Other English –speaking Countries

2.4.1 Canada2.4.1 Canada

The start of dictionaries fromthe 19The start of dictionaries fromthe 1960s.60s.

Most of the dictionaries available iMost of the dictionaries available imported from Britain or from USA mported from Britain or from USA

Dictionaries of regionalismsDictionaries of regionalisms The most remarkable achievementThe most remarkable achievement

— the dictionary of Canadianisms o— the dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principlesn Historical Principles

2.4.2 Characteristics of 2.4.2 Characteristics of A DictiA Dictionary ofonary of CanadianismsCanadianisms

Emphasis on the cultural Emphasis on the cultural particularities of Canada and particularities of Canada and the words that go with them .the words that go with them .

The distinctiveness of Canada’s The distinctiveness of Canada’s culture being reflected in the culture being reflected in the English vocabularyEnglish vocabulary

A historical dictionary like the A historical dictionary like the OEDOED

2.4.3 Canadian Senior 2.4.3 Canadian Senior DictionaryDictionary Similar to American dictionariesSimilar to American dictionaries

Being sometimes derived from American Being sometimes derived from American onesones

Material from the Thorndike-Barnhart linMaterial from the Thorndike-Barnhart line of dictionariese of dictionaries

Adding elements culled from the Adding elements culled from the DictionaDictionary of Canadianisms on Historicalry of Canadianisms on Historical PrincipaPrincipals.ls.

Belonging to Canada own general purposBelonging to Canada own general purpose dictionaries.e dictionaries.

Under the title of Under the title of Gage Canadian DictionaGage Canadian Dictionaryry

2.4.4 Other Dictionaries2.4.4 Other Dictionaries

Dictionary of Prince Edward IslandDictionary of Prince Edward Island Dictionary of Prince NewfoundlanDictionary of Prince Newfoundlan

d English(1982)d English(1982) Penguin Canadian Dictionary on CoPenguin Canadian Dictionary on Co

llocational Principles—llocational Principles—thethe first dictfirst dictionaryionary to be compiled with entirely to be compiled with entirely Canadian material , about 75000 entCanadian material , about 75000 entriesries

2.4.5 BILINGUAL 2.4.5 BILINGUAL CANADIAN DICTIONARYCANADIAN DICTIONARY

1) Goals1) Goals Producing a Canadian English-French, Producing a Canadian English-French,

French-English dictionary intended for French-English dictionary intended for sophisticated language users (publication sophisticated language users (publication date: 2004) date: 2004)

Creating a database of Canadian texts in Creating a database of Canadian texts in English and French English and French

Creating a multi-purpose dictionary Creating a multi-purpose dictionary database database

Developing Canadian scholarship in Developing Canadian scholarship in bilingual lexicography bilingual lexicography

2) Examples of specific research 2) Examples of specific research studiesstudies

CanadianismsCanadianisms the relationship between Canadithe relationship between Canadi

anisms and Canadian culture .anisms and Canadian culture . the different types of Canadianisthe different types of Canadianis

ms found in English and French. ms found in English and French. the translation of English Canadiathe translation of English Canadia

nisms into French.nisms into French.

3) Information Technology3) Information Technology the establishment of a the establishment of a lexicographic databaselexicographic database

comparison between paper and comparison between paper and electronic dictionaries electronic dictionaries

the use of computerized unilingual the use of computerized unilingual dictionaries to produce a dictionaries to produce a computerized bilingual dictionarycomputerized bilingual dictionary

4) 4) Concrete resultsConcrete results     New tools for CanadiansNew tools for Canadians an an English-French, French-English general English-French, French-English general

dictionarydictionary reflecting current Canadian usage (the reflecting current Canadian usage (the Bilingual Canadian Dictionary).  Intended for all Bilingual Canadian Dictionary).  Intended for all Canadians, but more particularly Canada's language Canadians, but more particularly Canada's language professionals. professionals.

a a dictionary databasedictionary database, which can be updated and , which can be updated and enlarged in the future and can be used as the basis enlarged in the future and can be used as the basis for other dictionaries.  Intended for Canadian for other dictionaries.  Intended for Canadian lexicographers as well as linguists involved in lexicographers as well as linguists involved in contrastive research in Canadian French and contrastive research in Canadian French and English. English.

a large a large corpus of Canadian texts in French and corpus of Canadian texts in French and EnglishEnglish, which can be used to compile other , which can be used to compile other Canadian dictionaries, to produce language Canadian dictionaries, to produce language teaching materials, and to undertake comparative teaching materials, and to undertake comparative linguistics research.  Intended for Canadian linguistics research.  Intended for Canadian lexicographers, language teachers and researchers. lexicographers, language teachers and researchers.

the extent to which Canadian English and Canthe extent to which Canadian English and Canadian French differ from American or UK Engladian French differ from American or UK English and ish and Issues of interest to Canadian societyIssues of interest to Canadian society

Of interest to all Canadians and more particulaOf interest to all Canadians and more particularly language teachers and language professionrly language teachers and language professionals. als.

