ou leverhulme gt

Leverhulme presentation 1

Grounded Theory Grounded Theory AnalysisAnalysis

Dr. Anne [email protected]

ac.uk

mailto:[email protected]


OVERVIEWOVERVIEW• Background to Qualitative and GT• Quality issues• Applying GT (coding stages)• Problems and solutions• Applications


Quantitative methodsQuantitative methods

• Experiments

• Questionnaires

• System logs (producing data for statistical analysis)


Research Paradigms:Research Paradigms:QuantitativeQuantitative

• Imposes prior theories (discovery)

• Reliant on hypothetico-deductive method to establish causal relationship (justification)o Operationalised (reductionistic)

o Measured


Research Paradigms:Research Paradigms:Quantitative LimitationsQuantitative Limitations

• Validityo Inappropriate fixing of meaningso Imposing external system of meaning

for internal subjective structures• Complexity of data lost through

reductionistic approach


Qualititative methodsQualititative methods

• In-depth Interviews

• Focus groups

• Observational studies

• Open ended data


Research Paradigms:Research Paradigms:QualitativeQualitative

• Generates working hypothesis by producing concepts from data

• Represents participants reality in its complex context


Research Paradigms:Research Paradigms:Qualitative LimitationsQualitative Limitations

• Subjectivityo Data collection procedures

o Analysis

• Reliabilityo Across context & researcher


GT BackgroundGT Background• Developed by Glaser & Strauss (1967)

o Glaser quantitative / Strauss qualitative

• Grounded theory developed from Systematic data collection & analysis

• “Both qualitative and quantitative approaches share a common concern with theory as the goal of research” (Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992 p.101)


Potential ApplicationsPotential Applications• Qualitative Analysis Method• Method to support triangulation of

qualitative / quantitative data sets• Approach to requirements gathering

o Grounded Design (G. Cockton) http://osiris.sund.ac.uk/~cs0gco/CHI_ILF.htm

• Tool to generate scenarios

http://osiris.sund.ac.uk/~cs0gco/CHI_ILF.htm


GT StrengthsGT Strengths• Phenomena Complexity

• Unknown phenomena

• Structured / Focused approach to Theory Building

• Integrating mixed data sources


7 Quality rules7 Quality rules1. Importance of fit with the data 2. Integrated at all levels of abstraction 3. Reflexivity4. Documentation5. Theoretical Sampling & negative case

analysis6. Theoretical Sensitivity7. Transferability Henwood & Pidgeon (1992)


GT ChapterGT Chapter• A Qualitative approach to HCI

http://oro.open.ac.uk/11911/Adams, Anne; Lunt, Peter and Cairns, Paul (2008). A qualititative approach to HCI research.

In: Cairns, Paul and Cox, Anna eds. Research Methods for Human-Computer Interaction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 138–157.

• Questionnaires, In-depth interviews and focus groups http://oro.open.ac.uk/11909/

Adams, Anne and Cox, Anna L. (2008). Questionnaires, in-depth interviews and focus groups. In: Cairns, Paul and Cox, Anna L. eds. Research Methods for Human Computer Interaction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 17–34.

http://oro.open.ac.uk/11911/

http://oro.open.ac.uk/11909/


GT ApplicationGT Application

Data in whatever form is :-Broken down, conceptualised, and put back together in new ways.

Analysis Stages - 3 levels of coding :• open, • axial, • selective (with process effects)


Open coding Open coding 1. Concepts are identified.

2. Concepts are grouped into categories

3. Properties and dimensions of the category identified


Open coding: detailedOpen coding: detailedConcepts are:- Conceptual labels placed on discrete

happenings, events, and other instances of phenomena

Categories are:- where concepts are classified and grouped together under a higher order – a more abstract concept called a category.

