overview and form controls applied to a feature.pptjohnston/me102_lecture_notes/gtol … · •...
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Introduction to Geometric Tolerancing and Form ControlsASME Y14.5 2009
– Geometric Tolerancing Overview– Form Controls Applied to Features (Surfaces)
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Geometric Tolerancing• Is Primarily based on Function*• Created from the need for mass‐produced interchangeable parts (Vs the old “File to Fit” Method)
• Provides more precise interpretations of drawings• Provides a common symbol/numeric system for international interpretation*
• Allows for looser Dimensional/Size Tolerances• Can Indicate
• How parts Fit/Function in the Assembly• Inspection Methods• How to set up part in Machine
• Geometric tolerances don’t need to be used for every feature of a part• Applied to features with important Fits/Functions*• Don’t Overuse, Underuse, or Use Incorrectly
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GD&T Relationships: Design, Production/Fabrication and
Measurement/Inspection = Function
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Geometric Tolerances
Control:*•Form•Orientation•Location
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Weaknesses of Dimensional Tolerancing
• Dimensional Tolerances only Control Size*
• No Common References*• Don’t Control Form or Orientation*
• Not the best way to control Location*
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Weaknesses of Dimensional Tolerancing
• No Common References*• Don’t Control Form or Orientation*
• Are Not the best way to Control Location*
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Geometric Tolerance Controls
• Have Common References*
• Control Form and Orientation*
• Are the Best way to Control Location*
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Geometric Control Zones• Create 2D or 3D Tolerance Zones*
• As Opposed Dimensional Tolerancing Size Ranges (+/‐, Etc)• The Tolerance value represents the width or diameter(s) of the tolerance zone
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Geometric Tolerancing
• 14 Controls in Five Categories• Form
• Straightness• Flatness• Circularity• Cylindricity
• Orientation• Angularity• Parallelism• Perpendicularity
• Location• True Position• Concentricity• Symmetry
• Profile**• Profile of a Line• Profile of a Surface
• Runout**• Circular Runout• Total Runout
** Profile and Runout are Used to Control
•Form•Orientation•Location
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Feature Control Frames• Used to specify geometric tolerances• A feature control frame consists of a rectangular frame divided into two or more compartments
• The first compartment (starting from the left) contains the geometric Control Symbol*
• The second compartment contains the tolerance value, the diameter of the tolerance Zone (if cylindrical) and can contain Material Condition Modifiers*
• Compartment(s) to the Right contain referenced datums (when used)
Simple Complex
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Form Controls
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Form Tolerances• Form tolerances control:
• Straightness *• Flatness *• Circularity • Cylindricity
• The tolerance zones can be Two or Three Dimensional• * Straightness and Flatness can be applied to a Feature or to a Feature of Size (FOS). (Straightness DML and Flatnes DMP)
• Circularity and Cylindricity are applied to Features Only• Form Controls do not reference Datums
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Inspection Methods for Features• There are many Inspection Methods • Two Common Types are with a Dial Indicator or Coordinate Measurement Machine (CMM)*
• Feature Size is Inspected First (Must be Between MMC & LMC)
Dial Indicator Setup
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Inspection Methods for Features
CMMDial Indicator
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Straightness Applied to a Feature (Surface)
• The Tolerance Zone is Two Dimensional• The Control can be applied to Either Cylindrical or Rectangular Features
• Only applies to surface elements• The symbol is a straight line
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Straightness Applied to a Feature• Straightness is a condition in which the Line Elements of a surface are in a straight line
• The control frame is attached to the Feature with a Leader
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Straightness Controlling Surface Elements• The Tolerance Zone is two parallel lines*
• The distance between them is the tolerance value stated in the Feature Control Frame
• Often inspected with a Dial Indicator• Each inspection is independent
• One for each line element• The Indicator is reset between each inspection
• The Full Indicator Movement (FIM)* must not be greater than the tolerance value
Applied to a Cylinder
Applied to a Rectangular
Feature
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Straightness Controlling Surface Elements• Surface Elements Control:
• Concavity• Convexity• Irregularity
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Straightness Controlling Surface Elements
Surface Elements Do Not Control Bending of the Center Axis or Centerplane
Just the surface elements (skin)
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Flatness Applied to a Feature (Surface)
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Flatness • Flatness is the 3‐D Version of Straightness:
• Applied to Rectangular Features• The Tolerance Zone is Two Parallel Planes*• The distance between the planes is the specified tolerance in the Feature Control Frame
• The entire surface is inspected (not independent checks)
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Flatness• Common Inspection Method
• Flatness Controls in All Directions• Straightness Controls One Direction
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Circularity
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Circularity• The Tolerance Zone is two Concentric Circles
• The distance between them is the tolerance value stated in the Feature Control Frame
• Often inspected with a Dial Indicator• Each inspection is independent
• One for reach Circular Line Element or Section
• The Indicator is reset between each inspection
• The Full Indicator Movement (FIM) must not be greater than the tolerance value
Used for O‐Ring Seals, Bearings, Rotating Surfaces, Etc.
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Circularity• Controls “Roundness” of Individual Sections
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Cylindricity
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Cylindricity• Cylindricity is the 3‐D Version of Circularity:
• The Tolerance Zone is Two Concentric Cylinders
• The distance between the Cylinders is the specified tolerance in the Feature Control Frame
• The entire surface is inspected (not independent checks)*
• Cylindricity can control circularity, surface straightness and taper