outcomes)of)non-speech)oral)motor)exercises)in)speech ...€¦ ·...

1
Outcomes of NonSpeech Oral Motor Exercises in Speech Therapy Brianna Dendauw, B.S. & Abbie Olszewski, Ph.D. University of Nevada, Reno Introduc<on At age four, a child’s speech should be 100% intelligible to unfamiliar listeners. Speech intelligibility refers to the “understandability” of a child’s speech and can be measured by speech produc<on (Flipsen, 2006). Children with speech sound disorders are typically harder to understand when speaking to familiar and unfamiliar listeners. Speech therapy can be implemented to improve a child’s speech produc<on, helping the child’s speech become more intelligible. Nonspeech oral motor exercises (NSOME) are used to improve speech produc<on. NSOME are “any technique that does not require the child to produce a speech sound but is used to influence the development of speaking abili<es” (Lof, 2009). Some NSOME techniques include blowing bubbles, puffing cheeks, and licking lollipops, which can help influence the res<ng postures of the tongue, lip and jaw, provide sensory s<mula<on, and improve speech produc<on (Lof, 2009). There are many conven<onal speech therapies that target the produc<on of speech sounds and overall speech intelligibility that do not involve NSOME. These conven<onal therapies involve selec<ng a speech target and a specific therapy approach that would best treat the target sound in error. For example, maximal opposi<ons, and mul<ple opposi<ons have been used to improve speech intelligibility in children with phonological speech sound disorders. It is unclear if NSOME or conven<onal speech therapies that do not incorporate NSOME will lead to beXer speech intelligibility measured by speech produc<on for children with speech sound disorders. Purpose & PICO Ques<on The purpose of this study was to determine if the use of NSOME are effec<ve in improving children's speech. A PICO (Pa<ent (P), Interven<on (I), Comparison (C), Outcome(O)) framework (Gillam & Gillam, 2008) was used to develop the following ques<on: Does NSOME therapy compared to convenFonal speech therapy without NSOME improve speech producFon of children with speech sound disorders? Case Scenario • Jade is a 5yearold female who has a severe speech sound disorder. Jade has been receiving speech therapy for five semesters at the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR) Speech and Hearing Clinic. Mul<ple therapy approaches such as minimal pairs, maximal opposi<ons, and mul<ple opposi<ons have been implemented to improve Jade’s speech intelligibility over the past five semesters. Although Jade’s speech produc<on at the word level has improved over this <me, her speech produc<on con<nues to be inconsistent at the word and phrase level. Her speech is 30% intelligible to unfamiliar listeners. • Bree is a second year speechlanguage pathology graduate student at the UNR who will be providing therapy to Jade. Aier implemen<ng conven<onal speech therapy for for one hour sessions two <mes a week for six weeks, Bree saw no improvements in Jade’s speech produc<on. Bree has no prior experience with or knowledge of NSOME. • Bree wondered if incorpora<ng NSOME into Jade’s speech therapy sessions would improve Jade’s speech compared to conven<onal speech therapy that does not incorporate NSOME. Discussion External evidence: The research indicated that NSOME did not improve speech produc<on in children (Braislin & Cascella, 2005; Christensen & Hanson, 1981; Lee & Gibbon, 2015; Mccauley et. al. 2009). Evidence internal to clinical pracFce: Bree would not feel comfortable implemen<ng NSOME in Jade’s speech therapy because of the external evidence. Her supervisor agrees with this decision based on the literature provided. Evidence internal to client: Jade told Bree that she “wanted to talk beXer” so people could understand her. This goal can be beXer achieved with a nonNSOME speech therapy approach that has not yet been aXempted. E 3 BP decision: Aier combining external and internal evidence, it was decided to implement the conven<onal speech therapy to improve Jade’s speech produc<on. Jade will con<nue to receive therapy for one hour sessions, but the sessions will be increased to three <mes a week. Aier three months, a reassessment of speech produc<on will be completed. Results References Bahr, D., (2008). The oral motor debate: where do we go from here? Retrieved from www.asha.org/events/conven<on/handouts/2008/2054_Bahr_Diane/ Braislin, M. A., & Cascella, P. W. (2005). A preliminary inves<ga<on of the efficacy of oral motor exercises for children with mild ar<cula<on disorders. Interna’onal Journal of Rehabilita’on Research, 28(3), 263266. doi:10.1097/00004356 20050900000010 Christensen, M. S., & Hanson, M. L. (1981). An inves<ga<on of the efficacy of oral myofunc<onal therapy as a precursor for ar<cula<on therapy for prefirst grade children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 46, 160167. doi:10.1044/jshd.4602.160. Flipsen, P., Jr. (2006). Measuring the intelligibility of conversa<onal speech in