, 1815

G

H

I Drwn Major, 2nd Line Battalion, I8IS2 Officer, Horse Artillery Battery, I8IS3 Driver, Train of Foot Artillery, I8IS

2

3

MICHAEl ROFFE

Corps were present on the field that morning.The strength of the corps, according to Siborne,was:

The Brunswickers were split into three partsfor the duration of \Vaterloo. The cavalry oper­ated with other Allied cavalry units. The Avant­garde, the Leib-Bataillon and the 1st LightBattalion were posted at the north-west cornerof Hougoumont, in support of the garrison there,and the 2nd and 3rd Light Battalions and thethree line battalions, together with the artillery,were initially in reserve in the second line of theAllied position. The garrison of Hougoumontconsisted ofByng's Guards Brigade. Their immedi­ate opponents on the western half of the battlefieldwere once again to be the forces under Ney with

'Waterloo18June1815Hearing finally of Blucher's defeat at Ligny andhis intended withdrawal northwards in a finalattempt to stop apoleon at Waterloo, Wellingtonpulled his forces back from Quatre Bras on 17 Juneand deployed them along the ridge across theCharleroi-Brussels road at Mont St Jean; aposition which he had had in mind for just suchan eventuality.

The Brunswick Corps (now commanded byOberst Olfermann after the death of the BlackDuke) was in the Allied Reserve and, at the startof the day, they were positioned about half a miledue north of the farm of Hougoumont, in thesecond line of Allied troops. The left of the corpsrested on the Nivelles road; the Avantgarde­Bataillon was detached to the right of the villageof Merbe Braine. All units of the Brunswick

Hougoumont looking towards Waterloo (National ArmyMuseum)

InfantryCavalryArtillery

4,586866510 with 16 guns

25

La Haye Sainte looking towards Waterloo (National ArmyMuseum)

whom they had fought so desperately at QuatreBras two days before. The battle commenced atabout I 1.30 a.m. when Reille's Corps began anattack on Hougoumont.

For about three hours this battle, one of thebloodiest and yet most magnificent spectacles ofmodern history, raged across the valley betweenthe opposing lines before the Brunswickers wereseriously involved.

It was the occasion of the second, massiveFrench cavalry attack (Napoleon's first ponderousassault on the Allied left at Papelotte had beenbloodily repulsed). The immortal charge of theUnion Brigade had scattered the French assaultcolumns and had, in turn, been badly mauled byNapoleon's lancers when the British cavalry hadover-extended themselves and had dared toventure among the gunners of the cannon on themain French position. Repeated attacks on LaHaye Sainte and Hougoumont had been thrownback, but now Ney mounted an awe-inspiringshow of force in the form of a mass of cavalrydirected against the Allied right.

26

The cavalry consisted of Milhaud's twenty-foursquadrons of cuirassiers, Lefebvre Desnouette'sLight Cavalry Division of the Guard (sevensquadrons of Red Lancers and twelve squadronsof Chasseurs a Cheval de la Garde). Theyascended the hill on which the main Allied linewas based, flooded over the cannon to the frontof it and pushed on to attack the Allied infantry,drawn up in squares on the reverse slope of thehill and ready to meet this cavalry attack.

There was general apprehension among theAllied commanders, and troops, as to how thesegenerally raw young soldiers would conductthemselves under such a heavy attack after havingsuffered quite heavily at Quatre Bras only twodays before. But no one need have worried: theBrunswickers behaved as well as any veteranBritish unit. The attack was driven off and theBrunswick Hussars and Lancers took part in theAllied counter-attack which hastened the French­men on their way out of the Allied line.

Gathering once more, the French cavalryattacked again and a cavalry battle developed on

the Allied positIOn between part of the Frenchassaulting force and Somerset's Cavalry Brigadesupported by the 23rd British Light Dragoons,Trip's Dutch-Belgian Carabinier Brigade, theBrunswick Hussars and Uhlans, the 1St LightDragoons of the King's German Legion and the7th British Hussars.

The French cavalry outnumbcred the Allies byabout two to one, but this was balanced somewhatby the fire of the Allied infantry squares on theflank and rear of the French masses. After a bloodyfight the French fell back. Among the otherregiments engaged, the Brunswickers were com­mended for their bravery in this action.

The French cavalry carried out the samefruitless exercise of repeatedly throwing them­selves at the Allied squares. The original mass ofFrench cavalry was reinforced by Kellerman'sHeavy Cavalry Corps (the divisions of L'Heritierand Roussel d'Urbal totalling seven squadronsof dragoons, eleven of cuirassiers and six ofcarabiniers), expressly at Napoleon's command.Ney also pulled in more forces, namely Guyot'sHeavy Cavalry Division of the Guard (six squad­rons of horse grenadiers and seven of dragoons).These thirty-seven squadrons joined the remainsof the original forty-three and threw themselvesyet again at the British right wing, which was

Sash of a junior officer, 1st Light Battalion, 1815. It issilver with seven longitudinal stripes of gold, each about~ in. wide, with the intervening silver stripes each aboutI in. wide. Whip and tassels are silver

The Duke of Wellington (National Army Museum)

dangerously weak in cavalry. The squares held;the French cavalry frittered away their strengthin profitless charges, were held, assailed from allsides, and finally thrown back by the Alliedcavalry, which waited in rear of the squares untilthe order and momentum of the French attackwas destroyed and then swept them ofr the Alliedposition.

