overview of apec energy working group projects · 2017. 5. 10. · overview of apec energy working...

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2007/EMM8/017 Agenda Item: 7

Overview of APEC Energy Working Group Projects

Purpose: Information

Submitted by: Australia

8th Meeting of Energy Ministers Darwin, Australia

29 May 2007

Overview of APEC Energy Working Group

Projects

Prepared for APEC Energy Working Group

Final revised version 15 April 2007

Energy Futures Australia Pty Ltd 11 Binya Close Hornsby Heights NSW 2077 Australia Phone: + 61 2 9477 7885 Mobile: + 61 411 467 982 Fax: + 61 2 9477 7503 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.efa.com.au

DISCLAIMER While this document has been prepared to the best of the author’s knowledge and understanding and with the intention that it may be relied on by the client, Energy Futures Australia Pty Ltd and the individual author of the document make no representation or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the material contained in this document and shall not have, and will not accept, any liability for any statements, opinions, information or matters (expressed or implied) arising out of, contained in or derived from this document or any omissions from this document, or any other written or oral communication transmitted or made available to any other party in relation to the subject matter of this document.

Final version 15 April 2007

Principal Author: Dr David Crossley Managing Director Energy Futures Australia Pty Ltd


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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1

2. APEC ENERGY POLICIES, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ..................................22.1 The Bogor Declaration.............................................................................................22.2 The 3Es Initiative .....................................................................................................22.3 EWG Action Program..............................................................................................22.4 The Osaka Action Agenda .......................................................................................52.5 APEC Energy Policy Principles...............................................................................52.6 APEC Energy Security Initiative .............................................................................52.7 EWG Future Directions Strategic Plan ....................................................................72.8 Energy for Sustainable Development ......................................................................82.9 EWG Operational Plan 2006....................................................................................9

3. EWG GROUPS........................................................................................................93.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................93.2 Expert Group on Energy Data and Analysis (EGEDA).........................................103.3 Expert Group on Clean Fossil Energy (EGCFE) ...................................................103.4 Expert Group on Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EGEE&C)......................113.5 Expert Group on New and Renewable Energy Technologies (EGNRET) ............133.6 Expert Group on Minerals and Energy Exploration and Development .................16

(GEMEED) 3.7 Task Force on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Financing ...................173.8 Task Force on Biofuels ..........................................................................................173.9 Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC)....................................................18

4. EWG PROJECTS...................................................................................................194.1 The APEC Projects Process ...................................................................................194.2 Subject Classification of EWG Projects ................................................................214.3 Energy Data and Analysis Projects........................................................................214.4. Generic Issues Projects ..........................................................................................224.5. Clean Fossil Energy Projects .................................................................................254.6. Energy Efficiency and Conservation Projects .......................................................274.7. New and Renewable Energy Projects ....................................................................304.8. Minerals and Energy Exploration and Development Projects ...............................32

5. CONCLUSION......................................................................................................33

APPENDIX A: SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION OF APEC ENERGY WORKING ......34 GROUP PROJECTS

APPENDIX B: APEC ENERGY WORKING GROUP PROJECTS 1992-2007...........36


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LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Non-Binding Energy Policy Principles Endorsed by APEC Energy................4

Ministers in 1996

Table 2. Financial Contributions to EWG Projects Funded from the...........................20 APEC Central Fund, 2000 to 2007

Table 3. Major Categories for Subject Classification of EWG Projects.......................21

Table 4. Subjects Covered by Energy Data and Analysis Projects...............................21

Table 5. Subjects Covered by Generic Issues Projects .................................................23

Table 6. Subjects Covered by Clean Fossil Energy Projects ........................................25

Table 7. Subjects Covered by Energy Efficiency and Conservation Projects ..............27

Table 8. Subjects Covered by New and Renewable Energy Projects ...........................30

Table 9. Subjects Covered by Minerals and Energy Exploration .................................32 and Development Projects


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Projects are a vital part of the APEC process. APEC projects respond to Ministers’ and Leaders’ calls for action in specific policy areas and help translate these calls into physical action. APEC projects cover a wide range of activities, such as seminars, publications and research, and are aimed at enhancing economic growth and prosperity for the region, including trade and investment liberalisation and economic and technical cooperation.

Since 1992, 250 projects have been funded and implemented under the auspices of the APEC Energy Working Group (EWG). These projects are closely linked to APEC policy initiatives. In some case the projects contribute to the development of policy and in other cases they play a significant role in policy implementation.

The EWG projects can be classified under six major categories:

1. Energy Data and Analysis 4. Energy Efficiency and Conservation 2. Generic Issues 5. New and Renewable Energy 3. Clean Fossil Energy 6. Minerals and Energy Exploration and Development.

Each of these categories is subdivided into a number of subjects. Subjects which are directly relevant to APEC policy initiatives are covered by a relatively large number of EWG projects. These include:

• Historical Statistics of Energy Supply • Energy Security • Micro-economic Reform in the Energy Sector • Financing and Investment in Energy Projects • Clean Coal • Reducing CO2 Emissions • Energy Efficiency Performance Standards and Labelling • Renewable Energy Technologies and Technology Transfer

For EWG projects funded by APEC between 2000 and 2007, the average amount received from the APEC Central Fund was about USD70,000 per project. The average additional amount leveraged by the APEC funding from other sources was about USD50,000 per project and the average total cost per project was USD120,000. In addition, a significant number of EWG projects are self-funded by APEC member economies with no contribution from the APEC Central Fund.

On the basis of these figures, the EWG projects represent excellent value for money. The outcomes and results of the projects constitute an extensive and comprehensive collection of policy-targeted information. This information has been, and will continue to be, invaluable in achieving APEC’s goal of maximising the energy sector’s contribution to the region’s economic and social well being while mitigating the environmental effects of energy supply and use.


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1. INTRODUCTION Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was established in 1989 to further enhance economic growth and prosperity for the region and to strengthen the Asia-Pacific community. APEC is the premier forum for facilitating economic growth, cooperation, trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region.

APEC has 21 members - referred to as “member economies” - which account for approximately 40% of the world's population, approximately 56% of world GDP and about 48% of world trade.

APEC is the only inter-governmental grouping in the world operating on the basis of non-binding commitments, open dialogue and equal respect for the views of all participants. Unlike the World Trade Organisation or other multilateral trade bodies, APEC has no treaty obligations required of its participants. Decisions made within APEC are reached by consensus and commitments are undertaken on a voluntary basis.

The APEC Energy Working Group (EWG) was launched in 1990 and seeks to maximise the energy sector's contribution to the region's economic and social well being, while mitigating the environmental effects of energy supply and use. The EWG is one of 11 Working Groups currently operating under the APEC umbrella.

The EWG has a well established structure comprising representatives from APEC economy governments, research organisations and the business community, including five Expert Groups, two Task Forces, the Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC) and the Energy Business Network (EBN). Australia has served as Lead Shepherd and Secretariat for the Energy Working Group since its formation.

One of the activities undertaken under the auspices of the EWG is the funding of research projects that study topics relevant to energy supply and use in the APEC region. Since 1992, 250 projects have been funded through the EWG.

The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the EWG projects and their outcomes, with the aim of highlighting the contributions made by the projects to achieving the goal of maximising the energy sector's contribution to the region’s economic and social well being while mitigating the environmental effects of energy supply and use.

This report also aims to demonstrate the practical relevance of these activities to achieving the wider energy security and environmental goals described in the APEC Economic Leaders' Declaration at their 14th Meeting (Ha Noi, Viet Nam, 18–19 November 2006):

We reiterated that energy security is critical for sustainable economic development. Noting the challenges of meeting rapidly growing energy demands while minimizing environmental effects, we urged member economies to continue to work to facilitate energy investments and cross-border energy trade, to develop new and renewable energy sources and technologies to ensure cleaner use of fossil fuels, to boost energy efficiency and conservation, to enhance emergency preparedness and to better protect critical energy infrastructure. We commended the launch of the APEC Biofuels Task Force. We instructed Ministers to report to us in 2007 on


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ways in which APEC might further contribute to responding to these challenges through pursuing policies and technologies that promote the development of cleaner energy and the improvement of energy efficiency, thereby enabling economies to meet increasing energy needs with a lower environmental impact and to address climate change objectives.

2. APEC ENERGY POLICIES, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

2.1 The Bogor Declaration Since its inception, APEC has worked to reduce tariffs and other trade barriers across the Asia-Pacific region, creating efficient domestic economies and dramatically increasing exports. Key to achieving APEC's vision are the ‘Bogor Goals’ of free and open trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific by 2010 for industrialised economies and 2020 for developing economies. These goals were adopted by APEC Leaders at their November 1994 meeting in Bogor, Indonesia.

In the Declaration from their Bogor meeting, APEC Economic Leaders stated APEC’s basic objectives as follows:

• to strengthen the open multilateral trading system; • to enhance trade and investment liberalisation in Asia-Pacific; and • to intensify Asia-Pacific development cooperation.

2.2 The 3Es Initiative Also in November 1994, at the APEC Ministerial meeting held in Jakarta, a report was presented to the Ministers on the 3Es: economic growth, energy security and environmental protection. This paper, prepared by Japan, contained an assessment of current levels and patterns of energy supply and demand with a view to arriving at a more balanced level and pattern in future. Ministers discussed the increasing demand for energy and the growing significance of environmental issues in the region, and noted the importance of the simultaneous achievement of the 3Es. Ministers also examined the future issue, as pointed out in the report, of improving the regional structure of energy demand-supply, and discussed APEC's vital role in information exchange, fostering common understanding and policy discussion. Ministers noted that the Japanese paper would prove helpful to the Energy Working Group in defining its future efforts.

2.3 EWG Action Program At the eleventh meeting of the Energy Working Group held in Taipei in October 1995, agreement was reached on the full Action Program for the EWG which was to be incorporated into the Osaka Action Agenda (see section 2.4, page 5).

2.3.1 Goals The activities embarked on and proposed in the EWG’s Action Program aimed to contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the Bogor Declaration and address the elements embraced in the 3Es initiative by:


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• improving the understanding by the governments and business sectors of member economies of regional energy markets, thus assisting policy making and business activities;

• reducing regulatory, institutional and procedural impediments to trade and investment in energy infrastructure, products and services;

• reducing the environmental impacts of energy production, delivery and consumption through improving access to technology, training, services and investment opportunities;

• reducing costs to both governments and business by the acceptance of equivalence in accreditation and the closer harmonisation of standards relating to energy products, appliance and services.

Achievement of these goals would enable the Energy Working Group to foster the development of APEC as a sustainable energy community.

2.3.2 Principles Also included in the EWG’s Action Program were 14 non-binding policy principles for rational energy consumption which were later endorsed by APEC Energy Ministers (see Table 1, page 4). EWG members agreed to develop and build upon these principles, including applying them into additional areas where consensus can be reached, leading to the development of a range of shared energy policy goals.