children. Clinical Linguis’cs & Phone’cs. 20(4), 202312. doi:10.1080/02699200400024863 Gillam, S. L., & Gillam, R. B. (2008). Teaching graduate students to make evidencebased interven<on decisions: Applica<on of a sevenstep process within an authen<c learning context. Topics in Language Disorders, 28(3), 212228. doi:10.1097/01.TLD.0000333597.45715.57 Lee, A. & Gibbon, F. (2015). Nonspeech oral motor treatment for children with developmental speech sound disorders. Cochrane Database of Systema’c Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009383.pub2. Lof, G. L., (2009). Nonspeech oral motor exercises: nonspeech oral motor exercises: An update on the controversy. Retrieved from www.asha.org/events/conven<on/handouts/2009/1955_Lof_Gregory_L.htm Lof, G., & Watson, M. (2008). A na<onwide survey of nonspeech oral motor exercise use: implica<ons for evidencebased prac<ce. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 39, 392407. doi:10.1044/01611461(2008/037). Mccauley, R. J., Strand, E., Lof, G. L., Schooling, T., & Frymark, T. (2009). Evidencebased systema<c review: effects of nonspeech oral motor exercises on speech. American Journal of SpeechLanguage Pathology, 18(4), 343360. doi:10.1044/1058 0360(2009/090006) Methodology Search terms/Data bases: nonspeech, oral motor exercises, children receiving oral motor rehabilita’on, speech therapy, effects, outcomes, and oral motor exercise controversy were used in Pubmed, ERIC, and Google Scholar electronic databases to locate external evidence. Appraisals: Five ar<cles were appraised for internal validity using modified CATE and CASM forms (Gillam & Gillam, 2008). CATE used an 11point scale (11 10= compelling; 9 7= sugges<ve; < 6 = equivocal) and CASM used an 8point scale (8 – 7 = compelling; 6 – 5 = sugges<ve; < 4 = equivocal). Each ar<cle had a interrater reliability of least 92%. Four ar<cles were chosen to guide the E 3 BP clinical decision. Authors (Date) Research Design Appraisal RaFng Appraisal Points Form ParFcipants N, Gender, & Age Range Purpose Dependent Variable Results Christensen & Hanson (1981) Experimental Group Design CATE: 9 out of 11 (Sugges<ve) N = 10 Gender: 6 boys, 4 girls Age Range: 5;8 to 6;9 years The purpose of this inves<ga<on was to determine the efficacy of using oral myofunc<onal services as a precursor to ar<cula<on services for elementary school children. • Total # of /s/ & / z/ errors • Total # of phoneme errors Total # of errors • Both groups made essen<ally equal speech improvement but were not significantly different p value not reported for all measures Braislin & Cascella (2005) Case Study CATE: 8 out of 11 (Sugges<ve) N=4 Gender: 2 boys, 2 girls Age Range: 6;46;9 years The research ques<on for this ar<cle was whether oral motor therapy approach done without tradi<onal ar<cula<on prac<ce could impact children’s mild ar<cula<on errors. • Goldman Fristoe Test of Ar<cula<on (GFTA2) Sounds inwords subtest GFTA2 • On average, the par<cipants had no significant difference at post test, but made 2.5 fewer errors p value not reported for all measures Lee & Gibbon (2015) Systema<c Review CASM: 7 out of 8 (Compelling) N=3 Inclusion Criteria: Randomized and quasirandomized controlled trials, NSOMT as adjunc<ve treatment or speech interven<on versus speech interven<on alone, and children aged three to 16 years with developmental speech sound disorders. Exclusion Criteria: Individuals with an intellectual disability (e.g., Down syndrome) or a physical disability. This systema<c review’s aim was to assess the efficacy of NSOME in trea<ng children with developmental speech sound disorders who have speech errors. Speech produc<on measured by: normreferenced tests, instrumental techniques and a perceptual ra<ng scale Speech ProducFon This systema<c review revealed that 2 out of 3 studies showed that they did not find NSOME to be more effec<ve than conven<onal speech therapy alone. • The authors deemed the third study’s findings ambiguous due to sta<s<cal analysis. Mccauley, Strand, Lof, Schooling, & Frymark (2009) Systema<c Review CASM: 7 out of 8 (Compelling) N = 15 Inclusion Criteria: Peerreviewed from 1960 to 2007 and examining use of OMEs to affect speech physiology, produc<on, or func<onal outcomes. Exclusion Criteria: Studies including surgical, medical, or pharmacological treatment; using liquid or food as part of the interven<on; studies incorpora<ng mixed treatments not controlled; and ar<cles not published in the peer reviewed literature. The purpose of this systema<c review was to examine the current evidence for the use of NSOME on speech as a means of suppor<ng further research and clinicians’ use of evidencebased prac<ce. Speech produc<on measured by: sound produc<on and func<onal speech outcomes Speech ProducFon Evidence from the systema<c review indicated that equivocal evidence exists due to the lack of welldesigned, experimentally controlled studies. • At this <me, there is insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of NSOME to produce effects on speech was found in the research literature.