the relationship between culture, language anthe relationship between culture, language and dictionaries: why Canada needs its own bilind dictionaries: why Canada needs its own bilingual dictionary. Of interest to Canadian policy gual dictionary. Of interest to Canadian policy makers in the areas of culture and language. makers in the areas of culture and language.

the application of information technology to dithe application of information technology to dictionary-making. Of interest to the Canadian hctionary-making. Of interest to the Canadian hi-tech indust i-tech indust

2.4.6 The Canadian Oxford 2.4.6 The Canadian Oxford DictionaryDictionary

1) the runaway bestseller of 1998, spending ov1) the runaway bestseller of 1998, spending over a year on the Globe and Mail's bestseller lister a year on the Globe and Mail's bestseller list

winning the Canadian Booksellers Associatiowinning the Canadian Booksellers Association's Libris awards for Non-fiction Book of the Yn's Libris awards for Non-fiction Book of the Year and Specialty Book ear and Specialty Book

300,000 words, senses and definitions combini300,000 words, senses and definitions combining one reference book information on English ng one reference book information on English used worldwide and used particularly in Can used worldwide and used particularly in Canada ada

Definitions for ease of comprehension Definitions for ease of comprehension

Reliable each of entries, the result of Reliable each of entries, the result of thorough research into the language and thorough research into the language and Oxford's unparalleled language resources. Oxford's unparalleled language resources.

examining databases containing over 20 examining databases containing over 20 million words of Canadian text from more million words of Canadian text from more than 8,000 Canadian sources of an than 8,000 Canadian sources of an astonishing diversity for five years.astonishing diversity for five years.

examining an additional 20 million words of examining an additional 20 million words of international sources. international sources.

5,000 up-to-date words and senses and 2200 5,000 up-to-date words and senses and 2200 uniquely Canadian words and senses, 350 uniquely Canadian words and senses, 350 usage notes, 7,000 idiomatic expressions, usage notes, 7,000 idiomatic expressions, 5,500 biographical entries, and over 5,600 5,500 biographical entries, and over 5,600 place names. place names.

The comparison between the first and The comparison between the first and second editionsecond edition First released in 1998, it was a publishing First released in 1998, it was a publishing phenomenon. Quickly recognized as a landmark phenomenon. Quickly recognized as a landmark record of Canadian English, it stayed on record of Canadian English, it stayed on bestseller lists for over a year and immediately bestseller lists for over a year and immediately became the standard dictionary reference became the standard dictionary reference across Canada. Updated since, it continues to across Canada. Updated since, it continues to track that hybrid beast known as Canadian track that hybrid beast known as Canadian English, defining thousands of regional and English, defining thousands of regional and national idioms and tracking the distinctive national idioms and tracking the distinctive usage hat makes the Canadian version of the usage hat makes the Canadian version of the language neither British nor American. language neither British nor American.

The second edition was launched with The second edition was launched with a fanfarea fanfare of hype that is unusual for a utilitarian of hype that is unusual for a utilitarian reference book.reference book. Its inclusion of distinctively Its inclusion of distinctively Canadian entries launched a thousand Canadian entries launched a thousand lighthearted radio clips. Its tremendous utility lighthearted radio clips. Its tremendous utility as a reference work, however, wasn't touted on as a reference work, however, wasn't touted on the morning shows. The the morning shows. The Canadian Oxford Canadian Oxford DictionaryDictionary has been the standard reference has been the standard reference work on English as it is spoken and written in work on English as it is spoken and written in Canada since it was first published in 1998. It is Canada since it was first published in 1998. It is the dictionary of choice for nearly every the dictionary of choice for nearly every newspaper, broadcaster, magazine, and newspaper, broadcaster, magazine, and publishing house in the country. It's a publishing house in the country. It's a mandatory purchase for any Canadian whose mandatory purchase for any Canadian whose life or living is dependent on the written word, life or living is dependent on the written word, and belongs in every Canadian library. and belongs in every Canadian library.

It adds a number of revisions--some large, some It adds a number of revisions--some large, some tiny. A new clutch of Canada-specific words has tiny. A new clutch of Canada-specific words has been introduced, and the biographies and been introduced, and the biographies and geographical notes have been revised and geographical notes have been revised and expanded. These goodies are pleasing enough, but expanded. These goodies are pleasing enough, but they don't explain why every Canadian who writes they don't explain why every Canadian who writes will need this dictionary: it's the single most will need this dictionary: it's the single most essential document of Canadian English, a language essential document of Canadian English, a language that is neither British nor American. There are a that is neither British nor American. There are a thousand tiny inflections of spelling and usage, thousand tiny inflections of spelling and usage, many of which are being eroded by International many of which are being eroded by International English, especially as it is enforced by Microsoft English, especially as it is enforced by Microsoft spell-checking routines. The dictionary's preferred spell-checking routines. The dictionary's preferred usage toes the Canadian line, but in a passive way. usage toes the Canadian line, but in a passive way.