2.3.3 Priorities The EWG’s Action Program did not attempt to include the full spectrum of the Group’s activities. Rather it focussed on a limited number of key initiatives that would produce outcomes of direct relevance to the achievement of the objectives of the Bogor Declaration and the 3Es initiative.

The activities set out in the EWG Action Program consisted of four themes:

• fostering a common understanding on regional energy issues; • facilitating investment in the energy sector; • reducing environmental impacts in the energy sector; and • acceptance of equivalence in accreditation and increasing harmonisation of energy

standards.


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Table 1. Non-Binding Energy Policy Principles Endorsed by APEC Energy Ministers in 1996

1. Emphasise the need to ensure energy issues are addressed in a manner which gives full consideration to harmonisation of economic development, security and environmental factors.

2. Pursue policies for enhancing the efficient production, distribution and consumption of energy.

3. Pursue open energy markets for achieving rational energy consumption, energy security and environmental objectives, recommending action in the appropriate forum of APEC to remove impediments to the achievement of these ends.

4. Recognise that measures to facilitate the rational consumption of energy might involve a mix of market based and regulatory policies, with the relative components of the mix being a matter for the judgement of individual economies.

5. Consider reducing energy subsidies progressively and promote implementation of pricing practices which reflect the economic cost of supplying and using energy across the full energy cycle, having regard to environmental costs.

6. The regular exchange of experience on the various policies being used by member economies to achieve a more rational energy consumption.

7. Ensure that a least cost approach to the provision of energy services is considered.

8. Promote the adoption of policies to facilitate the transfer of efficient and environmentally sound energy technologies on a commercial and non-discriminatory basis.

9. Encourage the establishment of arrangements for the development of human resource skills relevant to the application and operation of improved technology.

10. Enhance energy information and management programs to assist more rational energy decision making.

11. Encourage energy research, development and demonstration to pave the way for cost effective application of new, more efficient and environmentally sound energy technologies.

12. Promote capital flows through the progressive removal of impediments to the funding of the transfer and adoption of more energy efficient and environmentally sound technologies and infrastructure.

13. Promote cost effective measures which improve the efficiency with which energy is used but reduce greenhouse gases as part of a suggested regional response to greenhouse gas reductions.

14. Cooperate, to the extent consistent with each economy's development needs, in the joint implementation of projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions consistent with the Climate Change Convention.


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2.4 The Osaka Action Agenda At the request of APEC Economic Leaders, following the Bogor meeting the APEC Senior Officials began the task of developing an Action Agenda to implement the Bogor Declaration. The Action Agenda was subsequently endorsed by APEC Economic Leaders at their third meeting in Osaka in November 1995. The Action Agenda consisted of two parts: Part One concerning trade and investment liberalisation and facilitation; and Part Two concerning economic and technical co-operation. The Action Agenda included Action Programs in 12 specific areas, including the EWG Action Program in relation to energy.

2.5 APEC Energy Policy Principles The APEC Energy Ministers held their first meeting in Sydney in August 1996. Ministers identified objectives of fundamental importance to the region’s future prosperity. These included:

• improvement of regional energy security primarily through the enhancement of open efficient regional energy markets, and through supply capacity expansion and energy conservation;

• reforms to mobilise business investment in power sector infrastructure;

• a strategic approach to reduce environmental impacts;

• a framework to reduce business costs through cooperation on energy standards; and

• the adoption of energy policy principles which give impetus to regional initiatives to reform energy policies for incorporation into member economies’ domestic energy policy deliberations.

The 14 non-binding energy policy principles endorsed by Ministers at this meeting and also included in the EWG Action Program for the Osaka Action Agenda are shown in Table 1 (page 4).

2.6 APEC Energy Security Initiative At their meeting in Brunei in November 2000, APEC Economic Leaders (and Ministers) noted the risks to the world economy posed by volatility in the oil market and called for appropriate measures to promote stability in the mutual interests of consumers and producers. To help reduce vulnerability and promote market stability, APEC Leaders directed the EWG to implement an energy security initiative. Following a series of workshops the EWG developed the APEC Energy Security Initiative, which was endorsed by the EWG in September 2001, and by APEC Economic Leaders in October 2001.

The Energy Security Initiative (ESI) comprises a series of short-term measures to respond to temporary energy supply disruptions, and longer-term policy responses to address the broader challenges facing the region's energy supply that are practical in a policy context and politically acceptable.

In October 2003, APEC Economic Leaders endorsed an Implementation Plan and an APEC Action Plan as mechanisms to accelerate implementation and further enhance the ESI.


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In June 2004, APEC Energy Ministers issued a Declaration which included a number of new ESI directions under the following themes: • preparing for energy supply disruptions; • facilitating energy investment; • using energy more efficiently; • expanding energy choices; and • capitalising on technological innovation.

The ESI was further enhanced and expanded in November 2004, when APEC Economic Leaders endorsed the Comprehensive Action Initiative Recognising the Need for Strengthening the APEC Energy Security Initiative (CAIRNS Initiative) to strengthen the ESI under the following themes: • energy security; • sustainable development; and • common prosperity.

Short-term ESI Measures • Improving transparency of the global oil market through reporting timely and quality

data under the Joint Oil Data Initiative.

• Monitoring efforts to strengthen maritime security.

• Participating in the Real-time Emergency Information Sharing system.

• Encouraging Member Economies to have emergency mechanisms and contingency plans in place, including the establishment and management of strategic oil stocks.

Longer-term ESI Policy Responses to Improve Regional Energy Security

• Removing market impediments to oil exploration and production.

• Facilitating investment in new downstream oil infrastructure.

• Facilitating more effective utilisation of existing downstream oil infrastructure.

• Attracting energy investment by creating conditions that facilitate energy infrastructure development.

• Promoting energy efficiency and conservation though sharing information on energy efficiency policies and programs.

• Participating in the Energy Standards and Labelling Cooperation Initiative and identifying best practices, benchmarks and indicators to assess efficiency improvements.

• Accelerating energy technology development by increasing cooperative activities to support the development and uptake of technologies for new and renewable energy, clean fossil energy including clean coal, carbon capture and storage, hydrogen and fuel cells and methane hydrates.

• Developing practical measures to enhance cooperation that supports the development of alternative transportation fuels.


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• Sharing information on current measures to improve transport and vehicle efficiency.

• Facilitating the development and implementation of best practices in energy efficiency and renewable energy in buildings.

• Encouraging interested APEC economies to progress nuclear power while ensuring optimal safety, security, health and waste handling standards.

• Expanding cross-border energy trade by moving towards best practice in facilitating natural gas trade, improving the collection of natural gas data, implementing the LNG Public Education and Communication Information Sharing Initiative and supporting the APEC Gas Forum.

• Exploring new mechanisms for working more closely with international and local financial institutions to facilitate infrastructure development and investment in energy efficiency and renewable energy projects within the APEC region.

• Fostering collaboration with other international energy organisations, noting the ongoing cooperation between the EWG and the International Energy Agency and the recently-formed collaborative relationship with the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership.

2.7 EWG Future Directions Strategic Plan In May 2001, the Energy Working Group approved the Future Directions Strategic Plan to operate over the five year period from 2001 to 2006.

2.7.1 Objectives In the Future Directions Strategic Plan, the EWG agreed to work cooperatively over the five year period through voluntary agreements which took into account the individual circumstances of member economies. As part of its contribution to sustainable development within APEC, the EWG agreed to pursue the following objectives:

• strengthening the security and reliability of affordable energy to all within the APEC community;

• promotion of clean and efficient technologies, and the efficient use of energy to achieve both economic gains and environmental enhancement;

• achieving environmental improvement of energy production, use and mineral extraction within the APEC community;

• harnessing all expertise available to the Energy Working Group to give effect to the above objectives.

2.7.2 Themes The Future Directions Strategic Plan stated that the EWG would promote policy approaches and initiatives and adopt work programs within the following strategic themes:

• fostering a common understanding on regional energy issues;


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• improving the analytical, technical, operational and policy capacity within member economies;

• facilitating energy and minerals resource and infrastructure development in an environmentally and socially responsible manner;

• facilitating energy efficiency and conservation;

• facilitating improved reliability and stability in the provision of energy supply to meet demand;

• facilitating energy technology development, exchange, application and deployment;

• facilitating a diverse and efficient supply mix.

2.8 Energy for Sustainable Development At the World Summit on Sustainable Development in September 2002, Australia and Mexico, on behalf of the EWG, submitted Energy for Sustainable Development: The Contribution and Role of the APEC Energy Working Group as a Type 2 Partnership Initiative. The Initiative had been agreed by APEC Energy Ministers at their sixth meeting earlier that year. It demonstrated to a global audience how voluntary regional partnerships can be effectively utilised to achieve sustainable development objectives.

Energy for Sustainable Development highlights the four main elements of the EWG’s approach to furthering sustainable development objectives:

• strengthening the security and reliability of affordable energy to all within our APEC community;

• promoting clean and efficient technologies, and the efficient use of energy to achieve both economic gains and environmental enhancement;

• achieving environmental improvement of energy production, use and mineral extraction within our APEC community, and

• harnessing all expertise available to the EWG to give effect to the above objectives.

The EWG has been actively implementing its commitments under Energy for Sustainable Development through a range of projects and activities, and has agreed to incorporate sustainable development principles into the development and implementation of all EWG projects.

In recognising the link between sustainable development and energy security, the EWG has recognised that a number of EWG activities support the implementation of both the APEC Energy Security Initiative and Energy for Sustainable Development.

Australia and Mexico, on behalf of the EWG, have submitted a Revised Type 2 Partnership Initiative, Energy for Sustainable Development: Fostering Regional Energy Cooperation in APEC 2007 – 2010 , to the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development at CSD 15, 30 April to 11 May 2007.


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2.9 EWG Operational Plan 2006 The seventh APEC Energy Ministers Meeting in Gyeongju, Republic of Korea, provided the framework for the EWG Operational Plan 2006. Under the theme, “Securing APEC’s Energy Future: Responding to Today’s Challenges for Energy Supply and Demand”, Ministers discussed and developed initiatives to respond to high oil prices and oil dependency, as well as the region’s broader energy supply and demand challenges. The meeting also continued the Energy Ministers’ previous broad-based approach to energy security, committing to continued development of response mechanisms for short-term disruptions while pursuing longer term security objectives.

Reflecting the Ministers Meeting, the Operational Plan categorised EWG initiatives into the following three themes and corresponding sub-themes.

• Responding to the Impact of High Oil Prices and Oil Dependency Initiatives under this theme were classified into two sub-themes: ♦ Removing Market Impediments to Oil Exploration and Production ♦ Encouraging Fuel Efficiency in Transport and Diversification Away from Oil

• Responding to the APEC Region’s Broader Energy Supply and Demand Challenges Initiatives under this theme were classified into four sub-themes: ♦ Promoting Energy Efficiency and Conservation ♦ Expanding Cross-Border Energy Trade ♦ Attracting Energy Investment ♦ Accelerating Energy Technology Development

• Harnessing All Expertise Available to the EWG

The current Operational Plan will be updated to incorporate directives from the 8th Meeting of Energy Ministers (Darwin, 27 to 30 May 2007).

