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Our energy future: “renewable” or not?

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Presentation to the Warrawee Probus Club 24 May 2013

Dr Ian FalconerSchool of Physics, University of Sydney

Some of the slides shown in this presentation were provided by: Dr Joe Khachan, University of Sydney

Professor John O’Connor, University of NewcastleDr John How, ITER Organization

Much material for this presentation was taken from: David JC MacKay Sustainable Energy — without the hot air (2009) UIT CambridgeManfred Lenzen (2010) “ Current State of Development of Electricity-GeneratingTechnologies: A Literature Review” Energies 15 462-591

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OUR ENERGY FUTURE:“RENEWABLE” OR NOT

ENERGY AND POWER

• What is energy?• What is power• How do we measure energy & power• Energy in the 21st Century

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•Energy is that which allows us to do work (Physics definition)

•Lift something up

•Move from A to B

•I’m lifting this weight from the energy I get from the food I eat

•Over the past 200-odd years in particular humanity has used the energy stored in coal and oil to extend the work we do beyond that we are capable of using muscle energy alone

What is energy?

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- and do many more really exciting things

•Energy is measured in joules (Physics definition)

•Power is the rate at which energy is supplied or consumed – how fast we use energy

•Power is measured in joules per second – watts•A small electric radiator consumes electricity at

the rate of 1,000 joule per second – 1,000 watts or 1 kilowatt – abbreviated 1 kW

•Energy is also measured in kilowatt hours (kWh)

•A 1 kW electric radiator, when operated for 1 hour, consumes 1 kilowatt hour of electrical energy.

Energy and power

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Liddell power station (Muswellbrook)4 x 500 MW generators (steam turbine alternators)Total installed capacity: 2 GW

1 megawatt (1 MW) = 1,000 kW = 1,000,000 watt

1 gigawatt (1 GW) = 1,000,000 kW = 1,000,000,000 watt

Australia’s installed electrical capacity (2008-2009): 51GW

Generating electricity: big numbers

•Starting in the late18th Century humanity began using coal - and in the 20th Century, oil – to extend what could be done by muscle power alone.

•This required the development of many ingenious bits of machinery to replace muscle power - and do much more

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Mechanical gadgetsFood mixers, electric drills, vacuum cleaners, washing machines – all sorts of labour-saving devices

Transport Electric trains, cars, aircraft, giant and fast cargo ships

Heating and coolingHome heating, air conditioners, refrigerators and freezers

Communication Radio, phones, TV, the internet

Energy in the 21st Century

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VERY

Primary energy sources – the ultimate source of our energy:Coal, oil, gas, wind, the sun, uranium, thorium, and – for fusion – deuterium, and lithium

Secondary energy sources – the energy we use directly:Coal, oil, gas, hydrogen, electricity

How important is electricity?

THE ENERGY PROBLEM

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• We are fast running out of oil, natural gas, (and uranium)

• Burning of fossil fuels generates carbon dioxide (CO2) For every tonne of oil or coal used for generating energy, around THREE tonnes of CO2 are generated

• Per capita energy consumption increases as nations become wealthier Think about India and China

For these reasons, we URGENTLY need an energy source to replace fossil fuels (and it must be “portable” - like petrol – so it can be used in cars and trucks) 12

The world has real energy problems

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Why do we need more and more energy:standard of living

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World

Why do we need more and more energy:standard of living

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World

AUSTRALIA

Why do we need more and more energy:standard of living

Oil ~50-100 years

Natural gas ~60-100 years

Coal Several hundred years

Nuclear fission energy (U235 burners) 50 to ~100 years

Nuclear fission energy (breeder reactors)

Thousands of years

Solar, wind, geothermal, tidal energy RenewableFusion energy Millennia

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How long will it last?

WHICH ENERGY SOURCE?

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Wind

Wind farm near Yass

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Advantages:• Wind is cheap

Disadvantages:• Wind is not a steady source of electricity: wind

speed is highly variable• Suitable (low cost) sites are limited

Cairngorm mean wind speed in metres per second, during six months of 2006. Red line: daily average Turquoise line: half-hourly average

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Installed wind generating capacity in Australia: 2.6 GW (2012)

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Solar photovoltaics

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Advantages:• Produces electricity directly• Ideal for remote locations

Disadvantages:• Output depends on instantaneous

amount of sunlight falling on surface• Output depends on time of day (very

much) cloud cover, and season of year • Cost is still rather large – but falling

rapidly

A photovoltaic cell is similar in construction to a transistor

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Solar Thermal

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Solar hot water “A no-brainer” David McKay, author, Sustainable Energy — without the hot air

Water in pipes underneath flat black plates is heated by sunlight absorbed by the black plates.