Upload: others

Post on 24-Aug-2020

10 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Outcomes)of)Non-Speech)Oral)Motor)Exercises)in)Speech ...€¦ · Outcomes)of)Non-Speech)Oral)Motor)Exercises)in)Speech)Therapy))) Brianna&Dendauw,&B.S.&&&Abbie&Olszewski,&Ph.D.&

Outcomes  of  Non-­‐Speech  Oral  Motor  Exercises  in  Speech  Therapy      Brianna  Dendauw,  B.S.  &  Abbie  Olszewski,  Ph.D.  

University  of  Nevada,  Reno  

Introduc<on    At  age  four,  a  child’s  speech  should  be  100%  intelligible  to  unfamiliar  listeners.  Speech  intelligibility  refers  to  the  “understandability”  of  a  child’s  speech  and  can  be  measured  by  speech  produc<on  (Flipsen,  2006).  Children  with  speech  sound  disorders  are  typically  harder  to  understand  when  speaking  to  familiar  and  unfamiliar  listeners.  Speech  therapy  can  be  implemented  to  improve  a  child’s  speech  produc<on,  helping  the  child’s  speech  become  more  intelligible.    

Non-­‐speech  oral  motor  exercises  (NSOME)  are  used  to  improve  speech  produc<on.  NSOME  are  “any  technique  that  does  not  require  the  child  to  produce  a  speech  sound  but  is  used  to  influence  the  development  of  speaking  abili<es”  (Lof,  2009).  Some  NSOME  techniques  include  blowing  bubbles,  puffing  cheeks,  and  licking  lollipops,  which  can  help  influence  the  res<ng  postures  of  the  tongue,  lip  and  jaw,  provide  sensory  s<mula<on,  and  improve  speech  produc<on  (Lof,  2009).      

There  are  many  conven<onal  speech  therapies  that  target  the  produc<on  of  speech  sounds  and  overall  speech  intelligibility  that  do  not  involve  NSOME.  These  conven<onal  therapies  involve  selec<ng  a  speech  target  and  a  specific  therapy  approach  that  would  best  treat  the  target  sound  in  error.  For  example,  maximal  opposi<ons,  and  mul<ple  opposi<ons  have  been  used  to  improve  speech  intelligibility  in  children  with  phonological  speech  sound  disorders.      