3. EWG GROUPS

3.1 Introduction The EWG has eight associated groups which carry out initiatives related to energy use and supply in the APEC region. These groups comprise:

• five Expert Groups, each focusing on a specific energy area, that provide a forum for fostering cooperation between research and technical specialists within APEC economies;

• two Task Forces that progress Energy Ministers’ directives in specific areas of energy supply and use;

• the Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC) that supports the EWG and its work program by conducting research to foster understanding about energy issues among APEC economies.


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3.2 Expert Group on Energy Data and Analysis (EGEDA) The Expert Group on Energy Data and Analysis (EGEDA) was originally established in 1991, as the Energy Data Expert Group, following the second meeting of the EWG.

3.2.1 Mission The Expert Group is responsible for providing policy relevant energy information to APEC bodies and the wider community, through:

• collecting energy data in the APEC region; • managing the operation of the APEC Energy Data Base; • collecting policy relevant information from member economies; and • examining and advising on the research activities of the Asia Pacific Energy

Research Centre (APERC).

3.2.2 Role The Expert Group was originally established to manage and review the operation of the APEC Energy Data Base. A Coordinating Agency was established as the central data collection point at the Energy Data and Modelling Center in the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan. The Expert Group developed the APEC Energy Data Base through constructing an energy data collection network among member economies and more recently has developed an on-line data collection and dissemination system.

Following the twelfth EWG Meeting in May 1996, the name of the Expert Group was changed to the Energy Data and Outlook Expert Group reflecting its new role of advising the Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre in the execution of its outlook and research activities. In 1999, at the eighteenth EWG Meeting, the name of the Group was changed to the current Expert Group on Energy Data and Analysis. This is to reflect the expanded research activities of APERC and the Expert Group’s role in overseeing these activities as well as responding to the EWG’s increasing need for information and analysis in its policy-oriented discussions.

3.2.3 Products The Expert Group has published APEC Energy Statistics annually since 1993 and APEC Energy Handbook annually since 1999. In 1995, the Expert Group published Historical APEC Energy Statistics 1980-92. Since 2001, APERC has developed and published an annual APERC Energy Overview on behalf of EGEDA.

3.3 Expert Group on Clean Fossil Energy (EGCFE) The Expert Group on Clean Fossil Energy (EGCFE) was established in 1993 as the Expert Group on Clean Coal (EGCC). In 1996 and 1997, it was known as the Expert Group on Clean Fossil Fuels (EGCFF) before adopting its current name in 1998.

3.3.1 Mission The mission of the Expert Group is to encourage the use of clean fuels and energy technologies that will both contribute to sound economic performance and achieve high environmental standards.


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3.3.2 Role The Expert Group’s primary role is to support the work of the Energy Working Group by gathering and sharing timely information regarding technical, economic and policy aspects of fossil energy production, transportation, and use within the APEC region. Specifically, the Expert Group focuses on promoting clean fossil energy options by facilitating, coordinating, and implementing a variety of activities, including projects, studies, workshops, conferences, and other meetings, related to clean and efficient production and use of fossil fuels1.

3.3.3 Strategy The Expert Group’s work focuses strongly on the linkages between fossil energy production and use and associated environmental issues which need to be:

• considered in developing government programs and policy actions in member economies; and

• addressed in commercial projects by the private sector and financial institutions.

Particular attention is given to enhancing the long-term economic and environmental sustainability of the entire fossil fuel production and use cycle throughout the region. This includes gathering and distribution of information regarding all aspects of clean fossil energy with the aim of:

• promoting joint research, development, and demonstration activities;

• development of commercial projects employing clean fossil fuels and technologies; and

• establishment of a sound climate for clean fossil energy investments in the region.

The EGCFE undertakes activities to concurrently enhance economic development and mitigate, at the local, regional, and global levels, the environmental impact (eg air emissions, water and waste management) related to the production, preparation, transport, storage, and use of fossil fuels. Considerable emphasis is given to developing and promoting options to mitigate local, regional, and global environmental impacts of fossil energy production and use.

3.4 Expert Group on Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EGEE&C)

The Expert Group on Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EGEE&C) was established in 1993.

3.4.1 Mission The mission of the Expert Group is to advance economic and social well-being, and to realize environmental benefits in the Asia-Pacific region through energy conservation and the application of energy-efficiency practices and technologies.

1 Fossil fuels include coal, coalbed methane, oil, natural gas, tar sands, oil shale, and their

derivatives (e.g., coke, heat, electricity, coal-derived liquids, gases and chemicals; and petroleum products, including oil-water mixtures, such as Orimulsion).


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3.4.2 Objectives The Expert Group has established the following objectives to accomplish its mission:

• assist in achieving energy security and securing adequate and affordable energy services in support of basic human needs and continued economic growth;

• advance the application of demonstrated energy-efficiency practices and technologies in appropriate regional end-use sectors (residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, transportation, etc);

• assist in developing and enhancing trade between APEC member economies energy in products and services and energy-efficiency practices and technologies;

• contribute to the international effort to reduce the adverse impacts of energy production and consumption upon our global environment;

• improve the analytical, technical, operational and policy capacity for energy efficiency and conservation within member economies.

3.4.3 Strategy The Expert Group has developed a strategy that consists of the following major elements:

• maintain a dynamic organisation structure and associated “modus operandi” that focus on outcomes consistent with the EGEE&C’s mission and objectives;

• perform technological and institutional assessments to increase the knowledge base about energy conservation, the optimization of energy use systems, the application of energy-efficiency practices and technologies, and environmental impacts of energy use in the Asia-Pacific region;

• engage in collaborative energy technology exchange endeavours such as seminars, workshops, and personnel exchange programmes that facilitate the education and training of energy efficiency and conservation “stakeholders” and “champions” in the region;

• establish cooperative linkages with other international energy technology transfer organisations to maximise energy efficiency and conservation information exchange, and minimise costly duplication of efforts;

• deploy technology transfer mechanisms such as computerised (eg internet-based or CD-ROM) databases and products and services directories that compile information about the availability and successful implementation of energy-efficiency practices and technologies and conservation measures that apply to the Asia-Pacific region;

• undertake and facilitate activities that reduce business costs and enhance trade in energy efficient products through cooperation on energy standards. Such activities will support internationally the acceptance of test results; facilitate alignment and harmonization of test procedures and standards; and develop equivalence and translation tools for comparing energy performance levels;

• conduct projects that enable a large number of APEC member economies to participate jointly in research, development and demonstration projects that promote


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energy conservation and result in the application of energy-efficiency practices and technologies in the Asia-Pacific region;

• facilitate exchange of information on member economies’ programs and policies to promote energy efficient and conservation;

• encourage program activities in relevant energy end-use sectors to encourage business/private sector participation in applying energy-efficiency practices and technologies region-wide.

3.5 Expert Group on New and Renewable Energy Technologies (EGNRET)

The Expert Group on New and Renewable Energy Technologies (EGNRET) was established in 1993.

3.5.1 Mission The mission of the Expert Group is to facilitate an increase in the use of new and renewable energy technologies in the APEC region.

3.5.2 Objectives The activities of the Expert Group are directed towards meeting the energy challenges identified by APEC Leaders and Energy Ministers.

In addition, the Expert Group develops and implements projects that contribute to the EWG’s objectives and strategic initiatives. Since 2000, these projects have been implemented primarily through the APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative (see section 3.5.5, page 15). The purpose of this Initiative, endorsed by APEC Energy Ministers, is to advance the use of renewable energy to promote sustainable economic development and growth within the APEC region.

The APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative addresses the principal objectives of the EWG by:

• fostering a common understanding of regional renewable energy technology issues;

• facilitating trade and investment in new and renewable energy technologies and services; and

• reducing the environmental impact of the energy sector through applications of new and renewable energy technologies.

3.5.3 Role The Expert Group may be involved in the following types of activities, depending on the level of available funding and member-economies’ priorities relating to renewable-energy development:

• developing effective policy recommendations for addressing impediments to the increased use of renewable energy technologies and for including renewable energy in domestic energy plans;


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• implementing renewable energy resource assessments to facilitate a thorough understanding of the availability of adequate resources in APEC member economies;

• promoting the commercialisation of renewable energy technologies in such a way as to make them economically viable in a wide range of applications;

• establishing procedures and mechanisms for the routine exchange of pertinent information among member economies, focusing especially on officials responsible for decisions on energy supplies and operators and maintainers of renewable energy systems;

• identifying and mobilizing, as appropriate, industry, financial institutions, and government sources of financing, technical assistance and education programs by making these sources more aware of the benefits of renewable energy applications and the issues associated therewith;

• recommending and organizing activities to promote renewable energy technology co-operation, so as to utilize existing technical expertise in APEC member economies;

• promoting the development of the renewable energy technological and services infrastructure to provide a basis for an effective, quality system of installation and maintenance;

• promoting the development of renewable energy technologies for specific applications that demonstrate the effectiveness of using these technologies to achieve specific economic or social goals of APEC member economies;

• engaging in renewable energy technology assessment and related activities to demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of renewable energy applications;

• developing the human resource base to improve the analytical, technical, operational and policy capacity within member economies in the area of renewable energy development;

• facilitating improved reliability and stability in the provision of energy supply to meet demand.

3.5.4 Strategies In carrying out the above tasks, the Expert Group is guided by the following strategies:

• to foster technology transfer and renewable energy based local and regional industrial development;

• to engage industry, financial institutions, government officials, and NGOs, as appropriate;

• to improve the level of information exchange between member economies on existing initiatives to address market barriers;

• to assess the potential for replicating successful initiatives to break down market barriers;

• to identify and pioneer new initiatives to break down market barriers;


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• to establish links with, and use of, existing technology information databases and clearing houses;

• to encourage the development and use of energy planning tools that include renewable energy.

3.5.5 APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative The purpose of the APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative is to develop a series of “collaboratives” within the framework of the EGNRET to advance the use of renewable energy for growth and sustainable development in the APEC region. A collaborative is designed to address the energy needs and issues of individual APEC member economies through multi-economy cooperation that leads to action and results.

There are two types of collaboratives:

• application-driven collaboratives include on-grid, hybrid or stand-alone applications. Examples include the use of renewable energy for rural health care, rural education, or rural economic development; utilization of wind technologies for grid-connected power; or the use of distributed power in rural electrification;

• program-based collaboratives include renewable-energy financing, regulations, training or standards.

Discrete projects developed as elements of a collaborative may address a range of issues, including: development of joint ventures, the removal of trade barriers, renewable-energy infrastructure-development needs, training, analytical tools and methodology, policy and financing. Collaboratives are designed and implemented by multi-economy and multi-disciplinary “collaborative teams”, consisting of representatives from APEC economies, the private sector, civil society, utilities, financing organizations and other relevant organizations. At least three APEC economies are represented on each team.