The farm of La Haye Saintc, held heroically[or hours against tremendous odds by MajorBaring's men o[ the King's Gcrman Lcgion, hadto be surrendered to the enemy as Baring hadrun out o[ ammunition. This unfortunate lapse inthe supply system is still unclear, even more sosince Baring had twice asked urgently for ammuni­tion and had received neither ammunition 1101'

any explanation for its absence.Shortly before this, Lieutenant-Colonel Dick­

son's British Horse Battery, commanded by MajorMercer, was brought into position in front of theBrUl1swick infantry to reinforce that part of theline as a precaution against a threatening newattack. These guns were soon at work wreaking

27

carnage on an attempted assault by the horsegrenadiers and cuirassiers. It is in the subsequentAllied counter-attack, that the charges of coward­ice are laid against Trip's Dutch-Belgian Cara­biniers and the Hanoverian Cumberland Hussars.The former, after having been personally exhortedto attack by Lord Uxbridge, fled at the approachof the enemy, while the latter calmly left the fieldwithout being engaged, their commanding officer(Colonel Hake) declaring that he had no confi­dence in his men; they were volunteers, theirhorses were their own property, and so on!

Officer's shako, 1st Light Battalion, 1815. The body is ofblack felt; the peak, top and chin-scales are black leather.The top band is black velvet, the cockade black silk andthe badge is silver; the feather pluRle is yellow-over-blue

The fall of La Haye Sainte caused the Frenchto redouble their efforts on the centre of the Alliedline and on Hougoumont. The bloody businesswent on much as before, with all the fury andbravery of the French assaults being shatteredon the stolid Allied defence.

Some Prussians of Zieten's advanced guard hadappeared on the British left, but it was clear thatvVellington's men would have to face the gatheringFrench assault on their own. In view of hisreduced strength, Wellington made some redis­positions of his troops, including the movement of

28

the Brunswick infantry from behind the brigadesof Maitland and Adam, to their left to the intervalbetween Halkett's British Brigade and Kruse'sNassau Brigade.

Now was to come the moment of the assault ofthe Imperial Guard - Napoleon's last throw forvictory, a gamble which was to be shattered by thefire and the steadiness of the I st Regiment of FOOlGuards and the 52nd Regiment of the Line. IIwas for this action that the I st Guards receivedtheir current title of 'Grenadier Guards'. Somebelieve that the laurels for this victory shouldrightly have gone to the 52nd Regiment.

As the French columns advanced, the Prince ofOrange put himself at the head of Kruse's NassauBrigade and charged them, but he was woundedand the attack failed. The Brunswick infantry(2nd and 3rd Light and 1st, 2nd and 3rd LineBattalions) was ordered to support the Nassauers,but were also forced back about one hundredyards by the weight of the assault. At this criticalmoment, when the centre of the British lineseemed about to break, Wellington rode up andaddressed himself to the Brunswickers. Theyrallied and held up a further enemy advance inthis sector. Ammunition was running low,however, and one of the Brunswick battalionshad none left at all. But the crisis soon passed asthe enemy pressure there slackened. In Plancenoit,on the Allied Icfl, the Prussians were engaged inconsiderabIc numbers, and it was clear th~1

Napoleon's plan of divide and conquer had failed.The Allies had joined up and the French defeatwas certain. \"'ellington realized what a tremen­dously adverse affect on the French morale thedefeat of the legendary and invincible ImperialGuard would have and he commanded a rapidcounter-attack to follow up the retreating giantsin order to increase the disorder and confusionwhich was sure to break out in the French ranks.With a great cheer the Allied line swept forward,preceded by Vivian's Hussar Brigade whichsucceeded in breaking up the French reservecavalry before them.

The rapidly setting sun threw a symbolic,blood-red glow over the scene of unequalledcarnage, and as it slipped slowly below the horizonso Napoleon's star, so long in the heavens overEurope, sank to its long-awaited end.

Details of the dolman-style jacket worn by the three lineand three light battalions of the Brunswick Corps,1813-15. The ground colour is black, as is all the lacedecoration. The battalion facing colour was worn on thecollar and shoulder-straps. The buttons, spherical andmade of glass, are black

The casualties among the other ranks of theBrunswick forces engaged at Quatre Bras andWaterloo were as follows according to casualtyreturns in the Brunswick Landesmuseum:

As is well known, the pursuit proper of thebeaten French Army was given over to thePrussian Army, the Anglo-Allied Army havinghalted on the original French position and to thewest of the Brussels-Quatre Bras road in order toclear the way for their allies. After the tremendousexertions of the day the men of Wellington's sorelytried army bivouacked on the battlefield amidscenes of heart- breaking slaughter, death, damageand valour.

