overview from virtual reality, scientific and technical challenges , nrc, 1995
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Overview from Virtual Reality, Scientific and Technical Challenges , NRC, 1995. Summarized by Geb Thomas. Learning Objectives. Be able to describe the current areas of research related to SE. Be able to draw a system diagram differentiation teleoperation and virtual environments. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Overview from Virtual Reality, Scientific and Technical Challenges, NRC, 1995
Summarized by Geb Thomas
Learning Objectives
Be able to describe the current areas of research related to SE.
Be able to draw a system diagram differentiation teleoperation and virtual environments.
Be able to define augmented reality. Be able to distinguish the NRC definition of Presence from
Ellis’ definition. Define the distinctions between a simulator and a virtual
environment. Describe common characteristics of SEs. Define the symptoms of sopite syndrome.
Introduction
Includes both Virtual Environments and Teleoperation
VE - Human connects to simulated world Telerobotics - Human connects to a real
world via a robot sensors and actuators
Scope of the SE Field
Multidisciplinary Terminology confusion
• input and output• interface
High talk-to-work and excitement-to-accomplishment ratios
Current Areas of Research
Computer generation of VE Design of telerobots Improvement of human/machine interfaces Relevant aspects of human behavior Comm. systems and networks Computer-generated images of the real
world
Basic Concepts and Terminology
Teleoperator system -- a human operator, a human-machine interface and a telerobot• facilitate the human operator’s ability to sense,
maneuver in, and manipulate the environment
Virtual environments system -- a human operator, a human-machine interface and a computer
Augmented Reality System
Virtual and real environments are combined
Information from real environment is directly sensed with see-through display, supplementary information from VE is overlaid on the display
VE, Teleoperator and Augmented Reality together constitute Synthetic EnvironmentsSynthetic Environments
Presence
Telepresence, virtual presence or synthetic presence
Extent to which the human operator loses his or her awareness of being present at the site of the interface and instead feels present in the artificial environment
Depends on: transparency of interface, amount and kind of interaction
VE and Simulator Distinction
VEs are:• Reconfigurable• Can create unnatural environments• Highly interactive and adaptable• Variety of sensing modalities• Strong sense of presence
Simulator is tied to physical system, VE to the operator
Simulator does far field, VE does near field
Common Characteristics
Visual and auditory displays Head-mounted display monitoring head
position Control signals from head, hands, feet or
speech Haptic interface - interfaces hand for manual
sensing and manipulation with gloves or exoskeletons
Application Domains
Entertainment National Defense Design, Manufacturing, and Marketing Medicine and Health Care Hazardous Operations Education Information Visualization Telecommunication and Teletravel
Some Psych. Considerations
Most human behavior topics are relevant Human performance
• Sensorimotor resolution• Perceptual illusions• Information transfer rates• Manual tracking
Sopite syndrome (simulator sickness) Symptoms
• chronic fatigue,• lethargy• drowsiness• nausea
Causes --• Temperature• Field of view• Visual/kinesthetic misalignment• Interaction effects
Current State of Technology
Visual channel Auditory channel Position tracking and mapping Haptic channel Motion interfaces Other interfaces
Visual channel
Poor resolution Limited field of view Excessive weight Poor fit May cause sopite syndrome $10K-$1M Stereo glasses, booms
Auditory Channel
Effective, inexpensive and ergonomically reasonable
Limited spatial resolution Loud speakers are sensitive to head position Record and playback technologies must store
huge quantities of information Auditory scene analysis requires central
processing
Position Tracking and Mapping
Position tracking• Real-time measurement of pose
Position mapping• Dense set of 3D positions on a surface• Determine body dimensions• Facial expressions• map real environments
Position tracking
Mechanical linkages Magnetic sensors optical sensors acoustic sensors
Haptic channel
Complex combination of sensory functions and manipulative functions and electromechanical systems
Lack of recognized social need Body-based gloves and exoskeletons Ground-based devices (joysticks, robots) Tool-handle systems Skin, tactile displays
Motion interfaces Vestibular system, Motor system, Visual and auditory systems, Proprioceptive/kinesthetic systems Tactile systems Inertial Displays -- body moves Noninertial displays -- body remains stationary Treadmills, stair climbers, stationary bikes
Telerobotics
Design and performance of robots• micromechanical systems
Communication time delays• 30 ms between Washington and LA• 1 s between Earth and Moon• Supervisory control and predictive displays
Demands of real time input/output• distributed telerobotics
Networks
Shared virtual environments SIMNET
• 300 soldiers in tank and aircraft simulators interacting
10baseT standard 100baseT optional at CoE 1.25 Gbit/s reasonable, with effort
Recommendations
Promising application areas:• Design, manufacturing and marketing• Medicine and health care• Hazardous operations• Training
Two special projects• Modeling the human body• Knowledge transfer
Learning Objectives
Be able to describe the current areas of research related to SE.
Be able to draw a system diagram differentiating teleoperation and virtual environments.
Be able to define augmented reality. Be able to distinguish the NRC definition of
Presence from Ellis’ definition. Be able to define the distinctions between a
simulator and a virtual environment. Be able to describe common characteristics of SEs. Be able to define the symptoms of sopite
syndrome.