It  is  unclear  if  NSOME  or  conven<onal  speech  therapies  that  do  not  incorporate  NSOME  will  lead  to  beXer  speech  intelligibility  measured  by  speech  produc<on  for  children  with  speech  sound  disorders.    

Purpose  &  PICO  Ques<on  The  purpose  of  this  study  was  to  determine  if  the  use  of  NSOME  are  effec<ve  in  improving  children's  speech.  A  PICO  (Pa<ent  (P),  Interven<on  (I),  Comparison  (C),  Outcome(O))  framework  (Gillam  &  Gillam,  2008)  was  used  to  develop  the  following  ques<on:    

Does  NSOME  therapy  compared  to  convenFonal  speech  therapy  without  NSOME  improve  speech  producFon  of  children  with  speech  sound  disorders?    

Case  Scenario    •  Jade  is  a  5-­‐year-­‐old  female  who  has  a  severe  speech  sound  disorder.  Jade  has  been  receiving  speech  therapy  for  five  semesters  at  the  University  of  Nevada,  Reno  (UNR)  Speech  and  Hearing  Clinic.  Mul<ple  therapy  approaches  such  as  minimal  pairs,  maximal  opposi<ons,  and  mul<ple  opposi<ons  have  been  implemented  to  improve  Jade’s  speech  intelligibility  over  the  past  five  semesters.  Although  Jade’s  speech  produc<on  at  the  word  level  has  improved  over  this  <me,  her  speech  produc<on  con<nues  to  be  inconsistent  at  the  word  and  phrase  level.  Her  speech  is  30%  intelligible  to  unfamiliar  listeners.      •  Bree  is  a  second  year  speech-­‐language  pathology  graduate  student  at  the  UNR  who  will  be  providing  therapy  to  Jade.  Aier  implemen<ng  conven<onal  speech  therapy  for  for  one  hour  sessions  two  <mes  a  week  for  six  weeks,  Bree  saw  no  improvements  in  Jade’s  speech  produc<on.  Bree  has  no  prior  experience  with  or  knowledge  of  NSOME.      •  Bree  wondered  if  incorpora<ng  NSOME  into  Jade’s  speech  therapy  sessions  would  improve  Jade’s  speech  compared  to  conven<onal  speech  therapy  that  does  not  incorporate  NSOME.    

Discussion    External  evidence:  The  research  indicated  that  NSOME  did  not  improve  speech  produc<on  in  children  (Braislin  &  Cascella,  2005;  Christensen  &  Hanson,  1981;  Lee  &  Gibbon,  2015;  Mccauley  et.  al.  2009).    Evidence  internal  to  clinical  pracFce:  Bree  would  not  feel  comfortable  implemen<ng  NSOME  in  Jade’s  speech  therapy  because  of  the  external  evidence.  Her  supervisor  agrees  with  this  decision  based  on  the  literature  provided.      Evidence  internal  to  client:  Jade  told  Bree  that  she  “wanted  to  talk  beXer”  so  people  could  understand  her.  This  goal  can  be  beXer  achieved  with  a  non-­‐NSOME  speech  therapy  approach  that  has  not  yet  been  aXempted.      E3BP  decision:  Aier  combining  external  and  internal  evidence,  it  was  decided  to  implement  the  conven<onal  speech  therapy  to  improve  Jade’s  speech  produc<on.  Jade  will  con<nue  to  receive  therapy  for  one  hour  sessions,  but  the  sessions  will  be  increased  to  three  <mes  a  week.  Aier  three  months,  a  reassessment  of  speech  produc<on  will  be  completed.    