Siborne gives the losses of the Brunswickers atWaterloo as:

Ollieers.C.O.s and men

Horses

KiLLed Wounded7 26

147 430

77

Missing

50

Hussar RegimentUhlan SquadronHorse Artillery BatteryTrain Company

AvantgardeLeib-Bataillon1st Light Infantry

Battalion2nd Light Infantry

Battalion3rd Light Infantry

Battalion[st Line Infantry

Battalion2nd Line Infantry

Battalion3rd Line Infantry

BattalionFoot Artillery BatteryTrain Company

Dead16

42

20

4[

6

54

53

260

Wounded l\lissing

45 40

[2 [5

4 2

70 45[45 29

3[ 341[0 39

i60 57

98 54

[64 31

68 316 I

4

29

The campaign of Waterloo came to a fairlyrapid end; Napoleon's position as emperorcrumbled as soon as his military situation ceasedto be impregnable; Paris capitulated on 3 July18 I 5 and effective French resistance ceased.Napoleon went into his final exile on St Helenaand Louis XVIII was once more thust on tothe unwilling French nation by force of Alliedbayonets.

The Germans in general received high praisefor their conduct at Waterloo, particularly theKing's German Legion and some of the Han­o\'erians. The Brunswickers had their fair share

Detail of the shako of a ranker of the 3rd Une Battalion,1815. The flat-topped shako is of black felt, trimmed topand bottom with black leather and with a black leathercockade. The worsted pompon is light-blue-over-yellow,the chin scales and bosses are of black leather, the badgeis silver. There is no metal edge to the black peak

of this glory, justly won and paid for in the bloodthey shed in those few momentous days in 1815.

The Brunswick troops later formed the 92ndInfantry Regiment and the 17th Hussar Regimcntof the Prussian Army from 1866 to 1918.

The death's-head badge was retained as thccap-badge of the Brunswick Hussars as were thebattle honours won during the period 1809-15namely: 'PENINSULAR' and 'WATERLOO'

Therc were thus three hussar regiments in theGerman Army of' 1914-18 who worc a skull-and­crossbones badge; these were the 1st and 2ndRegimcnts of Leibhusaren and the Brunswickers.

30

Lancer (left) and officer of the Uhlanen, 1815. The cutremained as it had been in 18°9, but the colours are asfollows. Chapka: black skull, black peak with brass edge,yellow band dividing skull from top; light-blue top withyellow piping up the four corners and across the top.Kurtka: black with light-blue collar, shoulder-straps,cuffs, lapels, turnbacks and piping on rear of sleeve andrear seams of jacket; yellow buttons, black Passgurtelwith light-blue edge. The breeches are black with widesingle light-blue side-stripes for troopers, twin stripesfor officers. There is a black leather reinforcement. Thelance, previously brown, is now black with a Iight-blue­over-yellow pennant. The officer's chapka has a gold laceband between skull and top, and silver cords. For parades,tall, drooping blue-over-yellow feather plumes wereattached. Officers' epaulettes had light-blue straps andgilt crescents, held by silver shoulder-loops and goldbuttons. Their bandoliers were gold with silver pickerequipment, the buckles silver, the cartouche black withgilt edging and FW cipher. Sashes and sabre-knots weresilver and yellow. N.C.O.s were distinguished by one ortwo silver chevrons lining the top of the Polish cuffs

NOTESI. The order of battle for the polyglot contingents

of the Holy Roman Empire was decided on the basisof the seniority of the proprietors of each unit in theImperial hierarchy - most senior on the right of theline, and the remainder ranged in descending orderof seniority to the left. If any unit's proprietor waspromoted or fell from favour, its place in the physicalline of battle had to be changed immediately.

2. In all, Mack had 70,000 Austrian soldiersundcr command. Some 20,000, mostly infantry,capitulated with him at Ulm. Most of the remainderwere scattered or captured within a few days there­after. J apoleon's force for this operation totalled2 I 0,000 men.

3. Like most of their European contemporaries,the Austrians used the Gregorian calendar, while theRussians used the Julian - with a twelve-day differ­ence. Thus Mack expected the Russians to link upwith him at Ulm on day X, while the Russiansplanned on arriving on X pi us 12!

4. The 7th Division was not on the field of QuatreBras and thus the infantry total of the II Corps wasactually 16,189 men.

5. The 7th Dutch Line Regiment, with 701 men,was part of the 1st Brigade, but arrived late on thefield of Quatre Bras at about 6 p.m.

6. Olfermann was the colonel commanding theBrunswick Brigade.

7. Jurgen Olmes in Plate 76 of his series 'Heere derVergangenheit' shows an infantry private (Fig. I)and an officer (Fig. 2) with light-blue cuffs. Asj ustifica tion he quotes Article 5 of the Vienna Con­vention which laid down that the uniform of thecorps was to be 'Schwarz mit lichtblauen Aufschlagen'(black with light-blue facings or cuffs) 'Aufschlag' is aconfusing word meaning either 'cuff' or 'facings' and,without further illustration either verbal or pictorial,it is impossible to decipher which is intended.

In the seventeenth century the inter-regimentaldistinguishing colours were worn, initially, only onthe cuffs of the coat, as lapels and collars often didnot exist. ''''hen these latter items came into use theywere often in the colour of the cuff (Aufschlag) thus'cuff' and 'facings' are almost synonymous.

Olmes also states that other (pictorial) sourcesshow these cuffs to have been black and quotes

Kortzfleisch, R. Knotel and H. Knotel. These lattersources are recognized as being extremely reliableand to this list I would also add A. Beyer-Pegau aSaxon artist who between 1898 and 1904 painted aseries of over one hundred water-colours of Bruns­wick's troops from the eighteenth century to 1870.These paintings were based on actual uniform itemsin the Brunswick Landesmuseum and are approxi­mately 12 in. X 18 in. in size. The detail and artistryare magnificent. Beyer-Pegau shows black cuffs andthere is no doubt that his pictures were used as sourcematerial by the Knotels. Considering all these facts Iwould think that black cuffs would be the mostlikelyanswer.