This is a dictionary of the living language. A gooThis is a dictionary of the living language. A good dictionary lags about five years behind street-ld dictionary lags about five years behind street-level slang and races 40 years ahead of linguistic evel slang and races 40 years ahead of linguistic pedants, and the editors at Oxford University Prepedants, and the editors at Oxford University Press have found this sweet spot. Alongside the mucss have found this sweet spot. Alongside the much-touted Canadian words, browsers will find hih-touted Canadian words, browsers will find hip-hop slang, political euphemisms, and marketip-hop slang, political euphemisms, and marketing jargon. There may not be enough that's truly ng jargon. There may not be enough that's truly new to this edition to justify the purchase price fnew to this edition to justify the purchase price for casual readers and writers who already own tor casual readers and writers who already own the first edition. But even writers who couldn't cahe first edition. But even writers who couldn't care less about nouns that end with "ice" and verbs re less about nouns that end with "ice" and verbs that end with "ise" will find the that end with "ise" will find the Canadian Oxford Canadian Oxford DictionaryDictionary useful as a comprehensive guide to th useful as a comprehensive guide to the English of the day.e English of the day.

Aiming at adults and older students, the Canadian OxfoAiming at adults and older students, the Canadian Oxford also indicates preferred Canadian pronunciation anrd also indicates preferred Canadian pronunciation and spellings; most of the rest of the lexical text, however,d spellings; most of the rest of the lexical text, however, adheres closely to that found in the Concise Oxford Dic adheres closely to that found in the Concise Oxford Dictionary (1995. 9th ed.). The dictionary also includes britionary (1995. 9th ed.). The dictionary also includes brief entries for some 800 prominent Canadians and 1200 ef entries for some 800 prominent Canadians and 1200 Canadian places, both useful encyclopedic features. ThCanadian places, both useful encyclopedic features. The dictionary has two major competitors, e dictionary has two major competitors, the the ITP Nelson ITP Nelson CanadianCanadian DictionaryDictionary (Nelson Canada, 1996) and the (Nelson Canada, 1996) and the GaGage Canadiange Canadian DictionaryDictionary (Gage, 1996). All three are reas(Gage, 1996). All three are reasonably current, similar in size (1700+ pages), and do a fonably current, similar in size (1700+ pages), and do a first-rate job of covering the small body of active Canadiirst-rate job of covering the small body of active Canadian English vocabulary, though the Canadian Oxford haan English vocabulary, though the Canadian Oxford has a slight quantitative edge, claiming "almost two thouss a slight quantitative edge, claiming "almost two thousand Canadianisms, more than any other general dictioand Canadianisms, more than any other general dictionary." Most Canadian libraries will want all three, and lnary." Most Canadian libraries will want all three, and larger U.S. libraries ought to have at least one, with the arger U.S. libraries ought to have at least one, with the Canadian Oxford as the logical first choice.Canadian Oxford as the logical first choice.

Being written by five Canadian lexicographers and Being written by five Canadian lexicographers and originally published in June 1998. Wordsmiths regard originally published in June 1998. Wordsmiths regard this work as the foremost authority on current Canadian this work as the foremost authority on current Canadian English. It encompasses 130,000 entries, including English. It encompasses 130,000 entries, including 2,000 Canadian words, 500 Canadian regionalisms, 2,000 Canadian words, 500 Canadian regionalisms, 1,200 Canadian place names, 800 Canadian biographies 1,200 Canadian place names, 800 Canadian biographies and 300 Aboriginal people and cultural entries. and 300 Aboriginal people and cultural entries.

The book is well bound, with an Oxford blue hardcover The book is well bound, with an Oxford blue hardcover made of a synthetic material which has gold foil made of a synthetic material which has gold foil stamping, called blocking, is protected by an attractive stamping, called blocking, is protected by an attractive removable dust cover. The paper allows the dark black removable dust cover. The paper allows the dark black text done in Swift font to be more legible and pleasing text done in Swift font to be more legible and pleasing to the eye. The pages are thumb indexed and have to the eye. The pages are thumb indexed and have attractive blue speckling on the outside edges. attractive blue speckling on the outside edges.

This dictionary is of such a high quality both in content This dictionary is of such a high quality both in content and construction, that it should be considered a and construction, that it should be considered a mandatory reference book in every Canadian home, mandatory reference book in every Canadian home, classroom, library and office. classroom, library and office.

2.4.7 Some dictionaries in South A2.4.7 Some dictionaries in South Africafrica

The Dictionary of South African EnThe Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principlesglish on Historical Principles(1978, (1978, with a third edition in 1987)with a third edition in 1987)

Being based on British ones,Being based on British ones, Published by Oxford University PrPublished by Oxford University Pr

essess A dictionary of regionalisns. CompA dictionary of regionalisns. Comp

iled with the methodology of the Oiled with the methodology of the OED.ED.

2.4.9 Historic Dictionary of 2.4.9 Historic Dictionary of South AfricaSouth Africa

A professor once asked his A professor once asked his students, “If we had to put students, “If we had to put dictionaries in a part of the library dictionaries in a part of the library other than the reference section, other than the reference section, where would we put them? How where would we put them? How should they be categorized? In the should they be categorized? In the literature section? With books on literature section? With books on mass communication?”mass communication?”