What distinguishes this Initiative from previous EGNRET activities is that each collaborative is based on a multi-year work-program, which provides structure and a timetable to achieve results. Such work programs require a strong commitment for successful implementation from developed and developing economies. While collaboratives with APEC-wide benefits may seek funding from APEC funds, collaboratives primarily rely on funding from the participating member economies, international financing organizations, foundations and the private sector.

Participation in each collaborative is entirely voluntary. The Initiative encourages the collaborative teams to interact with each other as well as with other APEC working groups, organizations like the International Energy Agency Working Party on Renewable Energy Technologies and the various IEA Implementing Agreements on renewable energy.


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3.6 Expert Group on Minerals and Energy Exploration and Development (GEMEED)

The Expert Group on Minerals and Energy Exploration and Development (GEMEED) was established in 1996, following a proposal by Chile and Korea in response to the importance of trade and cooperation in minerals and metals in the APEC region.

3.6.1 Mission In keeping with broad APEC goals, objectives and strategic themes of the EWG, as well as directives from Meetings of Ministers Responsible for Mining, the Expert Group contributes to sustainable growth in the region through discussion and diffusion of approaches to explore for, and develop, minerals and energy resources2 in a socially acceptable, environmentally sound and economically efficient manner.

3.6.2 Role In performing its role, GEMEED carries out the following activities:

• articulates, coordinates and promotes, where appropriate, minerals and energy issues within APEC, including actions to improve society’s appreciations of the mining and metals industry, and its contribution to sustainable development;

• gathers and distributes information about mineral and energy exploration, development potential and opportunities;

• facilitates investment in the minerals and energy sectors, and trade in minerals products;

• promotes linkages between minerals and energy in programs, projects or policy actions in member economies;

• enhances the contribution of mineral and energy resources to sustainable development, through environmentally and socially acceptable practices in exploration and development;

• identifies, develops and promotes synergies in the area of mineral and energy exploration and development with other pertinent regional and multilateral organisations.

2 The terms “minerals” and “minerals sector” refer to exploration, development, production and

closure, as well as the trade in and use of mineral products; whereas, “energy” , “energy resources” and “energy sector” refer to exploration and development only, complementing the activities of the EWG itself and the other Expert Groups.


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3.7 Task Force on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Financing

The Task Force on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Financing was established in 2004, following a direction to the EWG from the sixth APEC Energy Ministers Meeting to implement the recommendations of a report on facilitating energy investment in the APEC region.

3.7.1 Objective The main objective of the Task Force is to work with the private sector and financial institutions to facilitate greater investments in clean and more efficient energy infrastructure and technologies.

3.7.2 Role The recommendations of the report on facilitating energy investment in the APEC region which are to be implemented by the Task Force include:

• produce and disseminate case studies to show how economies have facilitated energy efficiency financing, identifying best practices and lessons learned;

• work to harmonize standards, labelling and testing for equipment and products;

• support development of an international “Energy Efficiency Financing Protocol” with standard procedures and documentation, along with training on non-asset based financing for financiers, energy service companies, and project hosts;

• assist efforts to establish financial intermediaries and special purpose entities to help channel private investment into energy efficiency projects;

• encourage financial institutions to standardize procedures and documentation for project assessment and review, as well as to design risk sharing and mitigation instruments that can reduce capital and transaction costs;

• build public-private partnerships between financial representatives, government agencies and entrepreneurs to link private capital to project development.

3.8 Task Force on Biofuels The Taskforce on Biofuels was established in 2005, following a direction to the EWG from the seventh APEC Energy Ministers Meeting to establish the Task Force.

3.8.1 Objective The main objective of the Biofuels Task Force is to help APEC member economies better understand the potential for biofuels to displace oil in transport. The Task Force aims to report substantive conclusions to the Energy Working Group for appropriate consideration by future meetings of energy ministers.


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3.8.2 Role The Task Force focusses on joint analysis of key issues affecting the potential of biofuels, including:

• economics: the costs of producing transport fuels from different forms of biomass, in comparison to the projected costs of automotive fuels produced from oil;

• infrastructure: infrastructure requirements for adapting fuelling stations to biofuels, the cost of meeting such requirements, and how fast adaptations should be made;

• vehicles: practical measures for promoting fuel-flexible vehicles that are biofuel-capable, and how fast such vehicles can be expected to penetrate the market;

• resources: the likely extent of biofuel resources, in terms of land that might available to cultivate crops for biofuel production and associated biofuel output;

• trade: the potential benefits of trade in biofuels, in view of the fact that biofuels can be produced from a variety of crops at different costs across the APEC region.

3.9 Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC) The Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC) was established in 1996 in Tokyo, as an affiliate of the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ), following the directive of APEC Economic Leaders in the Osaka Action Agenda. The Government of Japan agreed to host and finance the Centre.

3.9.1 Objective The primary objective of APERC is to conduct research to foster understanding amongst APEC economies of global, regional and domestic energy demand and supply trends, energy infrastructure development, energy regulatory reform and related policy issues. APERC also seeks to enhance the energy research capability of APEC economies through know-how transfer and maintains an energy database of the region.

3.9.2 Role APERC advocates rational energy policy formulation and enhances capacity building in energy research in the region, following APEC's Non-binding Energy Policy Principles for furthering energy security, economic growth, and environmental quality.

The main areas of APERC’s activities are as follows:

• produce an APEC energy demand and supply outlook every two years;

• conduct research on regional energy market developments, energy policies and related issues;

• promote the transfer of energy research know-how to APEC members;

• maintain an energy database of the region through networking with APEC members;

• co-operate with APEC members in implementing the Energy Working Group’s energy policy initiatives.


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While organisationally APERC is affiliated to IEEJ, operationally it acts independently as a regional research centre with its own mandates and programmes focusing on energy sector development of the APEC member economies.

The APEC Expert Group on Energy Data and Analysis (EGEDA) is the official body that oversees APERC research activities. APERC's overall research is guided by EGEDA, and the selection of research themes is subject to the APEC Energy Working Group's official endorsement.

4. EWG PROJECTS

4.1 The APEC Project Process Projects are a vital part of the APEC process. APEC projects respond to Ministers’ and Leaders’ calls for action in specific policy areas and help translate these calls into physical action. APEC projects cover a wide range of activities, such as seminars, publications and research, and are aimed at enhancing economic growth and prosperity for the region, including trade and investment liberalisation and economic and technical cooperation.

4.1.1 Financial Contributions APEC members contribute annually to a Central Fund to support the APEC process through the APEC Secretariat. A high proportion of these funds also support APEC projects. Projects are supported from three accounts within the APEC Central Fund:

• the APEC Operational Account;

• the APEC Trade and Investment Liberalisation and Facilitation (TILF) Special Account; and

• the APEC Support Fund.

In addition at any time in the year member economies may propose self-funded projects, which they submit to the relevant APEC forum (eg the Energy Working Group) for approval.

Table 2 (page 20) shows the financial contributions to EWG projects funded from the APEC Central Fund between 2000 and 2007.

Table 2 shows that for EWG projects funded by APEC between 2000 and 2007, the average amount received from the APEC Central Fund was about USD70,000 per project. The average additional amount leveraged by the APEC funding from other sources was about USD50,000 per project and the average total cost per project was USD120,000. In addition, a significant number of EWG projects are self-funded by APEC member economies with no contribution from the APEC Central Fund.


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Table 2. Financial Contributions to EWG Projects Funded from the APEC Central Fund, 2000 to 2007

Year Funded

No Projects

Average Contribution from

APEC Central Fund

Average Contribution from

Other Sources

Average Total Cost per Project

2000 12 USD73,555 USD42,846 USD116,401

2001 14 USD75,043 USD17,571 USD92,624

2002 5 USD61,732 USD30,060 USD91,792

2003 12 USD80,325 USD29,679 USD110,004

2004 8 USD84,964 USD53,806 USD138,770

2005 7 USD62,286 USD175,429 USD237,714

2006 11 USD61,364 USD63,375 USD124,738

2007 13 USD59,615 USD45,446 USD105,062

2000 to 2007 82 USD70,386 USD51,378 USD121,764

4.1.2 Project Development and Implementation The life cycle of an APEC project begins with a project proponent in a member economy proposing a project. This project must be relevant to the interests of several APEC economies. With limited resources, projects which respond to APEC priorities are given precedence for funding.

With the support of the member economy, the project proponent puts forward the detailed project proposal (including a proposed budget) to the relevant APEC fora for consideration, assessment, approval by consensus and ranking. The project must then be co-sponsored by at least two other economies for it to be considered further.

Once funding has been approved the project proponent, with the assistance of the APEC Secretariat, implements the project. The life span of an APEC project is two years by which time all disbursement or payments must be completed. In exceptional cases, the project disbursement deadline may be extended. At the end of the project, it is evaluated and the results reported back to the relevant APEC fora for their further consideration.


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4.2 Subject Classification of EWG Projects Since 1992, 250 projects have been funded and implemented under the auspices of the APEC Energy Working Group. These projects can be classified under six major categories, as shown in Table 3. Each major category is subdivided into a number of specific subjects as shown in Appendix A (page 34).

Table 3. Major Categories for Subject Classification

of EWG Projects

Category No Projects

1. Energy Data and Analysis 18

2. Generic Issues 65

3. Clean Fossil Energy 50

4. Energy Efficiency and Conservation 54

5. New and Renewable Energy 46

6. Minerals and Energy Exploration and Development 17

Total 250 The major categories mostly coincide with the areas covered by the EWG Expert Groups. However, a “Generic Issues” category has been added to include subjects which cut across several Expert Groups or that are not covered by any Expert Group.

All of projects funded and implemented under the auspices of the APEC Energy Working Group are shown in Appendix B (page 36) classified by major category and subject. Appendix B also contains brief summaries of each of the projects.

4.3 Energy Data and Analysis Projects Table 4 shows the subjects covered by EWG energy data and analysis projects and the numbers of projects funded for each subject.

Table 4. Subjects Covered by

Energy Data and Analysis Projects

Subject No Projects Historical Statistics of Energy Supply 15

Future Outlook for Energy Demand and Supply 3

Total 18


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The 1995 Osaka Action Agenda stated that APEC economies would initiate joint work on the APEC regional energy outlook and consolidate the APEC Energy Database and disseminate the data regularly. Therefore, EWG energy data and analysis projects are funded and implemented in the context of this APEC policy initiative.

4.3.1 Historical Statistics of Energy Supply The objective of this continuing series of projects is the establishment of a consistent framework for energy reporting and forecasting for the APEC region. The ongoing work consists of collecting energy statistics (mostly demand and supply) using a consistent framework for data reporting and processing to produce three series of publications.

These publications are based on the APEC Energy Database. This database is used to assist in the identification of significant trends in energy supply and demand consistent with projects and priorities under the APEC Energy Working Group. The database is maintained in close cooperation with the 21 APEC member economies.

APEC Energy Statistics: The statistics cover all APEC member economies and include an overview of the APEC energy situation and statistical tables for each APEC member economy.

APEC Energy Handbook: The Handbook is a pocket-sized summary of key energy data and a supplement to APEC Energy Statistics.