8. From examples of actual shakos in the Bruns­wick Landesmuseum, it is clear that various typeswere in use in the peri9d 1813-15. Some were of the1812 Russian Kiwer type with the dished or concavetop, and others were flat-topped, more like thePrussian model.

SOURCESBain, N., A Detailed Account ojthe Battles of Quatre Bras,

Lignyand Waterloo (Edinburgh 1819).Beyer-Pegau, E., Collection of water-colours in the

Brunswick Landesmuseum.Boulger, D. C., The Belgians at Waterloo (London 1901).The Elberfeld Collection.Fiebig, E., Unsterbliche Treue (Berlin 1936).Herold, J. C., The Battle oj Waterloo (London 1967).Kn6tel, R., Uniform Plates 32 and 33, Vol. I; 52

and 53, Vol. IV; 28, Vo!. V; 18, Vol, XVII.Kn6tel-Sieg, Handbuch der Uniformkunde (Hamburg

1906) .The Lipperheide Collection (Berlin).Olmes, J., Armies oj the Past (Plate 76).PRugk-Harttung, Belle-Alliance (Verbuudeles Heer)

(Berlin 1915).Schirmer, F., Die Zimifigur (Neue folge, 8. Jahrgang,

Heft 8/15 August 1959).Siborne, The Waterloo Campaign 1815 (Birmingham

1894).Zeitschrift jur HeereskundeExhibits and documents JI1 the Brunswick Landes­

museum.

31

CJlie 'PlatesAI Troo/Jer, I1ussar Regiment, 1809The shako is identieal to that of the infantryman,but with brass ehin-scales. A black dolman isworn, without shoulder-straps, but with a light­blue collar of infantry dimensions. The light-bluepointed cufrs arc sewn only to the outer face of thesleeve, the inner facc being black. The chest bearsfourteen rows of round black lacc, withoutterminal tassels, and five rows of spherical blackglass buttons. The seams on the back and sleevesof the dolman arc decorated with the same typeof lac~. Most pictures of the period show the hus­sars wearing black overalls with leather inserts,brass buttons and narrow light-blue side piping.The hussar boots have straight-necked, screwed-insteel spurs.

A yellow cord waist-sash is worn, with light-blue

barrels, a yellow whip and tassel fringes, andlight-blue runners and tassel body. The blackleather bandolier has a brass rosette, chains andpicker-plate; the black leather cartouche bears awhite metal skull and crossbones. The saDre is ofAustrian light cavalry pattern, with steel hilt andsheath; the leather fist-strap, slings, and waist-bel tare black and the latter has a simple steel snakeclasp. Plain black leather sabretaches hang onthree straps. Greatcoats, when made up, weremid-calf length, with a high collar, and a capecollar extending to just above the wrist. As withthe infantry, N.C.O.s' distinctions are unclearbut were probably limited to the sabre-strap.

A2 Soldier, lrifantry Regiment, 1809The shako, though Austrian supplied, is not thenormal Austrian infantry pattern. Contemporarypaintings show that it is of black felt, larger at thetop than at the headband, with black leather top,headband, peak and chin-strap. Above the whitemetal skull-and-crossbones badge worn on thefront centre is a circular black leather cockade

Lancer's kurtka of the Brunswick Corps, 1809 and 1815

32

Sabre-strap (Porte-epee) ofa senior Brunswick officer,1815. The strap is silverwith two narrow goldstripes running along it,the body and oute"r fringeof the tassel are silver; theinner fringe is gold

extending to the top of the shako. Originally therehad been a black feather plume, but this is ofhorsehair on a stiff centre-piece, about one and aquarter times the height of the shako; it is con­structed so that from the knot of horsehair at thetop a tuft of short hairs stick up, and long strandsdroop down to the level of the peak.

The coat is the Polrock or Litewka, the nationaldress of Lithuania, which was to become sopopular among German volunteer units in 1813.Black, single-breasted and reaching to just abovethe knee, it has a standing collar reaching thelobes of the ears, worn open at the front in theAustrian style; the collar of the 1St and 2ndBattalions is light-blue, that of the 3rd, yellow.Sources differ as to whether the pointed cuffs areblack, or follow the collar shade. By modernstandards the shoulders of the Litewka are narrow,and the sleeves - which come up partially overthe point of the shoulder - have a slightly puffedappearance. No shoulder-straps are shown. Thebreast is covered by six rows of round black laceextending from waist to collar; each row is ofequal length, and terminates in black tassels. Thecoat is closed with six black toggles, in the mannerof modern duffel coats. There are no tur'nbacks onthe Litewka, no visible pockets and no otherornamentation; there is a single, central rear vent.

The simplicity of the garment is probably due toconsiderations of practical economy.

Plain black trousers, with a light-blue side­stripe of about ~ in. are worn over shoes and blackbuttoned gaiters. Black cross-belts support a blackAustrian cartridge pouch without badge over theleft shoulder; and over the right, the bayonetscabbard. Two black shoulder-straps united by achest-strap support the brown calfskin Austrianpack, with three steel buckles. A grey drillhaversack was usually slung over the rightshoulder, and the soldier carries a glass water­bottle in a wicker cover.