1) This should come as no surprise to those read1) This should come as no surprise to those readers familiar with Saunders' research interests in ers familiar with Saunders' research interests in South African history and historiography. The auSouth African history and historiography. The author of many articles and monographs, including thor of many articles and monographs, including South Africa: A Modern HistorySouth Africa: A Modern History (Fifth Edition, 20 (Fifth Edition, 2000, with Rodney Davenport) and 00, with Rodney Davenport) and The Making of tThe Making of the South African Past: Major Historians on Race he South African Past: Major Historians on Race and Classand Class (1988), among others, Saunders wrote t (1988), among others, Saunders wrote the first edition of the he first edition of the DictionaryDictionary in 1983 and later in 1983 and later collaborated with Southey and Suttie for the secocollaborated with Southey and Suttie for the second edition (2000). The end result is an indispensand edition (2000). The end result is an indispensable tool for students of South African history.ble tool for students of South African history.

2) Within 375 pages, the authors present 2) Within 375 pages, the authors present a chronology of major events from 1488 to a chronology of major events from 1488 to 1998; maps; a compendium of 1998; maps; a compendium of encyclopedic entries detailing historical encyclopedic entries detailing historical figures, languages, ethnicities, political figures, languages, ethnicities, political movements, geographic regions, movements, geographic regions, organizations, religions, art, economics, organizations, religions, art, economics, and events; and a bibliography of and events; and a bibliography of supplementary reading that spans more supplementary reading that spans more than eighty pages. It is a succinct, than eighty pages. It is a succinct, efficient, expensive, and information-efficient, expensive, and information-packed work.packed work.

3) When one compares the second edition 3) When one compares the second edition with the first, one difference presents itself with the first, one difference presents itself immediately: the immediately: the DictionaryDictionary has been has been expanded in most every way. The chronology expanded in most every way. The chronology of major events grew from 14 to 21 pages, the of major events grew from 14 to 21 pages, the bibliography from 37 to 82, and the entire text bibliography from 37 to 82, and the entire text from 241 to 375.from 241 to 375.

Secondly, criticisms of the first edition have Secondly, criticisms of the first edition have been addressed and changes implemented, been addressed and changes implemented, improving the work as a whole. In a generally improving the work as a whole. In a generally positive review of the 1983 edition, one positive review of the 1983 edition, one reviewer noted: “Too often, entries have to be reviewer noted: “Too often, entries have to be scanned to find…information rather than, as scanned to find…information rather than, as should be the case, revealing it in the first should be the case, revealing it in the first sentence”; “Some of the entries, such as sentence”; “Some of the entries, such as ‘economic change' and ‘business cycles', are ‘economic change' and ‘business cycles', are so broad that they defy definition and could so broad that they defy definition and could well have been excluded”; that historians are well have been excluded”; that historians are overrepresented in entries; and that some overrepresented in entries; and that some entries can only be seen as “oddities.”entries can only be seen as “oddities.”[1] [1]

2.4.10 Africa Slang 2.4.10 Africa Slang DictionaryDictionary

This dictionary contains words This dictionary contains words that people find offensive. If yothat people find offensive. If you are of fragile temperament, su are of fragile temperament, stop here. Some of the more unstop here. Some of the more unsavoury words do not necessarilavoury words do not necessarily represent South African surfiy represent South African surfing culture. Some are outdated.ng culture. Some are outdated.

2.4.11 South African 2.4.11 South African Dictionary of SportDictionary of Sport This book is the ultimate collection of information This book is the ultimate collection of information

on probably every sport that has been played in on probably every sport that has been played in South Africa. It is illustrated with line drawings, South Africa. It is illustrated with line drawings, the method of play, the specifications and layout of the method of play, the specifications and layout of playing area of a multitude of sport. Not only will playing area of a multitude of sport. Not only will the reader find entries on well–known sport like the reader find entries on well–known sport like rugby, cricket and tennis, but also on other lesser–rugby, cricket and tennis, but also on other lesser–known types, like the different kinds of martial known types, like the different kinds of martial arts, or metallic silhouette shooting and even arts, or metallic silhouette shooting and even pigeon racing. There is also a full section on pigeon racing. There is also a full section on traditional South African games, like Zulu war traditional South African games, like Zulu war dance. dance. The South AfricanThe South African Dictionary of SportDictionary of Sport will will be an essential guide to those who watch sport, be an essential guide to those who watch sport, but do not know the rules, and wish to understand but do not know the rules, and wish to understand what the fuss is about, but also to lovers of sport, what the fuss is about, but also to lovers of sport, who will find it a source for exploration of other who will find it a source for exploration of other types they perhaps have not even heard of. types they perhaps have not even heard of.