APEC Energy Overview: The purpose of this publication is to deepen the mutual understanding among APEC member economies on the current energy issues in the region. The Overview provides up-to-date information on the energy sectors in all 21 APEC member economies. It includes individual APEC economy energy policy initiatives and notable developments particularly on energy security, upstream and downstream development, transformation and transportation, market reform, efficiency and conservation, alternative energy development, renewable energy deployment, environmental protection, and international/regional cooperation.

4.3.2 Future Outlook for Energy Demand and Supply The objective of the APEC Energy Demand and Supply Outlook publication series is to investigate some of the key issues likely to influence the future course of energy demand and supply in the APEC region and to draw policy implications.

4.4 Generic Issues Projects Table 5 (page 23) shows the subjects covered by EWG generic issues projects and the numbers of projects funded for each subject.


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Generic Issues Projects

Subject No Projects Energy Security 13

Micro-economic Reform in the Energy Sector 11

Energy Pricing 3

Financing and Investment in Energy Projects 11

Energy Infrastructure 13

Energy and Environmental Policy 2

Energy for Local Communities 8

APEC Economy and Sector Studies 3

Administration 1

Total 65 4.4.1 Energy Security In November 2000, APEC Economic Leaders directed the EWG to implement an energy security initiative. Therefore, many of the EWG projects on energy security undertaken since that date are concerned with the development and implementation of the APEC Energy Security Initiative.

Many of the projects investigate various aspects of security in relation to oil, including oil supply and demand, oil stocks and the downstream oil market. In particular, one project developed an operational manual for the Real Time Emergency Information System (RTEIS) that is designed to provide APEC member economies with a cooperative environment and tools to manage and coordinate their responses to oil supply disruptions.

Other projects assessed the costs of energy supply disruptions, investigated gas storage in the APEC region and examined supply security in relation to clean transport fuels.

4.4.2 Micro-economic Reform in the Energy Sector In November 1994, APEC Leaders agreed to implement an ambitious program of trade and investment liberalisation. As outlined in the Bogor Declaration, developed member economies committed to a goal of free and open trade and investment by 2010 and developing economies by 2020. Therefore, EWG projects concerned with micro-economic reform in the energy sector have been funded and implemented to contribute to the program of trade and investment liberalisation outlined in the Bogor Declaration.

EWG projects concerned with micro-economic reform in the energy sector cover two specific topics. One series of projects analysed the impact on APEC economies of the implementation of the Bogor program in the energy sector. A second set of projects


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investigated structural and regulatory reform specifically in electricity and gas industries and markets.

4.4.3 Energy Pricing Three EWG projects studied the impact of energy prices in the APEC region. Two linked projects analysed the implications of different energy pricing practices in the APEC region on energy efficiency, the environment and supply infrastructure. The third project highlighted the macroeconomic and trade impacts of high oil prices, longer term oil supplies generally and the challenges these issues pose for the APEC region.

4.4.4 Financing and Investment in Energy Projects In October 2003, APEC Leaders called on the EWG to work with the private sector and financial institutions to facilitate greater investments in clean and more efficient energy infrastructure and technologies. In response, the EWG convened workshops on the financing of energy efficiency, renewable energy and infrastructure projects. These workshops identified a number of recommendations for future activity, summarized in a report Energy Investment Report: Facilitating Energy Investment in the APEC Region. In June 2004, the sixth APEC Energy Ministers Meeting directed the EWG to implement these recommendations. In November 2004, the EWG formally endorsed a proposal from the United States for an Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Financing Task Force to carry out the recommendations.

Many of the EWG projects on financing and investment in energy projects were carried out leading up to, or following the establishment of, the Financing Task Force. Topics covered by the projects include: financing guidebooks and roadmaps; institutional strengthening and capacity building; best practice guidelines and case studies; and an analysis of the energy investment outlook for the APEC region.

4.4.5 Energy Infrastructure The 1995 Osaka Action Agenda stated that APEC economies would develop a guidance framework to facilitate investment in electricity infrastructure by removing institutional, regulatory and procedural impediments. The 14 non-binding energy policy principles in the Osaka Action Agenda referred to removing impediments to more energy efficient and environmentally sound infrastructure. The 2001 Energy Security Initiative included as a longer-term policy response: facilitating investment, trade and technology cooperation in energy infrastructure. Therefore, EWG projects concerned with energy infrastructure have been funded and implemented in the context of these APEC policy initiatives.

Topics covered by these projects include: studies of environmentally sound energy infrastructure in the APEC region; analysis of opportunities for interconnection of electricity and gas networks; and the establishment of a cooperative earthquake response mechanism for energy supply systems among the APEC member economies.

4.4.6 Energy and Environmental Policy Two EWG projects examined aspects of energy and environmental policy: one was concerned with making the Clean Development Mechanism work and the other with harmonising economic and environmental objectives of energy policy.


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4.4.7 Energy for Local Communities EWG projects cover several topics in relation to energy for local communities, including: studies for an APEC Sustainable Cities Program; analyses of opportunities for village power applications; and studies of energy use by local government.

4.4.8 APEC Economy and Sector Studies One EWG project analysed alternative development scenarios for electricity and transport and two projects studied the energy sectors of two APEC economies: China and Viet Nam.

4.4.9 Administration One EWG project upgraded and provided ongoing maintenance for the EWG website

4.5 Clean Fossil Energy Projects Table 6 (page 23) shows the subjects covered by EWG clean fossil energy projects and the numbers of projects funded for each subject.

The 1995 Osaka Action Agenda stated that APEC economies would improve environmental performance through expanded programs in the field of clean coal technology. The 2001 Energy Security Initiative included as a longer-term policy response clean fossil energy (including carbon capture and geological sequestration). Therefore, EWG clean fossil energy projects have been funded and implemented in the context of these APEC policy initiatives.

Table 6. Subjects Covered by Clean Fossil Energy Projects

Subject No Projects APEC Technical Seminars on Clean Fossil Energy

7

APEC Coal Flow Seminars 6

Joint APEC Coal Flow Seminars and APEC Technical Seminars on Clean Fossil Energy

3

Clean Fossil Energy Technical and Policy Seminars

4

APEC Coal Trade and Investment Liberalisation and Facilitation Workshops

4

Clean Coal 4

Electricity Generation 6

Natural Gas and Coal Mine Gas 8

Reducing CO2 Emissions 8

Total 50


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4.5.1 APEC Technical Seminars on Clean Fossil Energy These seven seminars provided opportunities for in-depth discussion of practical issues associated with the introduction of clean fossil energy technologies including their efficiencies, economics, environmental performance, financing and policy.

4.5.2 APEC Coal Flow Seminars These six seminars were held to facilitate a better understanding of the supply and demand for coal in the APEC region.

4.5.3 Joint APEC Coal Flow Seminars and APEC Technical Seminars on Clean Fossil Energy

These three joint seminars were held because, from 2000, it was felt that the themes of the separate seminars were converging.

4.5.4 Clean Fossil Energy Technical and Policy Seminars These four seminars resulted from a decision to integrate the Coal Flow and Clean Fossil Energy Technical Seminars, which were held jointly in previous years

4.5.5 APEC Coal Trade and Investment Liberalisation and Facilitation Workshops

These four workshops focussed on the liberalisation and facilitation of trade and investment in the coal and coal-based energy sectors of developing APEC member economies and supported the region’s rapidly expanding demand for clean and efficient energy. Topics include: facilitating development of the APEC economy’s coal resources and existing coal industry; environmental mine management; facilitating profitable energy development; and electricity for economic development.

4.5.6 Clean Coal Topics covered by the EWG projects on clean coal include: development of a better understanding of regional issues concerning environmental aspects of coal and coal technologies; training on the technical, environmental and economic aspects of clean coal technologies; and assessment of regulations that will promote the use of new clean and efficient coal-fired power generation technologies.

4.5.7 Electricity Generation Most EWG projects on electricity generation focussed on improving power plants in developing APEC economies. Topics covered include: upgrading and refurbishment of older coal-fired power plants; environmental monitoring for coal-fired power plants; and technology status and project development risks of advanced coal power generation technologies.

Other projects cover the following topics: sustainable electricity supply options for the APEC region; and nuclear power generation in the APEC region.


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4.5.8 Natural Gas and Coal Mine Gas EWG projects on natural gas and coal mine gas cover three topics: recovery and utilisation of coal mine gas and methane emitted from municipal land fills; competition between coal and natural gas in the APEC region; and studies on the market for, and use of, natural gas in the APEC region.

4.5.9 Reducing CO2 Emissions EWG projects on reducing CO2 emissions cover four topics: options to reduce CO2 emissions from electricity generation in the APEC region; atmospheric emissions regulations in APEC economies and their compliance at coal-fired power plants; the role of petroleum-based and alternative transport fuels in reducing emissions in the APEC region; and carbon dioxide capture and geological sequestration potential of the APEC region.

4.6 Energy Efficiency and Conservation Projects Table 7 shows the subjects covered by EWG energy efficiency and conservation projects and the numbers of projects funded for each subject.

Table 7. Subjects Covered by Energy Efficiency and Conservation Projects

Subject No Projects Energy Efficient Technologies 5

Energy Efficiency Performance Standards and Labelling

20

Standby Power 2

Demand Side Management 4

Energy Audits 2

Energy Efficiency in Commercial Buildings 3

Energy Efficiency in Transport 2

Energy Efficiency Best Practice and Benchmarking

3

Energy Efficiency Indicators 6

Energy Efficiency Policy, Regulation and Programs

7

Total 54

The 1995 Osaka Action Agenda stated that APEC economies would improve environmental performance through expanded programs in the field of end-use energy conservation measures. The 14 non-binding energy policy principles in the Osaka Action Agenda referred to encouraging energy research, development and demonstration to pave the way for more energy efficient technologies, to removing impediments to more energy efficient technologies, and to promoting cost effective


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measures which improve the efficiency with which energy is used. The 2001 Energy Security Initiative included energy efficiency as a longer-term policy response. Therefore, EWG energy efficiency and conservation projects have been funded and implemented in the context of these APEC policy initiatives.

4.6.1 Energy Efficient Technologies EWG energy efficient technologies projects cover a small number of specific technologies and also include a study of commercialisation strategies for energy efficient technologies and the construction of a database containing information on the energy efficient technologies deployed in selected APEC economies.

4.6.2 Energy Efficiency Performance Standards and Labelling At their first meeting in August 1996, APEC Energy Ministers recognized that an APEC multilateral framework might provide an opportunity to overcome impediments to trade related to the use in the APEC region of differing energy efficiency standards (ie test procedures used to measure the energy efficiency of a product). It was felt that this could be done without affecting the integrity of individual economies’ standards. Rather, reducing the negative trade implications of energy efficiency test procedures would facilitate the greater use of energy efficiency programs with the associated energy and environmental benefits.

