overview of african swine fever (asf) impact and surveillance in uganda
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Presented by Chris Rutebarika and Anna Rose Ademun Okurut at the African Swine Fever Diagnostics, Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control Workshop, Nairobi, Kenya, 20-21 July 2011TRANSCRIPT
Presented byDr. Chris Rutebarika
Dr. Anna Rose Ademun OkurutDuring
African Swine Fever Diagnostics, Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the
Endemic Areas within sub-Saharan AfricaFairview Hotel Nairobi, July 19th – 22nd 2011
Overview of African Swine Fever (ASF) Impact and surveillance in Uganda
Pig Industry Exotic pigs were introduced in Uganda in the
1950s and 1960s mainly to provide pork for European and Goan communities
Large White, Landrace and Wessex Saddleback breeds were the main breeds introduced
LES Entebbe and Mbarara stock farms were established as breeding and multiplication centres
In 1970 the pig industry declined drasticallyThere has been considerable increase in the
number of semi-intensive and intensive pig units since then
Pig Industry The pig population now stands at about 3.2 million pigs Pig production is dominated by the free-range system largely
rural The improved breeds are managed semi-intensively and
intensively Production system varies depending on agro-ecological zone,
land availability and proximity to markets. All domestic pigs were introduced by the colonial
government
Production systems Free-range scavenging Semi-intensive system Small-scale intensive production Large scale??
Free-range scavenging Common in rural set up Local breeds are commonly used In most cases pigs are not housed but tethered around
homestead Scavenge and find themselves a large part of their food Food may be supplemented with kitchen-refuse or
agricultural wastes There is practically no attempt to improve production Characterized by widespread in-breeding practices High piglet death rates and slow growth rates Average herd size is 3 pigs with one or two breeding sows Is low input/low output The pigs are normally kept to supplement family incomes.
Semi-intensive system
Pigs are confined to some extent but allowed to roam around homestead. More common in rural set-up
Pigs comprise largely of mainly cross-breeds and exotics Are commonly sheltered in poor/temporary open
structures Once or twice a day are fed on fodder, swill or crop
wastes and brewers wastes Average herd size is 2-5 breeding sows with one boar Level of involvement is higher with men controlling
management The objectives are to supplement family incomes.
Small-scale intensive production Pigs kept in confinement and are mostly housed Largely found in peri-urban or urban set-up Housed with permanent or semi-permanent materials Better breeds but largely crosses of Large-white and
Landrace Larger herd sizes up to 5-10 breeding pigs are very few in
the country Improved management practiced Fed on maize bran, banana peelings tubers etc depending on
agro-ecological conditions Goal is purely commercial.
Large scale intensive is currently one enterprise
Pig population trendsYear Numbers
1991 700,000 (Agric. Census) 1997 1,400,000 Estimated 2001 1,600,000 2002 700,000 2005/06 1,700,000 2007 1,800,000 2008 3,184,310 (2008 Census)
2008 Census (Population By Region)
Region Numbers Central 1,307,460 Eastern 699,680 Northern 340,460 Western 778,350 Karamoja 58,350 TOTAL 3,184,310 Adult males comprise 17.2% while adult females are 35.3%
Annual Pork production 1991-2001.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Production (000 tons)
Pig Ownership1.1 million households own pigs in Uganda (17.8%)Household average herd size is 3 pigs
Region Household average Central 3 Eastern 2.7 Northern 3.2 Western 2.4 Karamoja 6.1
Highest number of households owning pigs is Central regionA typical household in Uganda owns 0.5 pigs
Lake Victoria Crescent Districts – 2008 Census
District No. of Pigs Masaka 236,150 Wakiso 199,960 Mukono 181,850 Mpigi 108,080 Rakai 102,870 Bugiri 65,450 Jinja 26,860 Mayuge 18,340 Busia 14,200
These districts own 31% of the total number of pigs
Major Challenges in the Pig Industry Diseases African Swine Fever – heavy losses and loss of interest in the
industry Cysticercosis – pork condemnation
Non structured production – low yield and diseases Non structured breeding systems decline on the imported breed
characteristics No research on contribution of pigs to disease in other animals –
FMD Socio-cultural issues – Limited capital investments in agricultural sector – loans are
expensive and banking industry is not familiar/confortable with such investments
Major Challenges in the Pig Industry Lack of organized marketing system Lack of processing plants Poor product quality
African Swine Fever Outbreaks over the last 10 years (Passive surveillance)
.