Properties are:- characteristics pertaining to a categoryDimensions are:- Location (values) of properties along

a continuum


Open coding: exampleOpen coding: example

“ When I want to have a personal conversation, I encrypt the message. I think that makes the email private. Stops people from listening in”


Open coding: analysisOpen coding: analysis“ When I want to have a personal conversation

(private interaction), I encrypt the message (security measure). I think that makes the email private (Securing privacy). Stops people from listening in (Surveillance).”

Concepts are:- private interaction, security measures, securing privacy, surveillance

Categories are:- Interaction, privacy, security


Open coding (5)Open coding (5)Category Class Property Dimension Dimensional Range

surveillance Being observed

frequency often ........never

scope more ........less

intensity high.........low

duration long .........short


Coding HeuristicCoding HeuristicTo support Saturation or Identifying Relationships

1.Frequency – codes that frequently occur

2.Fundementality


Axial Coding (1)Axial Coding (1)1. High level phenomena identified.

2. Phenomena conditions identified (causal, context, intervening).

3. Phenomena action / interaction strategies and consequences identified


Axial Coding (2)Axial Coding (2)Phenomena are:- central ideas, events.

CONDITIONS

Causal conditions are:- events that lead to occurrence or development of a phenomenon.

Context:- The specific set of properties (and location on a dimensional range) that pertain to a phenomenon.

Intervening conditions:- broader structural context.


Axial Coding (3)Axial Coding (3)A / I SEQUENCES

Action / interaction strategies:- devised to manage, handle, carry out, respond to a phenomenon under a specific set of perceived conditions

Consequences:- Outcomes or results of action / interaction

For example:

“ When I want to have (context) a personal conversation (phenomenon), I encrypt the message (strategy). I think that makes the email private (consequence).”


Selective Coding (1)Selective Coding (1)1. Define the core category & high-level story line.

2. Relate subsidiary categories by its properties

3. Relate categories at the dimensional level

4. Iterative validation of relationships with data

5. Identify category gaps


Selective Coding (2)Selective Coding (2) Core category is: The central phenomenon

around which all the other categories are integrated.

Story is: A descriptive narrative about the central phenomenon of the study.

Story line is: The conceptualisation of the story - the core category.


PROCESS EFFECTSPROCESS EFFECTS

Process is the linking of AI sequences over time

CHANGING CONDITIONS (over time)

Action / Interaction Strategy

RESPONSE from A/I

CONSEQUENCES of response

CHANGE TO CONDITIONS affecting A/I


PASSWORDS & PROCESSPASSWORDS & PROCESS

Password disclosure I

D Information importance D Perceived threats

Security I

perceived

Security D

perceived

A B


PRIVACY AND PROCESSPRIVACY AND PROCESS

4 1

3

IS

TRUST privacy secured

based on assumptions

Users

IR

Contexts

IU

Technology & its implementation make assumptions inaccurate

Increased perceived privacy invasions

2

Decreased trust in organisationEmotive reaction Reject technology


DIGITAL LIBRARIES & PROCESSDIGITAL LIBRARIES & PROCESS

Status determines information accessibility

(High status: accessLow status: poor access)

Reversed information accessibility (High status: poor access low status: access)

High status clinicians reject technology

Training NOT status determines information

accessibility

DL introduction


Initial ProblemInitial Problem

• Lines between each type of coding are artificial– Data presented at dimensional level– Action / interactions & conditions present.

“ I find computers always break down for me when I have a lot of things to do. So I try not to use them when I have a lot to do. Which slows everything

down a bit”


Solution Solution • Code both open and axially together

• Qualitative analysis tools – Nudist / NVIVO

– Atlas TI

• Keep relationship coding notes in open coding / analyse without loss of detail


Problems & SolutionsProblems & Solutions

P:P: Complex method to applyS:S: Ease up on yourself

P:P: Focus of researchS:S: Data collection and analysis

tightly interwoven


SUMMARYSUMMARY

• Powerful for appropriate issues

• Application Complex

• Rewarding – ‘Convincing Theories’

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