Ministers instructed officials from APEC member economies to work together to achieve the benefits of increased cooperation on energy standards by:

• developing firm proposals for establishing a base on which mutual acceptance of accredited test facilities and standard test results obtained at these facilities could be achieved;

• working towards the establishment of bases for the direct comparison of the outcomes of testing to different standards so that the need for testing to multiple standards could be reduced or removed; and

• developing a general policy framework that would allow for the progressive development and implementation on a bilateral or multilateral basis, and product by product, as technical details were established and mutually agreed.

The Energy Working Group created a Steering Group on Energy Standards to carry out these tasks. The Steering Group developed and managed EWG projects concerned with energy efficiency performance standards and labeling until it was disbanded in 2000. The Expert Group on Energy Efficiency and Conservation then took over the management of these projects.

Twenty projects on energy efficiency performance standards and labeling have been funded to date. These projects cover five main topics: regional harmonisation of appliance energy efficiency standards; energy efficiency performance testing and conformity assessment; studies of the energy performance of particular classes of appliances and equipment; energy standards information development and coordination (including the establishment of a database and an information network on energy standards); and international cooperation on energy standards and labelling.


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4.6.3 Standby Power Two EWG projects on standby power have been funded to date: these projects aimed to promote improved cooperation in programs to reduce standby power losses, both among APEC economies and internationally.

4.6.4 Demand Side Management Four projects on demand side management (DSM) were funded and implemented in the early years of the EWG. Three of these projects are concerned with electricity DSM: they identified successful DSM programs in the Asia Pacific Region and developed a directory of DSM service providers and a DSM manual. One project was concerned with gas DSM; it comprised a planning workshop on energy efficient gas technologies that also assessed the usefulness of a gas inter-utility DSM liaison group.

4.6.5 Energy Audits Two EWG projects are concerned with energy audits: one developed a plan for future cooperation in the area of energy audits and monitoring of energy use, and the other provided guidance and tools for implementing energy audit training to improve energy efficiency in the industrial sector.

4.6.6 Energy Efficiency in Commercial Buildings EWG projects on energy efficiency in commercial buildings cover two main topics: energy efficiency retrofitting; and green buildings.

4.6.7 Energy Efficiency in Transport Two EWG projects cover transport energy efficiency policies in APEC economies.

4.6.8 Energy Efficiency Best Practice and Benchmarking Three EWG projects on energy efficiency best practice and benchmarking cover two topics: analysis of energy use benchmark data in APEC member economies; and energy benchmark system development.

4.6.9 Energy Efficiency Indicators EWG projects concerned with energy efficiency indicators cover three topics: development of energy efficiency indicators; studies of energy efficiency indicators in APEC economies; and capacity building and technical co-operation in quantifying energy efficiency progress in APEC economies.

4.6.10 Energy Efficiency Policy, Regulation and Programs EWG projects concerned with energy efficiency policy, regulation and programs cover three topics: developing compendiums of energy efficiency programs and projects in APEC economies; regulation strategies for energy efficiency; and the implementation of government and public sector energy efficiency programs.


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4.7 New and Renewable Energy Projects Table 8 shows the subjects covered by EWG new and renewable energy projects and the numbers of projects funded for each subject.


New and Renewable Energy Projects

Subject No Projects APEC Energy R&D and Technology Transfer Seminars

8

Renewable Energy Technologies and Technology Transfer

10

Electricity from Renewable Sources 2

Alternative Transport Fuels 4

Renewable Energy Standards 3

Renewable Energy Resource and End-use Assessment

4

Renewable Energy Policy, Regulation and Programs

8

Renewable Energy Business Development 2

Renewable Energy Training 4

Renewable Energy Project Management 1

Total 46 The 1995 Osaka Action Agenda stated that APEC economies would improve environmental performance through expanded programs in the field of renewable energy sources. The 14 non-binding energy policy principles in the Osaka Action Agenda referred to encouraging energy research, development and demonstration to pave the way for cost effective application of new and environmentally sound energy technologies and to removing impediments to such technologies,. The 2001 Energy Security Initiative included renewable energy as a longer-term policy response. Therefore, EWG new and renewable energy projects have been funded and implemented in the context of these APEC policy initiatives.

4.7.1 APEC Energy R&D and Technology Transfer Seminars This series of eight seminars was held to promote the introduction and diffusion of new and renewable energy technologies into the APEC region.

4.7.2 Renewable Energy Technologies and Technology Transfer EWG projects concerned with renewable energy technologies and technology transfer cover four topics; development of databases, guides and other information sources about new and renewable energy technologies; studies of a small number of individual renewable technologies; assessment of infrastructure and storage requirements for


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renewable energy; and assessment of technology transfer cooperation needs, skills and capabilities.

4.7.3 Electricity from Renewable Sources Two EWG projects studied the prospects for electricity generation using new and renewable energy sources in the APEC Region.

4.7.4 Alternative Transport Fuels Four EWG projects developed information networks and guidelines for the implementation of various alternative transport fuels.

4.7.5 Renewable Energy Standards Three EWG projects studied the adoption of renewable energy standards in the APEC region and developed a sourcebook of hydrogen codes and standards for APEC member economies.

4.7.6 Renewable Energy Resource and End-use Assessment Three EWG projects studied renewable energy resource assessment techniques; the quality and completeness of resource assessment data for the APEC region; and biomass resource assessments and assessment capabilities in APEC economies. A fourth project carried out a qualitative assessment of renewable energy applications which have the highest opportunity value in selected APEC economies.

4.7.7 Renewable Energy Policy, Regulation and Programs EWG projects concerned with renewable energy policy, regulation and programs cover the following topics: development of a compendium of renewable energy programs and projects in APEC member countries; implementation of a survey of impediments to the use of new and renewable technologies; studies of renewable energy as it relates to sustainable development; and studies of renewable energy in national energy and economic planning.

4.7.8 Renewable Energy Business Development One EWG project held a conference on renewable energy and energy efficiency business development and a second project investigated the feasibility of operating a renewables-related energy service company.

4.7.9 Renewable Energy Training Four EWG projects are concerned with renewable energy training. One project held a solar energy training program; a second project ran a Renewable Energy Tour; and two projects investigated accrediting renewable energy training.

4.7.10 Renewable Energy Project Management One EWG project attempted to develop a software system for project managing and integrating APEC Renewable Energy Collaboratives projects.


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4.8 Minerals and Energy Exploration and Development Projects

Table 9 shows the subjects covered by EWG minerals and energy exploration and development projects and the numbers of projects funded for each subject.


Minerals and Energy Exploration and Development Projects

Subject No Projects Environmental Cooperation Workshops for Sustainable Development of Mining Activities

5

Databases of Minerals and Energy Exploration 7

Energy Use in Mining 2

Demand for Minerals and Energy 2

Mineral Exploration 1

Total 17 4.8.1 Environmental Cooperation Workshops for Sustainable

Development of Mining Activities The objective of this series of five workshops was to develop and introduce environment policies, environmental standards, and mine pollution prevention techniques in individual economies and to discuss the best methods for mutual cooperation between economies in this field.

4.8.2 Databases of Minerals and Energy Exploration Seven EWG projects developed two databases:

• the APEC Network of Minerals and Energy Databases (ANMED) catalogues and links individual member economies’ databases and meta-databases to provide internet access to an up-to-date bank of data and information on the mining and energy resource sectors in member economies.

• the Database on the Oil and Gas Fields in the APEC Region overlaps to a limited extent with ANMED, but emphasises geoscience based data and drilling data.

4.8.3 Energy Use in Mining One EWG project investigated improving energy efficiency in the APEC mining industry. A second project aims to develop the solar thermal energy market for mining and industry.

4.8.4 Demand for Minerals and Energy Two EWG projects carried out a survey of factors influencing demand for minerals and metals in the APEC region.


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4.8.5 Mineral Exploration One EWG project will study barriers to investment in minerals exploration, trends in mineral exploration and the current state of the exploratory activity in terms of regulatory, institutional and financing processes in the APEC region.

5. CONCLUSION Since 1992, 250 projects have been funded and implemented under the auspices of the APEC Energy Working Group. These projects are closely linked to APEC policy initiatives. In some case the projects contribute to the development of policy and in other cases they play a significant role in policy implementation.

The EWG projects can be classified under six major categories:

1. Energy Data and Analysis 4. Energy Efficiency and Conservation 2. Generic Issues 5. New and Renewable Energy 3. Clean Fossil Energy 6. Minerals and Energy Exploration and Development.

Each of these categories is subdivided into a number of subjects. Subjects which are directly relevant to APEC policy initiatives are covered by a relatively large number of EWG projects. These include:

• Historical Statistics of Energy Supply • Energy Security • Micro-economic Reform in the Energy Sector • Financing and Investment in Energy Projects • Clean Coal • Reducing CO2 Emissions • Energy Efficiency Performance Standards and Labelling • Renewable Energy Technologies and Technology Transfer

For EWG projects funded by APEC between 2000 and 2007, the average amount received from the APEC Central Fund was about USD70,000 per project. The average additional amount leveraged by the APEC funding from other sources was about USD50,000 per project and the average total cost per project was USD120,000. In addition, a significant number of EWG projects are self-funded by APEC member economies with no contribution from the APEC Central Fund.

On the basis of these figures, the EWG projects represent excellent value for money. The outcomes and results of the projects constitute an extensive and comprehensive collection of policy-targeted information. This information has been, and will continue to be, invaluable in achieving APEC’s goal of maximising the energy sector’s contribution to the region’s economic and social well being while mitigating the environmental effects of energy supply and use.