Results    

                             References  Bahr,  D.,  (2008).  The  oral  motor  debate:  where  do  we  go  from  here?  Retrieved  from  www.asha.org/events/conven<on/handouts/2008/2054_Bahr_Diane/        Braislin,  M.  A.,  &  Cascella,  P.  W.  (2005).  A  preliminary  inves<ga<on  of  the  efficacy  of  oral  motor  exercises  for  children  with  mild  ar<cula<on  disorders.  Interna'onal  Journal  of  Rehabilita'on  Research,  28(3),  263-­‐266.  doi:10.1097/00004356-­‐                  200509000-­‐00010      Christensen,  M.  S.,  &  Hanson,  M.  L.  (1981).  An  inves<ga<on  of  the  efficacy  of  oral  myofunc<onal  therapy  as  a  precursor  for  ar<cula<on  therapy  for  pre-­‐first  grade  children.  Journal  of  Speech  and  Hearing  Disorders,  46,  160-­‐167.                    doi:10.1044/jshd.4602.160.    Flipsen,  P.,  Jr.  (2006).  Measuring  the  intelligibility  of  conversa<onal  speech  in  children.  Clinical  Linguis'cs  &  Phone'cs.  20(4),  202-­‐312.  doi:10.1080/02699200400024863      Gillam,  S.  L.,  &  Gillam,  R.  B.  (2008).  Teaching  graduate  students  to  make  evidence-­‐based  interven<on  decisions:  Applica<on  of  a  seven-­‐step  process  within  an  authen<c  learning  context.  Topics  in  Language  Disorders,  28(3),  212-­‐228.                      doi:10.1097/01.TLD.0000333597.45715.57        Lee,  A.  &  Gibbon,  F.  (2015).  Non-­‐speech  oral  motor  treatment  for  children  with  developmental  speech  sound  disorders.  Cochrane  Database  of  Systema'c  Reviews.  doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009383.pub2.        Lof,  G.  L.,  (2009).  Nonspeech  oral  motor  exercises:  nonspeech  oral  motor  exercises:  An  update  on  the  controversy.  Retrieved  from  www.asha.org/events/conven<on/handouts/2009/1955_Lof_Gregory_L.htm      Lof,  G.,  &  Watson,  M.  (2008).  A  na<onwide  survey  of  non-­‐speech  oral  motor  exercise  use:  implica<ons  for  evidence-­‐based  prac<ce.  Language,  Speech  and  Hearing  Services  in  Schools,  39,  392-­‐407.  doi:10.1044/0161-­‐1461(2008/037).        Mccauley,  R.  J.,  Strand,  E.,  Lof,  G.  L.,  Schooling,  T.,  &  Frymark,  T.  (2009).  Evidence-­‐based  systema<c  review:  effects  of  nonspeech  oral  motor  exercises  on  speech.  American  Journal  of  Speech-­‐Language  Pathology,  18(4),  343-­‐360.  doi:10.1044/1058-­‐                            0360(2009/09-­‐0006)  

Methodology  Search  terms/Data  bases:  non-­‐speech,  oral  motor  exercises,  children  receiving  oral  motor  rehabilita'on,  speech  therapy,  effects,  outcomes,  and  oral  motor  exercise  controversy  were  used  in  Pubmed,  ERIC,  and  Google  Scholar  electronic  databases  to  locate  external  evidence.      Appraisals:  Five  ar<cles  were  appraised  for  internal  validity  using  modified  CATE  and  CASM  forms  (Gillam  &  Gillam,  2008).  CATE  used  an  11-­‐point  scale  (11  -­‐  10=  compelling;  9  -­‐  7=  sugges<ve;  <  6  =  equivocal)  and  CASM  used  an  8-­‐point  scale  (8  –  7  =  compelling;  6  –  5  =  sugges<ve;  <  4  =  equivocal).  Each  ar<cle  had  a  interrater  reliability  of  least  92%.  Four  ar<cles  were  chosen  to  guide  the  E3BP  clinical  decision.    

Authors  (Date)    Research  Design    Appraisal  RaFng  

Appraisal  Points  Form    

ParFcipants  N,  Gender,  &  Age  Range    

Purpose     Dependent  Variable    

Results    

Christensen  &  Hanson  (1981)    Experimental  Group  Design    CATE:  9  out  of  11  (Sugges<ve)  

N  =  10    Gender:  6  boys,  4  girls    Age  Range:  5;8  to  6;9  years      

The  purpose  of  this  inves<ga<on  was  to  determine  the  efficacy  of  using  oral  myofunc<onal  services  as  a  precursor  to  ar<cula<on  services  for  elementary  school  children.    