There were few obvious differences betweenmen and N.C.O.s. The latter carried sabres as wellas bayonets, but sticks of office were not carried.Junior and senior N .C.O.s were probably differen­tiated by different patterns of sabre fist-strap,although this is not certain. The hair was cut short,and moustaches were worn. It may be speculatedthat drummers of the corps wore light-blue andblack 'swallows' nests' on the shoulder, with thesenior or battalion's drummer perhaps wearing'swallows' nests' in light-blue and silver - but nofirm confirmation for this has come to light.

A3 Officer, lrifantlY Regiment, 1809Apart from the superior quality of their clothesand equipment, officers' distinctions are few. Theonly difference from the shako is the addition ofsilver chin-scales. Flanking each of the six centraltoggles on the chest are two other toggles, midwayout towards the tassels at the ends of the rows oflace. White gloves are worn. A light cavalry sabreis carried with three-bar steel hilts, black gripsand black and steel sheaths. The waist-belt andslings are black, with silver lion's-head buckles.The Port-epee or sabre-knot is silver.

B1 Trumpeter, Hussar Regiment, 1809

Beyer-Pegau 7 shows a trumpeter ofhussars in 1809.The dress differs from the trooper's in that thereare 'swallows' nests' in gold and black with agold fringe along the bottom (perhaps Beyer­Pegau painted the regimental trumpeter), whitegloves and a brass trumpet with cords and tasselsin yellow and light-blue.

33

Field officer of the 2nd Line Battalion in undress uniform,1815. He wears a dark-green headband on the black cap,dark-green collar on the black dolman, dark-green waist­coat with silver lace and buttons, wide dark-green trouserstripe, and elaborate silver Hungarian knots on thesleeves of the dolman above the black cuffs to indicatethe rank of major and above

B2 Sharpshooter, 1809During the occupation of Leipzig in 180g, aGelernten Jager oder Scharfschutzen Kompanie(Experienced RiOe or Sharpshooter Company)was raised; on 23 June it had a strength of 4officers and 180.Jagers. The uniform appears tohave been a curious mixture of Prussian andAustrian items, the coat being similar to that wornby Prussian fUsiliers of the day, while the hatswere Austrian Jager pattern.

The black 'Corsican' hat has a wide greenband; the left-hand brim is extended and turnedup so that it is higher than the crown. Apparentlythere was no badge, cockade or other decoration.

34

The dark-green coat is closed with two parallelrows each of nine yellow buttons; collar, cuffs,shoulder-straps and turnbacks are red. The collaris the standing, open-fronted type, and the straight'Swedish' cuffs have one button in the rear topcorner. Long grey or white trousers are worn,over shoes and black gaiters. This sharpshootercarries his personal effects in a black leathersatchel (Ranzentasche), slung on the left hip by abandolier over the right shoulder, as is the blackleather sheath of the white-handled sword­bayonet (Hirsclifanger). A green cord over theshoulder supports the brown powder-horn withbrass fittings. The short riOe has a light-brownsling.

Private of the 3rd Line Battalion in field service marchingkit, 1815. His uniform has a Iight-blue-over-yellow pom­pon, silver shako plate, a black dolman-style jacket withwhite collar and shoulder-straps and white trouser-seampiping. The lace, buttons and leather equipment are allblack; the water-canteen is a light-blue wooden item ofBritish issue

B3 Officer, Hussar Regiment, 1809The shako is the same as that of the infantryofficer. Instead of a dolman, hussar officers wearthe same pattern of black Polrock or Litewka asinfantry offieers but with six rows of round blacklace, terminating in black tassels, across thechest; it is closed by six black toggles. The collaris light-blue, the cuffs black. Around the waistofficers wear yellow silk hussar-pattern sashes withsilver barrels, runners and tassel. The bandolierand pouch are the same pattern as those of troopers,but of better quality, and the black sabretachebears a silver death's-head badge. Silver lions'heads Oank the clasp of the blaek waist-belt, andthe steel-hilted sabre is carried in a black andsilver sheath on black slings. The sabre-knot is asfor infantry officers, and white gloves are worn.The black overalls have a narrow light-blue sidepiping, silver buttons and black leather inserts.The screwed-in spurs are silver.

Horse harness was black leather, of Hungarianpattern, with white metal fittings. Other rankshad black sheepskin saddle-covers with light-bluewolf's-tooth edging; officers had black clothshabracks with pointed rear corners and awide light-blue edging. Saddles were of the oldTurkish or 'Bock' type, of birch and leather.

CI Trooper, UMan Squadron, 1809The formation of this unit was begun in Dresden,and the squadron joined the duke's forces atZwickau on 23 July 180g. Their uniform is almostan exact copy of that of the Austrian Graf vonMeervcldt Uhlanen Regiment, apart from thesmall death's-head badge on the chapka.