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APPENDIX A: SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION OF APEC ENERGY WORKING GROUP PROJECTS

Major Categories Subjects

Historical Statistics of Energy Supply Energy DaAnalys Future Outlook for Energy Demand and Supply

ta and is

Energy Security

Micro-economic Reform in the Energy Sector

Energy Pricing

Financing and Investment in Energy Projects

Energy Infrastructure

Energy and Environmental Policy

Energy for Local Communities

APEC Economy and Sector Studies

Generic I

Admini

ssues

stration

APEC Technical Seminars on Clean Fossil Energy

APEC Coal Flow Seminars


Clean Fossil Energy Technical and Policy Seminars

APEC Coal Trade and Investment Liberalisation and Facilitation Workshops

Clean Coal

Electricity Generation

Natural Gas and Coal Mine Gas

Clean Fossil Energy

Reducing CO2 Emissions


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Major Categories Subjects

Energy Efficient Technologies

Energy Efficiency Performance Standards and Labelling

Standby Power

Demand Side Management

Energy Audits

Energy Efficiency in Commercial Buildings

Energy Efficiency in Transport


Energy Efficiency Indicators

Energy Ef Conse


ficiency andrvation

APEC Energy R&D and Technology Transfer Seminars

Renewable Energy Technologies and Technology Transfer

Electricity from Renewable Sources

Alternative Transport Fuels

Renewable Energy Standards

Renewable Energy Resource and End-use Assessment

Renewable Energy Policy, Regulation and Programs

Renewable Energy Business Development

Renewable Energy Training

New and Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy Project Management

Environmental Cooperation Workshops for Sustainable Develo

Databases of Minerals and Energy Exploration

pment of Mining Activities

Energy Use in Mining

Demand for Minerals and Energy

Minerals and Energy Exploration and Development

Mineral Exploration


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APPENDIX B: APEC ENERGY WORKING GROUP PROJECTS 1992-2007

ENERGY DATA AND ANALYSIS Year

Funded Expert Group/ Self-

funding Economy

Project Code Project Title Project Summary

Historical Statistics of Energy Supply 1993 EGED EWG01/1993 Operation of APEC Energy

Database APEC Energy Statistics 1992

1994 EGED EWG01/1994 Operation of APEC Energy Database APEC Energy Statistics 1993

1995 EGED EWG01/1995 Operation of APEC Energy Database APEC Energy Statistics 1994 APEC Historical Energy Statistics 1980-1992

1996 EGEDO EWG01/1996 Operation of APEC Energy Database APEC Energy Statistics 1995


The objective of this continuing series of projects is the establishment of a consistent framework for energy reporting and forecasting for the APEC region. The ongoing work consists of collecting energy statistics (mostly demand and supply) using a consistent framework for data reporting and processing to produce three series of publications. These publications are based on the APEC Energy Database. This database is used to assist in the identification of significant trends in energy supply and demand consistent with projects and priorities under the APEC Energy Working Group. The database is maintained in close cooperation with the 21 APEC member economies. APEC Energy Statistics: The statistics cover all APEC member economies. The


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1999 EGEDA EWG01/1999 Operation of APEC Energy Database APEC Energy Statistics 1998 APEC Energy Handbook 1998

2000 EGEDA EWG01/2000 Operation of APEC Energy Database APEC Energy Statistics 1999 APEC Energy Handbook 1999

2001 EGEDA EWG01/2001 Operation of APEC Energy Database and Analysis APEC Energy Statistics 2000 APEC Energy Handbook 2000 APEC Energy Overview 2001



publication consists of three chapters: 1. Explanation of the APEC Energy Statistics. 2. Overview of the APEC Energy Situation. 3. Member Tables. APEC Energy Handbook: The Handbook is a pocket-sized summary of key energy data and a supplement to APEC Energy Statistics. The Handbook consists of six chapters: 1. Primary Energy Supply 2. Transformation 3. Final Energy Consumption 4. Energy Balances 5. Outlook 6. Energy Indicators APEC Energy Overview: The purpose of this publication is to deepen the mutual understanding among APEC member economies on the current energy issues in the region. The Overview provides up-to-date information on the energy sectors in all 21 APEC member economies. It includes individual APEC economy energy policy initiatives and notable developments particularly on energy security, upstream and downstream development, transformation and transportation, market reform, efficiency and conservation, alternative energy development, renewable energy deployment, environmental protection, and international/regional cooperation.


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2006 EGEDA EWG01/2006 Operation of APEC Energy Database and Analysis APEC Energy Overview 2006

2007 EGEDA EWG01/2007 Operation of APEC Energy Database and Analysis

Future Outlook for Energy Demand and Supply 1998 APERC APEC Energy Demand and

Supply Outlook 1998

2002 APERC APEC Energy Demand and Supply Outlook 2002

2006 APERC APEC Energy Demand and Supply Outlook 2006 Vol 1 APEC Energy Demand and Supply Outlook 2006 Vol 2

The objective of the APEC Energy Demand and Supply Outlook publication series is to investigate some of the key issues likely to influence the future course of energy demand and supply in the APEC region and to draw policy implications.


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GENERIC ISSUES Year


funding Economy


Energy Security 1997 EWG05/1997T Consultancy and Workshop on

Promoting Energy Security through Improved Access to International Fuel Markets

This project resulted in the publication of the final report titled Promoting Energy Security Through Improved International Fuels Market Operations. Energy Ministers noted the recommendations of this report in Okinawa in October 1998.

1999 EWG EWG03/1999S APEC Oil Supply and Demand Security Seminar

2000 APERC Emergency Oil Stocks and Energy Security in the APEC Region

The main objective of this project was to assess the energy security implications of the APEC region’s high oil consumption and growing dependence on imported oil, and evaluate the value of building and maintaining emergency oil stocks for the region’s oil supply security. The project performed a comprehensive assessment of the costs and benefits of expanding the existing emergency oil reserves in the APEC region under a set of plausible oil supply disruption scenarios. The project also considered the issue of joint stockpiling by APEC member economies. The research combined economic theory, best available technical tools and practical knowledge to generate analytical results that could serve as a basis for formulating rational and prudent oil security policy for the region.


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2001 EGCFE EWG08/2001 Energy Security Initiative To help reduce vulnerability and promote market stability, APEC Leaders directed the Energy Working Group to implement an energy security initiative. This project responded to the APEC Leaders’ directive and sought to provide member economies with options to consider in addressing the economic impacts of oil market volatility and more fundamental energy security concerns. The project involved the voluntary exchange of information and experiences among economies on measures to respond to oil market disruptions. The APEC Energy Security Initiative included measures to respond to temporary supply disruptions as well as longer term policy responses that address the broader challenges facing the region's energy supply.

2001 EGCFE EWG02/2001T Clean Transportation Fuels Supply Security

This study evaluated the motor fuel supply impacts of various fuel specification changes required to improve air quality, including an appreciation of the supply impacts that several specification scenarios are likely to have on the APEC region in the next 10 years.

2001 United States

EWG SF01-3 Strategic Petroleum Reserve Workshop

The workshop provided an opportunity to exchange ideas on the strategic storage of petroleum with emphasis on how this mechanism could help stabilize oil prices in the APEC region. A site visit of a US Strategic Petroleum Reserve site was included in the workshop.

2002 APERC Gas Storage in the APEC Region

The objective of this project was to investigate and evaluate the development of a commercial structure in the natural gas storage industry in the context of energy market reforms, and to derive policy implications for the natural gas industry in the APEC region. The project surveyed the existing literature and practices as well as new developments in the gas storage business in selected economies. It presented a framework for looking at the commercial business structure around gas storage as a means of enhancing efficiency in the natural gas market.


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2002 APERC Energy Security Initiative: Emergency Oil Stocks as an Option to Respond to Oil Supply Disruptions

This project reviewed the growing energy import dependence of the APEC economies and its implications for APEC energy security, focussing on oil with some discussion on gas. Measures for mitigating oil supply disruptions, focused on oil stockpiling were discussed. A rationale was presented for the advantages of a shared responsibility with regard to reducing the negative impacts of supply disruptions together with an evaluation of the costs and benefits of additional regional stockpiling in Asia. The project was partly based on APERC research conducted in 1999-2000 but updated and supplemented by more recent developments in oil and gas markets and new information from both APERC and other sources.

2003 APERC Energy Security Initiative: Some Aspects of Oil Security

This project continued the development of the APEC Energy Security Initiative, Issues covered by the project included: • the growing energy import dependence of the APEC economies and its

implications for APEC energy security, focusing on oil with some discussion on gas;

• the recent energy security developments in some APEC economies, especially in the context of the challenges that have been faced since the unfortunate events of 11 September 2007;

• how APEC economies may be able to reduce their supply risks in the longer term, given the APEC region’s, and especially APEC Asia’s, high and increasing reliance on imports to meet demand;

• the oil security issue from the price perspective, focusing on a discussion of the “Asian Premium” and its impacts on affected economies.

2003 Australia EWG01/2003T Energy Security in APEC: Assessing the Costs of Energy Supply Disruptions and the Impacts of Alternative Energy Security Strategies

The broad objective of this project was to quantify the costs of selected temporary energy supply disruptions to APEC economies and to analyse the costs and benefits of appropriate response strategies in the short and longer terms.


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2005 APERC APEC Downstream Oil Market Study

The project assessed three main areas: 1) oil refining capacity in view of the growth in oil production; 2) the flexibility of oil refineries to meet market demands; and 3) the possibility of regional cooperation in oil refining.

2005 Australia Operational Manual for Real Time Emergency Information Sharing System

The RTEIS Operational Manual provides instructions for using the RTEIS system, including the role of users and policies on RTEIS activation and information sharing.

2005 United States

Workshop on Oil Stockpiling in the APEC Region: Implementing Best Practices, Facilitating New Commitments

This workshop focused on the experiences of economies that already possess strategic oil stockpiles, the challenges facing economies trying to establish strategic oil stockpiles and the technical assistance that could be offered in planning for such oil storage facilities.

Micro-economic Reform in the Energy Sector 1997 EWG EWG01/1997T Developing Transparent,

Efficient and Effective Procurement Processes for Power Infrastructure in APEC Member Economies Project report APEC Manual of Best Practice Principles for Independent Power Producers

Two reports were produced by this project. One report had the same title as the project and provided the main background material for the second report APEC Manual of Best Practice Principles for Independent Power Producers. The Manual identified agreed principles of best practice for IPPs based on prevailing regional and international best practice in terms of the regulatory, institutional and procedural arrangements for IPPs structured around four themes: institutional and regulatory structures; tender/bid processes and evaluation criteria; power purchase agreements and associated tariff structures; and financing and its implications.

1998 EWG 02/1998T

Assessing the Impacts of Liberalising Energy Trade and Investment in APEC Member Economies

The project provided a quantitative analysis of the economic impacts on the energy sector of policies to liberalise trade and investment in the APEC region.


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2000 Philippines EWG07/2000T Seminar/Workshop on Promoting Trade and Investment in the Energy Sector among APEC Economies through Early Voluntary Sectoral Liberalization

This project presented and discussed applications of energy sector liberalization in various APEC economies to provide information and findings / recommendations to APEC economies that are considering similar actions. Development of energy resources and utilization of energy typically require large capital investments and technical/financial commitments. Hence, the energy sector usually has been ahead of other sectors in paving the way for international trade and investments. The experience and lessons from energy sector liberalization may help other sectors in the member economies in the drive towards early voluntary sectoral liberalization.

2000 ABARE Trade and Investment Liberalisation in APEC: Economic and Energy Sector Impacts

In November 1994, APEC Leaders agreed to implement an ambitious program of trade and investment liberalisation. As outlined in the Bogor Declaration, developed member economies committed to a goal of free and open trade and investment by 2010 and developing economies by 2020. The objective of this project was to analyse the impact on APEC economies of the implementation of the Bogor program. As well as examining the implications for economic growth in the region, the project assessed the specific impacts that trade and investment liberalisation are likely to have on the region's energy sector. The analysis showed that as economies grow and their economic structure changes as a result of liberalisation there will be some significant consequences for the levels and patterns of energy consumption, production and trade. The study is based on results from ABARE's Global Trade and Environment Model (CTEM).

2000 APERC Electricity Sector Deregulation in the APEC Region

The objectives of this project were: to evaluate deregulation and privatisation processes in APEC member economies; to examine key economic, social and environmental factors that play important roles in changing the landscape of the electricity sector; and to provide concrete case studies of electricity sector restructuring in some selected APEC member economies.


