other interspecific interactions chapter 7. interspecific interactions symbiosis - intimate...
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Other Interspecific Interactions
Chapter 7
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Interspecific Interactions Symbiosis -
intimate association between individuals of different species, in which one lives on or in the other
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Interspecific Interactions Commensals -
“guests” - neither harmful nor beneficial to the host
Use surface of the host as a place to live
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Interspecific Interactions
Epiphytes - bromeliads,Spanish moss
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Interspecific Interactions
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Interspecific Interactions Mutualism -
relationship of benefit to both organisms
Enhanced growth, survival, reproduction in presence of each other (mirror-image of competition?)
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Interspecific Interactions Obligate for each
(required) Facultative for each
(helpful, but not required)
Mixture
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Culture of crops/livestock
Humans and domesticated plants/animals Ants and fungus
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Pollination
Insects, birds, bats as pollinators Reproduction for plant, food reward for pollinator
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Gut Inhabitants
Cattle rumen with bacteria Termite gut with protozoans, bacteria
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Mycorrhizae
Fungus and root tissue Fungus increases water, nutrient uptake Plant root supplies organic carbon
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Algae & Animals
Hydra with Chlorella Coral with dinoflagellates (side effect of
photosynthesis is precipitation of calcium carbonate)
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Lichens
Fungus and algae Fungus absorbs water, nutrients Algae photosynthesizes, provides organic carbon
(algae often in obligate relationship)
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Interspecific Interactions Parasitism - obtains
nutrients from one or few hosts
Normally causes harm, but not death
Often includes pathogens (disease-causing), viruses
Superabundant - > half of species on earth
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Microparasites
Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi Multiply directly within host (usually within
cells)
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Microparasites
Transmitted directly from host to host (VD, influenza)
Transmitted by vector (some other animal) (malaria, sleeping sickness)
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Macroparasites
Flatworms, roundworms, insects Grow in/on host, produce infective stage that
leaves, live within body cavities or intercellularly
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Macroparasites
Transmitted directly (intestinal nematodes, lice, plant fungi)
Transmitted indirectly (tapeworms, flukes)
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Transmission
Transmission rate depends on host density Rate increases with density (susceptible hosts
only - genetics)
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Distribution
Distribution is clumped (site-specific) Few hosts have large numbers, most have none High intensity of infection, low prevalence
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Response of hosts
Die in whole or in part Biotrophic parasites require living hosts Necrotrophic parasites prefer dead hosts
(pioneering decomposers)
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Plant hosts
Infected cells die immediately - hypersensitivity Surrounding cells produce phytoalexins to
prevent spread of parasites
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Invertebrate hosts
Phagocytic cells engulf foreign particles
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Vertebrate hosts
Immune responses - several types of killer cells with “memory”
Inhibits future infection by same things Response most effective for bacteria, viruses Response least strong for macroparasites, protozoans
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Bottom Line
Reduced survival, growth, fecundity, competitive ability of host
Some evidence that parasites may be chief factors controlling populations of some organisms (e.g., humans)