2.4.12 The Dictionary Unit 2.4.12 The Dictionary Unit for South African Englishfor South African English

The Dictionary Unit for South African EngliThe Dictionary Unit for South African English (DSAE) was established in 1969 to collect sh (DSAE) was established in 1969 to collect and record English as it is used in South Afrand record English as it is used in South Africa. Since then, it has compiled extensive aica. Since then, it has compiled extensive archives which reflect the diverse influences rchives which reflect the diverse influences which shape South African English. Materiwhich shape South African English. Material from these archives forms the basis for bal from these archives forms the basis for both oth specialisedspecialised and general dictionaries and general dictionaries wh which the DSAE produces in conjunction with ich the DSAE produces in conjunction with commercial publishers. commercial publishers.

2.4.13 Dictionaries of 2.4.13 Dictionaries of AustraliaAustralia

Beginning in 1898 with the publication of Beginning in 1898 with the publication of Austral EnglishAustral English, , A Dictionary of A Dictionary of Australian Words, PhrasesAustralian Words, Phrases and Usagesand Usages, by , by Edward E. MorrisEdward E. Morris

Being more or less directly inspired by Being more or less directly inspired by British models.British models.

The most clearly Australian dictionary —The most clearly Australian dictionary —the Macquariethe Macquarie DictionaryDictionary (with a second (with a second edition in 1987), 80000 entries, which edition in 1987), 80000 entries, which was then published in several abridged was then published in several abridged editions.editions.

Australian pocket Oxford Dictionary (a Australian pocket Oxford Dictionary (a 1976, 1976, withwith second, revised edition in 1984second, revised edition in 1984))

Australian Concise Oxford Dictionary (1986)Australian Concise Oxford Dictionary (1986) Heinemann Australian Dictionary (1976,Heinemann Australian Dictionary (1976,

secondsecond editionedition 1978) 1978) Australian National Dictionary—Australian National Dictionary—beingbeing

published in 1989, and curtaining 10000 published in 1989, and curtaining 10000 0Australianisms with 60000 quotations from 0Australianisms with 60000 quotations from 9000 Australian sources, as well as 830 pages.9000 Australian sources, as well as 830 pages.

In addition, a numberIn addition, a number of slang dictionaries.of slang dictionaries.

2.4.14 Australian Dictionary of 2.4.14 Australian Dictionary of BiographyBiography

one of the university’s great one of the university’s great achievement which sets on record for all achievement which sets on record for all time .time .

the nation’s most substantial and the nation’s most substantial and significant publishing venture, and significant publishing venture, and among the greatest of its kind in the among the greatest of its kind in the world. world.

consistency, interest, fluency, accuracy - consistency, interest, fluency, accuracy - and sheer pleasure - the ADB may be the and sheer pleasure - the ADB may be the best English-language biographical best English-language biographical dictionary in the world. dictionary in the world.

2.4.15 Australia Oxford 2.4.15 Australia Oxford DictionaryDictionary

A major revision of this landmark Australian A major revision of this landmark Australian dictionary that was first published in 1999. The dictionary that was first published in 1999. The Australian Oxford DictionaryAustralian Oxford Dictionary is edited by is edited by Australia's most influential lexicographer, Dr. Australia's most influential lexicographer, Dr. Bruce Moore, Director of the Australian National Bruce Moore, Director of the Australian National Dictionary Centre.Dictionary Centre.

This flagship dictionary draws on the databases of This flagship dictionary draws on the databases of Australian English at the Australian National Australian English at the Australian National Dictionary Centre--including its fast-growing Dictionary Centre--including its fast-growing national corpus current usage and its research into national corpus current usage and its research into Australian English--and those of incomparable Australian English--and those of incomparable Australian Oxford DictionaryAustralian Oxford Dictionary . .

A distinguishing feature is its encyclopedic A distinguishing feature is its encyclopedic content. There are more than 10,000 encyclcontent. There are more than 10,000 encyclopedic entries, which are more detailed thaopedic entries, which are more detailed than those in any comparable Australian diction those in any comparable Australian dictionary. For example, the place-name entries nary. For example, the place-name entries not only geographically locate the place in not only geographically locate the place in question, but also provide information aboquestion, but also provide information about the character of the place and its historicut the character of the place and its historical, economic, or political importance. Theral, economic, or political importance. There are detailed entries on many topics--politie are detailed entries on many topics--political parties, religious organizations, historiccal parties, religious organizations, historical events, mythological and fictional characal events, mythological and fictional characters, and more.ters, and more.

In addition, many lexical items whicIn addition, many lexical items which are normally given only very brief h are normally given only very brief treatment in conventional dictionaritreatment in conventional dictionaries are here often given detailed exples are here often given detailed explanatory coverage. Many specific subjanatory coverage. Many specific subjects, concepts, movements, and eveects, concepts, movements, and events are presented as self-contained ants are presented as self-contained articles following the dictionary entry,rticles following the dictionary entry, be it on be it on black holes, existentialism, black holes, existentialism, computers, Marxism, osmosis, Romcomputers, Marxism, osmosis, Romanesque, tragedy,anesque, tragedy, or the or the zodiac.zodiac.

