over secretion and deficiency of insulin

8/17/2019 Over secretion and deficiency of insulin

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INSULIN


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WHAT IS INSULIN ?

Insulin is a hormone secreted by pancreas and

released to the target tissues/organs (Liver ,

muscles and adipose tissues).

Insulin decreases blood glucose level and

promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen.


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EFFECT OF DEFICIENCY OF

INSULIN : DIABETES

MELLITUS


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DIABETES MELLITUS

Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which the

pancreas no longer produces enough insulin or

cells stop responding to the insulin that is

produced, so that glucose in the blood cannot be

absorbed into the cells of the body.high blood glucose level sugar is excreted via

urine (sweet urine)

Insulin is under secretion.


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THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF DIABETES

MELLITUS :

Type I diabetes(juvenile diabetes) is an

autoimmune disease. Our body has its own

immune system to attack outside invaders. With

this disease, the body’s auto immune system

attacks and destroys the beta cells in the pancreas

which secreted the insulin. When left untreated,

the amount of insulin produced will dangerously

decrease and the blood glucose level become high.-

Type II, sometimes called age-

onset or adult-onset diabetes.Diabetes is

a problem with your body that causes

blood glucose (sugar) levels to rise higherthan normal. This is also called

hyperglycemia. Type 2 diabetes is the

most common form of diabetes.

The body does not use insulin properly.

This is called insulin resistance. At first,

your pancreas makes extra insulin to

make up for it. But, over time it isn't ableto keep up and can't make enough insulin

to keep your blood glucose at normal

levels.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus


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SYMPTOM AND

CHARACTERISTIC OF

DIABETES MELLITUS


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SYMPTOM OF DIABETES MELLITUS

polyuria

polydipsiapolyphagia


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EXTRA INFORMATION

Brittle diabetics are a subgroup of Type I where

patients have frequent and rapid swings of blood sugar levels betweenhyperglycemia

(a condition where there is too much glucose or

sugar in the blood)

andhypoglycemia (a condition where

there are abnormally low levels of glucose or

sugar in the blood). These patients may require

several injections of

different types of insulin during the day to keep

the blood sugar level within a fairly normal rang

e

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hypoglycemiahttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hypoglycemia


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Another form of diabetes called

gestational diabetes can develop during

pregnancy and generally resolves after the

baby is delivered. Children ofwomen with gestational diabetes are more likely

to be born prematurely, have hypoglycemia, or

have severe jaundice(Infant jaundice is a

yellow discoloration in anewborn baby's skinand eyes.Infant jaundice occurs because

thebaby's blood contains an excess of bilirubin

(bil-ih-ROO-bin), a yellow-colored pigment of red

blood cells) atbirth. The condition usually is treated by diet,

however, insulin injections may be required.

These women who have

diabetes during pregnancy are at higher risk for

developing Type II diabetes within 5-10 years.

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gestational+diabeteshttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pregnancyhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/jaundicehttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/jaundicehttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pregnancyhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gestational+diabetes


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EFFECT OF OVER

SECRETION OF INSULIN


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HYPOGLYCEMIA

Hypoglycemia, also called low blood glucose or

low blood sugar, occurs when blood glucose drops

below normal levels. When blood glucose begins

to fall, glucagon—another hormone made by the

pancreas—signals the liver to break downglycogen and release glucose into the

bloodstream. Blood glucose will then rise toward

a normal level. In some people with

hypoglycemia, this glucagon response tohypoglycemia is impaired.


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SYMPTOM OF HYPOGLYCEMIA


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DO YOU KNOW THAT DOGS

CAN DETECT LOW GLUCOSE

LEVELS IN HUMAN BODY ?


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DIABETES ALERT DOGS

Diabetes Assist Dogs are trained to monitor smells in the air

for a specific scent on the human breath that is related to

rapidly dropping or low blood sugar levels. They are thentrained to “alert” the person with diabetes, usually by touching

them in a significant way such as pawing or nudging them. This

alerts the person to check his or her blood sugar level. It also

informs them that they should get something to eat to prevent

hypoglycemia, or their blood sugars getting to a dangerous

level. The canine partner can also be trained to retrieve juice or

glucose tabs, get an emergency phone, or get help from another

person in the house.

Diabetes Assist Dogs wear a backpack identifying them as an

assistance dog. This backpack has pockets where medical

information, a sugar source, and emergency contactinformation can be stored. This provides an extra safety net in

case the person with diabetes is unable to get help in time.

Anyone finding the person unconscious or acting abnormally

would know it may be a medical emergency and know how to

get help.


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A person experiencing hypoglycemia produces a

particular scent, found on the breath, due to

chemical changes in their body. All people

produce the same scent when they have low bloodsugar.


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TREATMENT


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TREATMENT FOR DIABETES

MELLITUS

Dietary changes

Oral medications

Insulin

Patients with Type I diabetes need daily injections of

insulin to help their bodies use glucose. The amount and

type ofinsulin required depends on the height, weight, age, food

intake, and activity level of the individual diabetic patient.

Some patients with Type II diabetes may need to use insulin

injections if their diabetes cannot be

controlled with diet, exercise,and oral medication. Injections are given subcutaneously,

that is, just under the skin, using a small needle and

syringe.

Injection sites can be anywhere on the body where there is

looser skin, including the upper arm, abdomen, or upper thigh.


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WHY INSULIN CAN’T BE

TAKEN AS A PILL ?

Insulin can't be taken as a pill because acids in the

stomach destroy it before it can enter the bloodstream.


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INSULIN SHOULD BE

INJECTED BEFORE OR

AFTER THE MEALS?

Insulin should be injected 15-30 minutes before a meal,

to cover the rise in blood glucose levels that occurs after

eating. It has a peak action of 2-6 hours and can last for

up to 8 hours.


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TREATMENT FOR HYPOGLYCEMIA

Dietary changes

Oral medications

over secretion and deficiency of insulin

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