The plates are coated with a selective surface – a coating that strongly absorbs the visible sunlight, but only weakly emits infra-red (heat) radiation.

Maximum energy is absorbed, but not much radiated by the hot plates.

Flat plate solar collectors

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Evacuated tube solar collectors• A double-walled glass “tube”

is evacuated – heat can only be transferred though a vacuum as radiation

• The inner surface of the glass is coated with a selective absorbing material

• Heat absorbed by this surface is transferred to water inside the tube

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Glass envelope

Parallel raysof sunlight

Parabolic reflector

Absorber tube with selective surface

Electricity from large-scale solar thermal plants A way of using the sun to provide a steady supply of electricity

Advantages:• Provides “baseload”

electricity supply – to some extent

Disadvantages:• Cost is still rather large• Unreliable baseload

Concentrating solar collector systems

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A “typical” modern solar thermal plant

Sunlight

Reflector

Collector tube coated with selective absorber

Heatexchanger

Heatexchanger

Tank of molten salt

Superheated steam to turbines

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Geothermal

Water pumped deep underground in to hot rock is converted to steam, which rises up another drill hole to drive an electrical generator

Advantages:• Clean, low environmental impact

Disadvantages:• Rock cools, so that the plant has a limited life

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Nuclear

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Advantages:• NOT a (direct) source of greenhouse gases• Little non-nuclear waste and pollution• Volume of nuclear waste small• Relatively low-cost

Disadvantages:• Nuclear reactors are regarded as “unsafe” as nuclear accidents,

although infrequent, have serious and widespread consequences• Radioactive waste remains a hazard for many years

* Plutonium and other “transuranics” for hundreds and thousands of years * Fission products have decayed to a “harmless level in around 1,000 years

• Proliferation of nuclear weapons is a concern

The pros and cons of nuclear power?

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• Waste disposal is a political problem, not a technical problem• Plutonium can be separated from other waste and be “burnt” in a

reactor to produce even more nuclear energy• Most waste is low level• Fission products – the waste from the energy-generation process – are

highly radioactive, but decay away to become harmless in around 1,000 years

• Modern reactor designs are inherently less accident-prone• Thorium – another “fissile” element – can also be used to fuel a reactor.

Thorium cannot be used in nuclear weapons, and thorium reactors are inherently safer than uranium reactors.

Does nuclear have a future?YES

Fusion energy powers the Sun33

Fusion

Chemically these isotopes are the same, but the deuterium and tritium store considerable energy in their nuclei – this is the energy that holds the nuclei together

• The release of the energy stored in the nuclei of “heavy hydrogen” atoms - deuterium and tritium

What is fusion?

Hydrogen: nucleus consists of 1 proton Deuterium: nucleus consists of 1 proton and 1 neutron Tritium: nucleus consists of 1 proton and 2 neutrons

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The Most Promising Fusion Reaction

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How do we harness fusion energy? • Bang a deuterium nucleus and a tritium nucleus

HARD together so they “fuse”

• To make lots atoms move really fast a mixture of deuterium and tritium gases must be heated to a very high temperature if the nuclei are to “fuse” – about 100 million degrees! Under these conditions all the atoms are ionized and form a PLASMA

• These high temperatures can only be achieved if the gases are contained in a “bottle” constructed from a really strong magnetic field

• And a high density of colliding nuclei is required if we are to get more fusion energy from the reactor than we put into it

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Toroidal field produces greater confinement A TOKAMAK

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ITER – “the way”International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor

An international project to produce a prototype fusion reactor

ITER partners• European Union• Japan• China• Russian Federation• USA• South Korea• India• (and possibly Brazil – and Kazakhstan)

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ITER

Person

ITER – the next generation tokamakDesign completed – construction has just commenced 39

SUMMARYHOW MUCH WILL WE PAY?

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What will clean energy cost?

External costs: “estimated” impact costs to the environment, public and worker health.

Prospects for fusion electricity, I. Cook et al. Fus. Eng. & Des. 63-34, pp25-33, 2002

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THAT’S ALL, FOLKAnd, for further reading, I recommend:David JC MacKay Sustainable Energy — without the hot airAvailable online as a FREE .pdf file from www.withouthotair.com.

www.withouthotair.com