The major feature of this new edition, The major feature of this new edition, however, is the addition of some 10,000 however, is the addition of some 10,000 new lexical items, dramatically increasing new lexical items, dramatically increasing the core size of the dictionary. The the core size of the dictionary. The ultimate guide to contemporary Australian ultimate guide to contemporary Australian English, this is the most authoritative English, this is the most authoritative Australian Dictionary. But it is not just a Australian Dictionary. But it is not just a dictionary for scholars or pedants--it dictionary for scholars or pedants--it describes our changing language in such a describes our changing language in such a clear and entertaining way, that it is the clear and entertaining way, that it is the essential reference for the new essential reference for the new millennium. millennium.

2.4.16 The Australian 2.4.16 The Australian National Dictionary Centre National Dictionary Centre

Established in 1988 with the twin purposes of Established in 1988 with the twin purposes of conducting research into Australian English aconducting research into Australian English and providing Oxford University Press with edind providing Oxford University Press with editorial expertise for its range of Australian dicttorial expertise for its range of Australian dictionaries, it is jointly funded by the Australian ionaries, it is jointly funded by the Australian National University and Oxford University PrNational University and Oxford University Press Australia. W.S. Ramson — director of the ess Australia. W.S. Ramson — director of the Centre from 1988 to1994 and Bruce Moore— tCentre from 1988 to1994 and Bruce Moore— the successor of the director in 1994. he successor of the director in 1994.

Its publications include: Its publications include: The Australian Concise Oxford Dictionary, 2nd edn The Australian Concise Oxford Dictionary, 2nd edn

1992, 3rd edn 1997, 4th edn 2003.1992, 3rd edn 1997, 4th edn 2003.The Australian Pocket Oxford Dictionary, 3rd edn The Australian Pocket Oxford Dictionary, 3rd edn 1993, 4th edn 1996, 5th edn 2002.1993, 4th edn 1996, 5th edn 2002.The Australian Oxford Paperback Dictionary, 2nd The Australian Oxford Paperback Dictionary, 2nd edn 1996, 3rd edn 1999.edn 1996, 3rd edn 1999.The Australian Essential Colour Dictionary, 2002. The Australian Essential Colour Dictionary, 2002. The Australian Modern Oxford Dictionary, 1998, 2The Australian Modern Oxford Dictionary, 1998, 2nd edn 2003 nd edn 2003 The Australian Oxford Minidictionary, 1998.The Australian Oxford Minidictionary, 1998.

Aboriginal English: A Cultural Study, 1996.Aboriginal English: A Cultural Study, 1996.Words from the West: A Glossary of Western AustrWords from the West: A Glossary of Western Australian Terms, 1994.alian Terms, 1994.Convict Words, 2003.Convict Words, 2003.Lexical Images, 2002.Lexical Images, 2002.

2.4.17 New Zealand 2.4.17 New Zealand DictionaryDictionary

Being published under the direction Being published under the direction of Robert Burchfield and based on of Robert Burchfield and based on the seventh edition of the POD(1984)the seventh edition of the POD(1984)

Being inspired by the British Being inspired by the British lexicographical tradition.lexicographical tradition.

The first specifically New Zealand The first specifically New Zealand dictionary—the dictionary—the Heinemann New Heinemann New Zealand Dictionary(1979Zealand Dictionary(1979, with a , with a second edition in 1982)second edition in 1982)

2.4.18 Other dictionaries 2.4.18 Other dictionaries of New Zealandof New Zealand

Collins Concise Dictionary of Collins Concise Dictionary of the English Languagethe English Language

New Zealand EditionNew Zealand Edition in 1982 in 1982 Collins New Zealand Collins New Zealand

Compact EnglishCompact English DictionaryDictionary in 1986in 1986

2.4.19 The New Zealand 2.4.19 The New Zealand Dictionary Centre Dictionary Centre

Victoria University of Wellington has for over 60 years beeVictoria University of Wellington has for over 60 years been the major centre for lexicography in New Zealand. A nun the major centre for lexicography in New Zealand. A number of distinguished lexicographers, have been graduatember of distinguished lexicographers, have been graduates of Victoria and contributed to works of English lexicogras of Victoria and contributed to works of English lexicography, including the supplements to The Oxford English Dictphy, including the supplements to The Oxford English Dictionary, and The Australian National Dictionary. In particulionary, and The Australian National Dictionary. In particular, the New Zealand Dictionary Centre builds on the pionear, the New Zealand Dictionary Centre builds on the pioneering scholarship of Dr Harry Orsman, whose research on ering scholarship of Dr Harry Orsman, whose research on New Zealand English has spanned more than forty years aNew Zealand English has spanned more than forty years and culminated in 1997 in the publication of his award-winnnd culminated in 1997 in the publication of his award-winning Dictionary of New Zealand English, the only compreheing Dictionary of New Zealand English, the only comprehensive and documented dictionary of New Zealandisms. nsive and documented dictionary of New Zealandisms. The New Zealand Dictionary Centre is based in Wellington, The New Zealand Dictionary Centre is based in Wellington, where there are valuable sources for lexicographical researwhere there are valuable sources for lexicographical research in the National Library, the Alexander Turnbull Library, ch in the National Library, the Alexander Turnbull Library, and the National Archives.and the National Archives.