The chapka is yellow at the top, with a blaekleather skull and peak; there is no coekade orplume, but a small white metal death's-head isworn low on the front, and there are yellow cords.The jacket is a typical lancer kurtka of traditionalPolish cut, in dark-green with ponceau red facingson the collar, pointed cuffs, lapels, shoulder­strap's, turnbacks and piping on rear of sleeves andback ofjacket. The buttons are yellow. The dark­green overalls have yellow buttons, red pipingand blaek leather reinforcement. The black bootshave short, straight-necked, screw-in steel spurs.Around the waist there is a wide dark-green andred sash (Passgurtel) and under the jacket a

Parade shabrack and harness as used byHussar and Uhlan officers, 1813-15. Theshabrack is black with wide light-blue edgeand has two narrow black stripes runningalong its length. The harness is black leatherwith brass buckles. (Stirrups and double reinsare otnitted here for clarity.) The exotic leatherfurniture, of traditional Polish design, seemsto have been largely to help the horse keepfties at bay

black leather waist-belt supporting a sabre of thepattern carried by the hussars. The bandolierand pouch are also of hussar pattern, and arma­ment is augmented by a wooden lance with a steelhead and shoe and a red and yellow pennant.Apparently the Uhlanen did not carry carbines.

Officers wore a uniform generally similar but ofbetter quality. They wore gold epaulettes insteadof the red shoulder-straps, and at the rear of thewaist was the so-called 'waterfall' made up ofgold tassels. White gloves were worn.

Shabracks were green with red edging andlong, pointed rear corners. All other horsefurniture was for the hussars.

35

Infantrymen of the 2nd and 3rd Line Battalions and 2ndLight Battalion; and (foreground) drummer of 1st LineBattalion and officer of 3rd Light Battalion

C2 Officer, Sharpshooters, 1809Officers of this unit wear the infantry officers'shako with death's-head badge, but instead of theblack horsehair plume they wear a droopingplume of black cock's feathers. The long-skirtedgreen frock-coat, with a woven gold aiguilette onthe right shoulder, has buttons and facings as forthe Jagers. Long grey trousers are worn overshoes; and the infantry officers' belt and sabreare worn.

Brunswick-Oels Troops in English service, 18IO-15Although certain minor items of uniform andequipment changed from Austrian pattern toEnglish, the main colour scheme of the BlackHorde's uniforms was retained. They received theEnglish system of rank chevrons for other ranks,worn in silver on the right upper arm; and alsoEnglish muskets, bayonets, pouches, canvas packsand water-canteens. Officers adopted the Britishcrimson silk waist-sash, the gold and crimsonsword-knot, and the cipher GR on their appoint­ments.

36

C3 Soldier Infantry Regiment uz .English sermce,1809-15

The shako is unchanged from that of the 1809campaign. The Polrock has given way to a short,dolman-like tunic in black, with black cuffs, blacklace and toggles on the chest, and a light-bluecollar. The black trousers worn over shoes andshort black gaiters, have a narrow light-blue sidepiping. The brown-painted canvas pack isdecorated with a white horse and in black themotto, Nunquam Retrorsum. A grey greatcoat iscarried rolled on top of the pack. Black bandolierssupport a plain black cartridge pouch and a blackbayonet scabbard. The round wooden canteen, ofBritish issue, is painted light-blue and marked inwhite, B.L.J., for 'Braunschweig Lauenburg'scheJager'. The white canvas haversack (obscuredhere) and 'Brown Bess' musket are also of BritishIssue.

N.C.O.s were uniformed as the other ranks,apart from silver chevrons on the right arm,crimson waist-sashes with a central stripe in

Officers (left and centre) and trooper, Uhlan Squadron,1815

light-blue, and they carried sabres as well asbayonets.

Drummers had 'swallows' nests' in light-blueand black. They carried no weapon apart from_ asabre. The drum sling and apron were black; thedrumsticks were black, held in a square brassplate on the sling. The brass drum had light-blueand yellow hoops.

D1 Sergeant, Leib-Bataillon, 1815Other ranks wear the 180g infantry shako wi th adrooping horsehair plume, black cockade, whiteloop and button, silver death's-head badge, andblack bosses and chin-scales. The body of theshako is black felt, the top and headband leather.The coat is of the dolman style worn in Spain, withlight-blue facings on collar and shoulder-straps;the black trousers had a light-blue side-stripe.

Silver rank chevrons were worn by N.C.O.s onthe right upper arm, in the following sequence ­corporal: two stripes; sergeant: three stripes;colour-sergeant: three stripes and a crown;sergeant-major: four stripes and a crown. AllN.C.O.s carried a sabre in a black sheath, with ayellow and light-blue knot. Sergeants and abovewore white gloves, and a yellow waist-sash with ablue central stripe, blue runners and whip tassels;while privates wore two black cross-belts support­ing a plain black cartridge pouch and bayonetscabbard, and .C.O.s wore a smaller pouch,centrally on the front of a narrow waist-belt wornover the sash.

D2 Trooper, Hussar Regimmt ZII English servzce,

18°9-15The uniform of the hussars in British servicediffers little from that worn in the 180g campaign.The waist-sash is now light-blue and crimson, andthe black bandolier has no picker equipment.Instead of overalls the troopers wear black hussarbreeches tucked into hussar boots decorated with ablack tassel. A black pelisse is worn; it has a blackfur edge, three rows of black buttons, and fourteenrows of black lace. N.C.O.s wore silver chevronson the upper right arm; trumpeters wore troopers'uniform with silver and light-blue 'swallows'nests' .