KITGUM
APAC
MASINDIHOIMA
MUBENDE
SSEMBABULE
RAKAI
MASAKA
NAKAPIRIPIRITSOROTI
KALANGALAWAKI
SO
MPIGI
LUWEROKAMULI
JINJABUGIRIKAYUNG
ADistrictsASF outbreaks 2001
N
AFRICAN SWINE FEVER OUTBREAKS 2001
Key
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
APAC
HOIM
AIG
ANGA
JINJA
KALA
NGAL
AKA
MULI
KAYU
NGA
KITGU
MLU
WER
OMA
SAKA
MASIN
DIMP
IGI
MUBE
NDE
MUKO
NONA
KAPIR
IPIRIT
RAKA
ISE
MBAB
ULE
SORO
TIW
AKISO
Frequency of ASF outbreaks in districts during 2001 in Uganda
Frequency
KITGUM
APAC
MASINDI
HOIMA
MUBENDE
SSEMBABULE
RAKAI
MASAKA
KALANGALA
MPIGI
WAKI S
O
LUWERO KAMULI
JINJA BUGIRI
IGANGA
SOROTI NAKAPIRIPIRIT
KAYUN
GAMU
KONO
DistrictsASF outbreaks 2002
N
AFRICAN SWINE FEVER OUTBREAKS 2002
Key
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
APAC
BUGI
RI
JINJA
KAMU
LI
KAYU
NGA
KITGU
M
LUW
ERO
MASA
KA
MASIN
DI
MPIG
I
MUBE
NDE
MUKO
NO
SEMB
ABUL
E
SORO
TI
WAK
ISO
Frequency of ASF outbreaks in districts during 2002 in Uganda
2002
HOIMA
KIBAALE
MUBENDE
KASESE
BUSHENYI
RAKAI
MASAKA
KALANGALA
WAKISO
LUWERO
NAKASONGOLAMASINDI APAC
LIRA
KATAKWISOROTI
KUMIPALLISA
KAPCHORWA
BUSIAIGANGA
KAMULI
KAYUNG
A
DistrictsASF outbreaks 2003
N
AFRICAN SWINE FEVER OUTBREAKS 2003
Key0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Frequency of ASF outbreaks in districts during 2003 in Uganda
2003
African Swine Fever Outbreaks over the last 10 years (Passive surveillance).
GULUPADER
SOROTIAPACNAKASONGOLA
KIBAALE
MUBENDE
KIBOGA
PALLISA SIRONKO
BUSIA
IGANGA
KAMULI
JINJA
RAKAI
KASESE
KANUNGU
MPIGIWAK
ISO
MUKONO
LUWERO
DistrictsASF outbreaks 2004
N
AFRICAN SWINE FEVER OUTBREAKS 2004
Key
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Frequency of ASF in districts during 2004 in Uganda
2004
KITGUM
PADER
APACNAKASONGOLAKIBOGA
KATAKWISOROTI
KAMULI
JINJA
MPIGI
KISORO
MUKO
NO
WAKIS
O
DistrictsASF outbreaks 2005
N
AFRICAN SWINE FEVER OUTBREAKS 2005
Key
0
1
2
3
4
APAC
JINJA
KAM
PALA
KAM
ULI
KATA
KWI
KIBOG
A
KISOR
O
KITGU
M
MPIG
I
MUK
ONO
NAKA
SONG
OLA
PADE
R
SORO
TI
WAK
ISO
Frequency of of ASF outbreaks in districts during 2005 in Uganda
Frequency
PADER
MASINDI
KABERAMAIDO
PALLISA
JINJA
NAKASEKEKIBOGA
MPIGI
RAKAI
ADJUMANIMOYO
DistrictsASF
N
DISTRIBUTION OF DISTRICTS THAT REPORTED AFRICAN SWINE FEVER IN 2006
KEY
100 0 100 KM
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Frequency of ASF outbreaks in districts during 2006 in Uganda
Frequency
African Swine Fever Outbreaks over the last 10 years (Passive surveillance).