The New Zealand Dictionary Centre was estaThe New Zealand Dictionary Centre was established in July 1997 in partnership with Victoblished in July 1997 in partnership with Victoria University of Wellington and Oxford Univria University of Wellington and Oxford University Press with the purposes of:ersity Press with the purposes of:• maintaining and developing a database of • maintaining and developing a database of New Zealand English vocabularyNew Zealand English vocabulary• conducting research on other aspects of la• conducting research on other aspects of language in New Zealandnguage in New Zealand• preparing and publishing dictionaries and • preparing and publishing dictionaries and related educational materials.related educational materials. Aiming to provide a focal point nationally an Aiming to provide a focal point nationally and internationally for New Zealand lexicograpd internationally for New Zealand lexicography.hy.

Lexicography in the Lexicography in the Electronic Age Electronic Age

The New Zealand Dictionary Centre has been The New Zealand Dictionary Centre has been established at a time of significant advances in established at a time of significant advances in the technology to support lexicography. the technology to support lexicography. Victoria University is widely known for its work Victoria University is widely known for its work in the compilation and analysis of large in the compilation and analysis of large electronic databases for the study of English. electronic databases for the study of English. The Centre will make use of large collections of The Centre will make use of large collections of spoken and written New Zealand English in spoken and written New Zealand English in electronic 'corpora' to further its research electronic 'corpora' to further its research aims.aims.

A Database for New Zealand EnglishA Database for New Zealand English

A major role of the Centre is to maintain and A major role of the Centre is to maintain and update the database of New Zealand English from update the database of New Zealand English from which which The Dictionary of New Zealand English The Dictionary of New Zealand English was was compiled. The Centre will prepare future editions compiled. The Centre will prepare future editions of of The Dictionary of New ZealandThe Dictionary of New Zealand EnglishEnglish and and welcomes contributions from anyone with an welcomes contributions from anyone with an interest in New Zealand words and their use, interest in New Zealand words and their use, including new words, new uses of older words that including new words, new uses of older words that have evolved in New Zealand, or earlier uses than have evolved in New Zealand, or earlier uses than previously recorded. previously recorded.

Research and ScholarshipResearch and Scholarship A programme of research is being established A programme of research is being established

at the Centre which aims to attract scholars froat the Centre which aims to attract scholars from a variety of disciplines, including literary, him a variety of disciplines, including literary, historical, and linguistic studies. Research on lexstorical, and linguistic studies. Research on lexicographic topics for MA or PhD and specialisicographic topics for MA or PhD and specialised research projects for publication are encoured research projects for publication are encouraged a aged a New Zealand LexicographyNew Zealand Lexicography

The centre will prepare and publish dictionariThe centre will prepare and publish dictionaries and related educational materials for New Zes and related educational materials for New Zealand.. The public interest in these dictionary ealand.. The public interest in these dictionary is a measure of the importance of regional lanis a measure of the importance of regional languages in constructions of national identity .guages in constructions of national identity .

The Dictionary of New Zealand EnglishThe Dictionary of New Zealand EnglishThe New Zealand Oxford DictionaryThe New Zealand Oxford DictionaryA Dictionary of Maori Words in New Zealand EnglishA Dictionary of Maori Words in New Zealand EnglishThe New Zealand Pocket Oxford DictionaryThe New Zealand Pocket Oxford DictionaryThe New Zealand Oxford Paperback Dictionary The New Zealand Oxford Paperback Dictionary The New Zealand Little Oxford DictionaryThe New Zealand Little Oxford DictionaryThe New Zealand Oxford MinidictionaryThe New Zealand Oxford MinidictionaryThe New Zealand Oxford Mini ThesaurusThe New Zealand Oxford Mini ThesaurusThe New Zealand Oxford School DictionaryThe New Zealand Oxford School DictionaryThe New Zealand Oxford School ThesaurusThe New Zealand Oxford School ThesaurusThe New Zealand Oxford Primary School DictionaryThe New Zealand Oxford Primary School DictionaryThe New Zealand Oxford Primary School Dictionary & The New Zealand Oxford Primary School Dictionary & ThesaurusThesaurusThe New Zealand Oxford Junior Dictionary The New Zealand Oxford Junior Dictionary The New Zealand Oxford Junior Dictionary & ThesaurThe New Zealand Oxford Junior Dictionary & ThesaurususThe New Zealand Oxford Schoolmate DictionaryThe New Zealand Oxford Schoolmate DictionaryA Dictionary of Modern New Zealand SlangA Dictionary of Modern New Zealand Slang

2.4.20 Many other English-speaking comm2.4.20 Many other English-speaking communities where dictionaries are produced or unities where dictionaries are produced or used.used.

Dictionary of Jamaican EnglishDictionary of Jamaican English(1967, with (1967, with a second edition in 1980. 15000 entries), wa second edition in 1980. 15000 entries), which pioneered the use of spoken material.hich pioneered the use of spoken material.