Officer (left) and gunner, Artillery Regiment, 1815

D3 Captain, Hussar Regiment in Englis!l serVIce,

18°9-15The shako now has a wide gold lace edging aroundthe top, but is otherwise unchanged. The dolmanis black with light-blue cuffs and collar decoratedwith black lace. There are five rows of buttonsand fourteen rows of black lace on the chest, andblack lace embroidery on the rear seams of thedolman. Black Hungarian knots are embroideredover the cuffs. The pclisse is like the dolman, butwith black fur trim. Black breeches are em­broidered with Hungarian knots on the thighs;they are tucked into hussar boots with gold toptrim and tassels. The black bandolier has goldpicker equipment and shield with GR cipher;sabre, sabretache and gloves are as in 180g, and agold and crimson waist-sash and sabre-knot havebeen added. Horse furniture was as in 180g.

E1 Officer, Infantry Regiment in English service,

18°9-15The shako is as for the 180g campaign. Thehussar-style dolman, which has no skirts, has

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fourteen rows of black lace and five rows ofbuttons on the chest, black cuffs and a light-bluecollar with black embroidery. The marks of rankare the crimson silk waist-sash in the hussar style,and a gold and crimson sword-knot. The blackoveralls have a light-blue side-stripe. A hussarsabre is carried in a steel sheath on black slings, asin the 180g campaign.

£2 Officer, Leib-Bataillon, 1815Very similar to that of other ranks, the officers'uniform is immediately distinguishable by thelack of equipment, and by the yellow and silverwaist-sash. The knot of the cavalry-pattern sabre,with the usual furniture, is the same colour. Theblack dolman has five rows of buttons, and fineblack embroidered decoration at cuffs, collar andrear seams. Majors and above, silver knots abovethe cuff, a black bandolier with silver pickerequipment, and a black cartouche with a silverFW cipher on the Oap.

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Gelernte Jagers and (right) sergeant of the Leib­Bataillon, 1815

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£3 Sharpshooter, b?fantry Regimenl ill big/ish sfI"/iiCf,

18°9-15The shako is the usual infantry other ranks'pattern. The dark-green tuni has a light-bluecollar and light-blue Polish cuffs, very short light­blue turn backs and a single row of yellow buttons.The light-grey trousers, worn over short blackgaiters, have a narrow light-blue side piping.Equipment is the same as for privates of infantry,except for the British Baker riOe and sword­bayonet.

Officers of Sharpshooters are distinguished fromthose of the infantry only by the use of dark-greencloth instead of black for the dolman, and greyoveralls in place of black.

FI Sergeant-Major, 2nd Light Battalion, 1815The rank badges, weapons, gloves and equipmentof N.C.O.s of both line and light battalionsfollow exactly those described in DJ. Shakodecorations follow those of privates of the relevantbattalion.

F2 Private, 3rd Light Battalion, 1815There were few differences between the uniformsof the line and light battalions. The plate on theshako is a silver hunting horn depending from around disc bearing the battalion number; and thelight battlions' shako pompon is yellow qver light­blue. The facing sequence of the three battalionswas 1st Light Battalion: buff (until I July 1815,then rose-red); 2nd Light Battalion: yellow; 3rdLight Battalion: orange.

F3 Private, 2nd Line Battalion, 1815The shako is as for the Leib-Bataillon, but has aplate in the form of a near semicircle under a discbearing the battalion number. The plate bears thehorse of Saxony with the motto Nunquam Retrorsum.In place of a plume, this soldier wears the pomponof the line battalions, about 4 in. high and equallydivided light-blue over yellow. The circular blackleather cockade is partly hidden by the numbereddisc. The chin-strap is black leather. The waist­length tunic has no skirts, and bears battalionfacings on the collar and shoulder-straps only.(The sequence was 1St Line Battalion: red; 2ndLine Battalion: green; 3rd Line Battalion: white.)The tunic has a single row of ten round black

Officer,G2 Junior Officer, 2nd Line Battalion, 1815 hussar regiment

Officers of both line and light battalions wearshako plates like those of the men oftheir battalion.They are distinguished by a 4- in. cut-featherplume, equally divided between yellow and light-blue in the sequence described above. Gloves weregreen in the light battalions, white in the line.Otherwise, uniforms, equipment and weaponsfollow those of the Leib-Bataillon, described in£2.

Officer,infantry regiment

glass buttons, and ten rows of doubled round blacklace across the chest, with small tassels at eachend. False pockets under each arm are outlined inlace, which also decorates the back of the tunic,and outlines the pointed black cuffs. The trousershave a side-stripe in the facing colour. Personalequipment is as in the Leib-Bataillon.

GI Senior Musician, IS! Line Battalion, 1815This musician wears the shako, like the privatesof his battalion; but note that this plate shows theRussian Kiwer type. 8 'Swallows' nests' are in blackand the facing colour; or, for senior grades, goldwith fringes and the facing colour (for the Leib­Bataillon, light-blue). He carries no musket,bayonet, cartridge pouch or pouch cross-belt- only a sabre in a black sheath, with a yellow andblue sabre-knot.

G3 Drummer, IS! Line Battalion, 1815The drummer wears the conventional shako. Drumslings and aprons are black, the former having anoval steel plate to hold the black drumsticks,which have steel ends. The drums have brassbodies, light-blue and yellow striped hoops, whitetensioning cords and black carrying straps.