PADER
LIRANEBBI
ADJUMANI
BUKEDEA
TOROROJINJA
MPIGI
DistrictsASF
N
DISTRIBUTION OF DISTRICTS THAT REPORTED AFRICAN SWINE FEVER IN 2007
KEY
80 0 80 160 KM
0
1
2
3
Frequency of ASF outbreaks in districts during 2007 in Uganda
Frequency
MOYO
GULU
SOROTI
MANAFWATORORO
NAMUTUMBA
KALIRO
MASINDINAKASEKE
NAKASONGOLA
MPIGI
RAKAI
KASESE
DistrictsASF outbreaks 2008
N
AFRICAN SWINE FEVER OUTBREAKS 2008
Key0
0.51
1.52
2.53
3.54
4.55
GULU
KALIR
O
KASE
SE
MAN
AFW
A
MAS
INDI
MOY
O
MPI
GI
NAKA
SEKE
NAKA
SONG
OLA
NAM
UTUM
BA
RAKA
I
SORO
TI
TORO
RO
Frequency of ASF outbreaks in districts during 2008 in Uganda
Frequency
NAKASONGOLA KALIRO
MPIGIKASESE
SOROTIKABERAMAIDO
DistrictsASF outbreaks 2009
N
AFRICAN SWINE FEVER OUTBREAKS 2009
Key
0
1
2
3
Frequency of ASF outbreaks in districts during 2009 in Uganda
Frequency
African Swine Fever Outbreaks over the last 10 years (Passive surveillance).
KITGUM
PADER
APACNAKASONGOLA
KIBOGA
KISORO
KATAKWISOROTI
KAMULI
JINJAWAKISO
MUKONOMPIGI
#
KAMPALA
DistrictsASF outbreaks 2010
N
AFRICAN SWINE FEVER OUTBREAKS 2010
Key
0
1
2
3
Frequency of ASF outbreaks in districts during 2010 in Uganda
Frequency
Impact of African Swine Fever in Uganda ASF is endemic
It is highly prevalent through out the ten year period
The distribution has no pattern (mapping – genetic, epidemiological)
However the Lake Victoria region is always affected and yet it has the highest pig population (Socio-economic study area)
ASF usually decimates the whole herd and the farmer has to start all over again, leading to loss of interest in the industry
In some instances ASF kills 70% to 80% leaving carriers which the farmer carries on with and adds by purchasing – ASF perpetuation (Study area)
ASF has had a direct effect in reducing the pig population and the number of farmers in the industry (Impact area – advisory services)
Surveillance of African Swine Fever in Uganda Passive surveillance through monthly reports Incidence reporting usually through mobile phone, report by
DVOs to Commissioner Investigation when suspected disease is reported Active surveillance is now being carried out under ASFUga
project which is a collaboration between Uganda and Sweden.
DiscussionValue of pigs in Uganda Inadequate diagnosis and surveillance of animal diseases Revive populations that have lost livelihoods especially in the
Northern Uganda Used in women and children groups, and other associations Enterprise that does not require much land; attractive to the more
urban areas of the Lake Victoria Crescent Yet ASF tend to be concentrated in this area
ConclusionsSince there is no vaccine yet for ASF there is need to improve; Production systems (hygiene, housing, feeding –avoiding swill) Breeding systems Deal with diseases – treatment, prevention and control –
quarantine, movement control
Way forward for the Pig Industry in Uganda Promote establishment of nucleus breeding centers Support improvement of pigs through importation
of breeding pigs Promote establishment of multiplication centers Promote use of artificial insemination in pigs Train advisory service providers Train farmers in modern pig husbandry Encourage formation of cooperative/farmer
associations
Way forward for the Pig Industry in UgandaReview relevant legislationFormulate standards for production and
productsPromote marketing of pigs and pig
products by grades for better pricesSensitization of extension staff, farmers
and butchers on standards and regulationsEnforce standards and regulations
Way forward for the Pig Industry in Uganda
Carry out research needs assessment Fund research in pig production Promote coordination and collaboration in
research activities nationally and internationally. Establish suitable markets in appropriate locationsAttract and encourage investments for processing
in rural areas Support establishment of central/regional
abattoirs
Thank you for listening
.