•  Total  #  of  /s/  &  /z/  errors    •  Total  #  of  phoneme  errors      

Total  #  of  errors    •  Both  groups  made  essen<ally  equal  speech  improvement  but  were  not  significantly  different    •  p  value  not  reported  for  all  measures  

Braislin  &  Cascella  (2005)    Case  Study    CATE:  8  out  of  11  (Sugges<ve)  

N  =  4      Gender:  2  boys,  2  girls      Age  Range:  6;4-­‐6;9  years    

The  research  ques<on  for  this  ar<cle  was  whether  oral  motor  therapy  approach  done  without  tradi<onal  ar<cula<on  prac<ce  could  impact  children’s  mild  ar<cula<on  errors.    

•  Goldman  Fristoe  Test  of  Ar<cula<on  (GFTA-­‐2)  Sounds-­‐in-­‐words  subtest  

GFTA-­‐2  •  On  average,  the  par<cipants  had  no  significant  difference  at  post-­‐test,  but  made  2.5  fewer  errors    •  p  value  not  reported  for  all  measures    

Lee  &  Gibbon  (2015)        Systema<c  Review    CASM:  7  out  of  8  (Compelling)  

N  =  3      Inclusion  Criteria:  Randomized  and  quasi-­‐randomized  controlled  trials,  NSOMT  as  adjunc<ve  treatment  or  speech  interven<on  versus  speech  interven<on  alone,  and  children  aged  three  to  16  years  with  developmental  speech  sound  disorders.      Exclusion  Criteria:  Individuals  with  an  intellectual  disability  (e.g.,  Down  syndrome)  or  a  physical  disability.  

This  systema<c  review’s  aim  was  to  assess  the  efficacy  of  NSOME  in  trea<ng  children  with  developmental  speech  sound  disorders  who  have  speech  errors.    

Speech  produc<on  measured  by:  norm-­‐referenced  tests,  instrumental  techniques  and  a  perceptual  ra<ng  scale    

Speech  ProducFon      •  This  systema<c  review  revealed  that  2  out  of  3  studies  showed  that  they  did  not  find  NSOME  to  be  more  effec<ve  than  conven<onal  speech  therapy  alone.      •  The  authors  deemed  the  third  study’s  findings  ambiguous  due  to  sta<s<cal  analysis.  

Mccauley,  Strand,  Lof,  Schooling,  &  Frymark  (2009)        Systema<c  Review    CASM:  7  out  of  8  (Compelling)  

N  =  15    Inclusion  Criteria:  Peer-­‐reviewed  from  1960  to  2007  and  examining  use  of  OMEs  to  affect  speech  physiology,  produc<on,  or  func<onal  outcomes.    Exclusion  Criteria:  Studies  including  surgical,  medical,  or  pharmacological  treatment;  using  liquid  or  food  as  part  of  the  interven<on;  studies  incorpora<ng  mixed  treatments  not  controlled;  and  ar<cles  not  published  in  the  peer-­‐reviewed  literature.    

The  purpose  of  this  systema<c  review  was  to  examine  the  current  evidence  for  the  use  of  NSOME  on  speech  as  a  means  of  suppor<ng  further  research  and  clinicians’  use  of  evidence-­‐based  prac<ce.      

Speech  produc<on  measured  by:  sound  produc<on  and  func<onal  speech  outcomes  

Speech  ProducFon    •  Evidence  from  the  systema<c  review  indicated  that  equivocal  evidence  exists  due  to  the  lack  of  well-­‐designed,  experimentally  controlled  studies.      •  At  this  <me,  there  is  insufficient  evidence  to  support  or  refute  the  use  of  NSOME  to  produce  effects  on  speech  was  found  in  the  research  literature.