HI Drum A1ajor, 2nd Line Battalion, 1815Shako decorations are conventional. The dolmanhas ten tasselled rows of lace, battalion facings oncollar, shoulder-straps and 'swallows' nests', andsilver decorations; silver lace knots are embroi­dered on the thighs.

H2 Officer, Horse Artille1Y Battery, 1815Horse artillery officers dress exactly as officers ofhussars, except that they wear black collars andPolish cuffs edged with gold lace and embroidery,and have yellow side-stripes on their trousers.(Note that in 1815 hussar officers also had blackcuffs on the dolman.) Their men wear blackdolman-style jackets with black collars and cuffsoutlined in yellow, black buttons, lace and tassels.Black hussar-style overalls have a yellow side­stripe, and rank badges are as for the infantry butin yellow or gold. The shako is of hussar patternwith a white metal death's-head and a giltgrenade on the front, under a round black leather

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cloth with black collars and cuffs edged in yelloand overalls in the same shade with black 1eathinserts and yellow side-stripes. Horse artilletrain drivers wear hussar-pattern shakos of tRussian Kiwer model, but with a yellow grenabadge in place of the death's-head. The blatunic has black collar, cuffs and turnbacks,edged with yellow. There is a yellow braid col.decoration and yellow grenades in the four cornof the turn backs, black braid decoration on trear seams of the jacket, and black braid should.straps. Black overalls with yellow side-stripes;worn; a black bandolier and pouch has yellfittings and a yellow grenade badge. A brchilted sabre in a steel sheath has black lead'slings and fist-strap.

(Left) private, hussar regiment; (centre) private, lightinfantry regiment; (right) private, rifle company

cockade surmounted by a drooping black horse­hair plume.

Foot artillery officers wear .1e same uniformwith a gilt grenade shako badge alone, and a shortyellow cut-feather plume. Officers of the rank ofmajor and above wear a bandolier and pouch.

o spurs are worn. Foot artillery other ranks wearthe hussar-pattern shako with a brass grenadebadge replacing the death's-head, and a yellowpear-shaped pompon, about 4 in. high, replacingthe plume. They wear infantry-cut tunics andinfantry trousers over black gaiters and shoes, butall other distinctions are as for horse artilleryrankers. Equipment includes brass-hilted sabresin black sheaths on a black bandolier for the foot,and hussar-pattern sabres on black slings for thehorse artillery.

H3 Driver, Train of Foot Artillery, 1815Drivers of the foot artillery train wear foot artilleryshakos, tunics of infantry cut in a dark brown-grey Napoleon (National Army Museum)

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Men-at-Arms Series

TITLES ALREADY PUBLISHED

THE STONEWALL BRIGADE John Selby

THE BLACK WATCH Charles Grant

FRENCH FOREIGN LEGION Martin Windrow

FOOT GRENADIERS OF THE IMPERIALGUARD Charles Grant

THE IRON BRIGADE John Selby

CHASSEURS OF THE GUARD Peter Young

WAFFEN-SS Martin Windrow

THE COLDSTREAM GUARDS Charles Grant

U.S. CAVALRY John Selby

THE ARAB LEGION Peter Young

ROYAL SCOTS GREYS Charles Grant

ARGYLL AND SUTHERLAND HIGH-LANDERS William McElwee

THE CONNAUGHT RANGERS Alan Shepperd

30TH PUNJABIS James Lawford

GEORGE WASHINGTON'S ARMYPeter Young

THE BUFFS Gregory Blaxland

LUFTWAFFE AIRBORNE AND FIELDUNITS Martin Windrow

THE SOVIET ARMY Albert Seaton

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPSJohn Selby

THE COSSACKS Albert Seaton

BLUCHER'S ARMY Peter Young

THE PANZER DIVISIONS Martin Windrow

ROYAL ARTILLERY W. Y. Carman

JAPANESE ARMY OF WORLD WAR IIPhilip Warner

MONTCALM'S ARMY Martin Windrow

THE KING'S REGIMENT Alan Shepperd

THE RUSSIAN ARMY OF THENAPOLEONIC WARS Albert Seaton

THE RUSSIAN ARMY OF THE CRIMEAAlbert Seatoll

THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR ARMIESPeter Young

THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN ARMY OFTHE NAPOLEONIC WARS Albert Seaton

THE AMERICAN PROVINCIAL CORPS1775-1784 Philip Katcher

FUTURE TITLES INCLUDE

WELLINGTON'S PENINSULAR ARMYJames Lawford

FREDERICK THE GREAT'S ARMYAlbert Seaton

THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN ARMY OFTHE SEVEN YEARS WAR Albert Seaton

THE KING'S GERMAN LEGIONOtto von Pivka

WOLFE'S ARMY Gerald Embleton

THE ROMAN IMPERIAL ARMYMichael Simkins

THE GERMAN ARMY OF THE NEWEMPIRE 1870-1888 Albert Seaton

BRITISH ARMY 01" THE CRIMEAJ. B. R. Nicholson

OTTO VON PIVK.A was born in Sonthofen, southern Germany, in 1920.His parents were Austrian and in 1938 he joined the then Wehrmacht andbecame an infantry officer. During the war he served in North Africa and onthe Russian front; he was wounded at the capture of Tobruk. After the warhe devoted his time to perfecting his English at Vienna and studied Germanmilitary history, concentrating on the Napoleonic era.

£1·25 net (in U.K. only)