Dictionary of Bahamian EnglishDictionary of Bahamian English(1982)(1982) Dictionary of Caribbean English and UsagDictionary of Caribbean English and Usag

ee Dictionary of Africanisms: Contributions oDictionary of Africanisms: Contributions o

f Sub-Saharan Africa to the English Languaf Sub-Saharan Africa to the English Languagege

2.4.21 India2.4.21 IndiaBeing active in the domain of the Being active in the domain of the

lexicography on Indian lexicography on Indian languages, particularly bilingual languages, particularly bilingual dictionaries.dictionaries.

No dictionary of Indian English, No dictionary of Indian English, not even the regional dictionary not even the regional dictionary on historical principles that so on historical principles that so many countries now have. many countries now have.

2.4.22 Two types of 2.4.22 Two types of dictionaries in “ new dictionaries in “ new

countries”countries”Local general-purpose Local general-purpose dictionaries.dictionaries.

Dictionaries of regionalisms—Dictionaries of regionalisms—being preceded by various being preceded by various glossaries or dictionaries compiled glossaries or dictionaries compiled in an amateurish way and being in an amateurish way and being based on the methodology of the based on the methodology of the OED, with a few variations.OED, with a few variations.

2.4.23 The common 2.4.23 The common characteristics of both characteristics of both

dictionariesdictionaries Sharing with the parent dictionary the use Sharing with the parent dictionary the use

of a corpus (sometimes a real one, unlike of a corpus (sometimes a real one, unlike that of the OED).that of the OED).

A chronological ordering of senses, a large A chronological ordering of senses, a large number of quotations, mostly from number of quotations, mostly from literature.literature.

More emphasis on the culture, particularly More emphasis on the culture, particularly the historical aspects of the rural culture.the historical aspects of the rural culture.

Being all cultural dictionaries in the Being all cultural dictionaries in the particular sense of historical, nationalist particular sense of historical, nationalist dictionariesdictionaries

2.4.24 Characteristics of 2.4.24 Characteristics of dictionaries in new dictionaries in new

countriescountries 1)Establishing a working definition for the n1)Establishing a working definition for the n

otion of regionalism.otion of regionalism. For example, definition of canadianism.For example, definition of canadianism. a word, expression, or meaning which is nata word, expression, or meaning which is nat

ive Canada ive Canada which is distinctively characteristic of Canadwhich is distinctively characteristic of Canad

ian usage though not necessarily exclusive tian usage though not necessarily exclusive to Canadao Canada

A much more broader definition than the onA much more broader definition than the one used for americanisme used for americanism

2) Records of the state of a 2) Records of the state of a language and of a culturelanguage and of a culture

belonging to category of their own, belonging to category of their own, which may be becoming extinctwhich may be becoming extinct

with their historical, OED-inspired with their historical, OED-inspired methodology,methodology,

the field-studies that they implythe field-studies that they imply few people who have enough money few people who have enough money

to carry them out any more.to carry them out any more.

2.4.25 The reasons why many 2.4.25 The reasons why many English-speaking communities started English-speaking communities started to create their own dictionariesto create their own dictionaries..

realizing that those dictionaries, imported from realizing that those dictionaries, imported from the USA or Great Britain, which could not do the USA or Great Britain, which could not do justice to their particular variety of English.justice to their particular variety of English.

being not enough to add a few colorful being not enough to add a few colorful regionalismsregionalisms

being normally preceded by the inclusion of being normally preceded by the inclusion of some regionalisms in imported dictionaries for some regionalisms in imported dictionaries for the general-purpose dictionaries of all the new the general-purpose dictionaries of all the new countriescountries

a symbolical act of independence a symbolical act of independence a necessary step to assert the cultural identity a necessary step to assert the cultural identity

““For the New Zealand For the New Zealand dictionaries is part of a dictionaries is part of a continuing development of continuing development of national awareness, a national awareness, a process that has been process that has been underway from about the underway from about the beginning of the century beginning of the century and that has slowly and that has slowly gathered momentum”gathered momentum”

Definition of a network Definition of a network and doorand door

Any thing reticulated or decussated, Any thing reticulated or decussated, at equal distances, with interstices at equal distances, with interstices between the intersectionsbetween the intersections

The movable frame or barrier of The movable frame or barrier of boards, or other material, usually boards, or other material, usually turning on hinges or pivots, by which turning on hinges or pivots, by which an entranceway into a house of an entranceway into a house of apartment is closed and opened; apartment is closed and opened; also, a similar part of a piece of also, a similar part of a piece of furniture, as in a cabinet or bookcase.furniture, as in a cabinet or bookcase.

As written English is used by As written English is used by increasing millions and for more increasing millions and for more reasons than ever before, the reasons than ever before, the language has become more utilitarian language has become more utilitarian and more informal. The reader may and more informal. The reader may want a single certainty. He may have want a single certainty. He may have taken an unyielding position in an taken an unyielding position in an argument, he may have wagered in argument, he may have wagered in support of his conviction and may support of his conviction and may demand that the dictionary “settle” demand that the dictionary “settle” the matter. But neither his vanity nor the matter. But neither his vanity nor his purse is any concern of the his purse is any concern of the dictionary’s; it must record the factsdictionary’s; it must record the facts..retur

n