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2000 Australia EWG02/2000T Training and Communication

Program for Energy Regulators on the Investment Benefits of Structural Reform

The objective of this project was to provide APEC energy regulators with a detailed understanding of how financial institutions, insurers and energy project developers assess investment risks in individual economies. The workshop report is titled Risk Assessment by the Business/Private Sector and its Implications for the Regulation Process in APEC Member Economies.

2000 Australia EWG04/2000T Strengthening Operational Aspects of APEC Energy Micro-Economic Reform Phase 1: Implementation of the APEC Best Practice Principles for Independent Power Producers in APEC Economies

The purpose of this project was to promote and implement a regional strategy for institutional strengthening and capacity building amongst APEC member economies in microeconomic reform of energy utilities. Phase 1 is a base-line study to identify the current status in relation to the priority policy principles for Independent Power Producers (IPPs) identified in the APEC-PECC Workshop on Improving Investor Confidence and Mobilising Capital.

2001 Australia EWG SF01-2 Strengthening Operational Aspects of APEC Energy Micro-Economic Reform Phase 2: Manual of Strategic Principles

The outcome of this project was a manual of strategic principles, which can be used by individual economies to guide their process of designing, implementing and managing the reform of their electricity supply industry.

2001 Australia EWG04/2001T Measuring the Impacts of Regulatory Reform in the APEC Energy Sector

This project aimed to provide quantitative analysis of the economic benefits of policies to deregulate energy markets in APEC member economies. The project assessed the potential impacts of regulatory reform in the electricity, petroleum, gas and coal markets. The information provided by the project will lead to more informed policy making on these important issues.

2001 APERC APEC Seminar-Workshop: Lessons on Energy Sector Liberalization

The purpose of this Seminar/Workshop, held in Makati City, Philippines in December 2001, was to present and discuss practical applications of energy sector liberalization in various APEC member economies and to examine the experiences and lessons from these liberalization initiatives from a regional economic perspective. The delegates concluded that liberalization of the energy industry has resulted in a range of benefits and also identified a number of key challenges to liberalization.


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2003 APERC Natural Gas Market Reform in the APEC Region

The purpose of this project was to undertake a study of natural gas market reform in the APEC region to assess where reform efforts stand, to evaluate the impacts they have had so far, and to suggest ways in which APEC member economies might benefit from further reform. This is a matter of interest not only to individual economies but to the APEC region as a whole, in which there is a strong interdependence of gas importers and exporters. While market reform may help importing economies deliver gas more cheaply, it may also help exporting economies produce gas more efficiently and expand their gas markets.

Energy Pricing 2000 APERC APEC Energy Pricing Practices:

Implications for Energy Efficiency, the Environment and Supply Infrastructure

The objective of this energy pricing research was to establish the implications of different energy pricing practices in the APEC region on energy efficiency, the environment and supply infrastructure. In addition, the project also aimed to establish an APEC Energy Pricing Database to be utilised for the analysis of pricing practices throughout the APEC region. Energy pricing is an essential component of policies that address the triple objectives of improving energy efficiency, protecting the environment and facilitating energy infrastructure investment. The analysis of energy prices and pricing practices adopted by APEC economies can provide constructive insights about the operation of energy markets.

2001 APERC APEC Energy Pricing Practices - Natural Gas End-use Prices

This project is the second phase of the study on energy pricing practices in the APEC region (see the preceding project). Although the Phase One project covered all member economies and all forms of energy, due to limitations in the availability of data and information, a more detailed look at some more specific issues is now required. This project aims to overview and evaluate natural gas end-use pricing practices in the APEC region with particular attention paid to subsidy and cross-subsidy issues. Different methods and objectives of (cross-) subsidisation exist across industries and economies depending on industry characteristics, development needs, and consideration of other social policy concerns.

2005 Australia Thailand

EWG09/2005 The Impact of Oil Prices on Trade in the APEC Region

This study highlighted the macroeconomic and trade impacts of high oil prices, longer term oil supplies generally and the challenges these issues pose for the APEC region.


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Financing and Investment in Energy Projects 1998 EGNRET APEC Guidebook for Financing

New and Renewable Energy This Guidebook contains two sections. The first section, written for project developers, indicates mechanisms for assuaging investor concerns, explains possible financing institutions interested in capitalising new and renewable energy projects. The second section, written for policy makers, suggests policies for creating a better business environment for promoting the use of new and renewable energy.

2000 EGEE&C EWG03/2000 Workshop on Financing and Implementing Energy Efficiency Programs in a Restructured Electric Industry

This workshop investigated alternative mechanisms for financing and implementing energy-efficiency programs in the context of major existing and proposed changes in the industrial structure of energy industries throughout the APEC region.

2003 EGEE&C EWG05/2003T Sustainable Financing Systems for Energy-Efficiency Projects

The goal of this project was to strengthen the institutions for financing energy efficiency projects in APEC economies. This project involved identifying sources of funding for energy efficiency projects, legal and financial impediments, and the development of an innovative financing structure to overcome these identified impediments.

2003 EGNRET EWG02/2003 APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative (Collaborative VIII) : Financial Roadmap for the APEC Region

The purpose of this project was to list and describe the potential sources of funding for commercial installation of renewable and clean energy technologies in APEC economies. The project report covers lending and grant entities and programs that could fund implementation of international energy and environmental projects. Major potential sources of equity funds are also included in the report.


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2003 APERC Energy Investment Outlook for the APEC Region

Economic growth across the APEC region will mean steady growth in energy demand over the next two decades, with substantial requirements for new investment in the energy sector. This project estimated future investment requirements for each major energy sector and every APEC economy, building upon information developed in the publication APEC Energy Demand and Supply Outlook 2002. The project assessed the magnitude of future energy investment requirements, the burden they are likely to place on APEC economies relative to their growing output, factors which affect the amounts of investment required and the ability to attract it, and the role of member governments in enhancing the ability of the energy sector to attract the large amounts of investment it will need.

2004 Australia

EGNRET

EBN

APEC Financing Workshops Workshop on Financing Energy Efficiency Projects Workshop on Financing Renewable Energy Workshop on Financing Energy Infrastructure Full report on all workshops

The Financing Energy Efficiency Projects workshop was held in Melbourne, Australia in February, 2004. It considered various issues and member economy perspectives regarding financing energy efficiency projects. The Financing Renewable Energy Workshop was held in Hawaii in May 2004. The purpose of the workshop was to provide input to the APEC Energy Working Group on ways to increase financing for renewable energy projects and programs in APEC economies. This will help to fulfill the APEC Leaders' directive to the EWG regarding the development of markets for renewable energy technologies, which is a key component of the Energy Security Initiative Action Plan. The Financing Energy Infrastructure workshop was held in Hong Kong, China, in March, 2004 and was hosted by the EWG Business Network. The workshop sought to increase understanding of energy infrastructure investment needs in the APEC region and facilitated linkages between government officials, financial sector representatives and energy business representatives working in the area of energy infrastructure. The workshop also aimed to provide direction for future EWG and EBN activities, and input to the consideration of energy infrastructure financing issues at the Sixth APEC Energy Ministers' Meeting.


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2005 Australia Thailand’s Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund

This case study outlined how Thailand's Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund was implemented and the impact it has made. The case study also considered whether there are any best practices and lessons learned that could be shared with APEC economies.

2005 United States

EWG08/2005 Development of Renewable and Energy Efficiency (Small Scale Project) Financing Best Practices and Guidelines for APEC Region Capital Market Development Assessment Report on Energy Efficiency Financing in Mexico Assessment Report on Energy Efficiency Financing in Thailand Mexico Implementation Plan Thailand Implementation Plan

This project provided support to undertake the initial development of an International Energy Efficiency Finance Protocol (“IEEFP”) tailored to the local circumstances in Thailand and Mexico. The IEEFP is essentially a set of best practices, resource materials and case studies to provide standardized energy efficiency finance methods. It is envisioned that the IEEFP will ultimately become the global “blue print” for educating and training local banks and financial institutions around the world on the special intricacies and benefits of financing energy efficiency and savings-based renewable energy projects.

2006 EGNRET EWG04/2006 APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative (Collaborative VIII) Information Sharing on Financing Public Sector Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Projects

This project will strengthen and accelerate the financing of energy efficiency and renewable energy projects, especially in government facilities, by reducing transaction costs to all parties – public and private – through the compilation, review, and dissemination of web-based information on best practices, model language, and key lessons learned from clean energy financing activities throughout the APEC region and beyond. This project builds on cumulative information and experience from previous APEC project financing activities.


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2006 EGNRET EWG01/2006T APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative (Collaborative VIII) Local Banks Training Program for Financing Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Projects

The purpose of this project is to build capacity in local banking institutions to finance energy efficiency and renewable energy projects. The project will develop a training course and a training document that will support local bank officers in order to attain knowledge regarding the use of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies, which can be translated into a decreased perception of risk by bank officers. It is necessary to make banking institutions aware of the benefits and real risks related to renewable energy and energy efficiency projects, in order to promote the establishment of loan guarantee funds, revolving funds, lines of credits and any other financial mechanism that can help make it easier for energy end users and project developers to access financing.

2007 EGNRET EWG02/2007 APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative (Collaborative VIII): Workshop on Recent Advances in Utility Based Financial Mechanisms that Support Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency

As many economies have liberalized their electric utility sectors, new approaches have been developed to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency activities that are seen to benefit the economy as a whole, but can cost more than fossil based electricity production. The key objective of this project is to provide APEC decision makers with recent advances in utility based financial mechanisms that support renewable energy and energy efficiency. A second objective is to bring together a cross-section of APEC economy electric utility decision makers so they can question each other on programs which have both succeeded and failed. A final objective is to provide a written record of recent advances in utility based financial support programs which promote the utilization of renewable energy and energy efficiency.

Energy Infrastructure 1997 Canada EWG SF97-3 Environmentally Sound

Infrastructure in APEC Electricity Sectors

This project aimed to advance the dual objectives of expanded investment and environmental soundness in new electricity infrastructure in the APEC region. It identified good policy practices which APEC member economies can use to meet the challenge of achieving both their environmental and electricity investment objectives. The project report also contains recommendations that are aimed at furthering the adoption of these good practices.

1997 EWG Rural Electrification in the APEC Region

This project was undertaken, via a series of workshops, to facilitate rural electrification in APEC member economies.


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1997 Development of a Framework to Facilitate Investment in Power Infrastructure in APEC Member Economies

Following the completion of a study entitled “Regional Co-operation for Power Infrastructure”, an Ad Hoc Business Forum on Regional Co-operation for Power Infrastructure and an Electricity Regulators’ Forum were established to assist the Energy Working Group to progress the recommendations of the study.

1999 Canada EWG07/1999 Environmentally Sound Energy Infrastructure (Phase 1 of a 2-phase project) Policies to Facilitate the Transfer and Uptake of Efficient and Clean Energy Technologies Energy Sector Good Policy Practices

This project aimed to promote investments in energy infrastructure that are efficient and environmentally friendly. Two reports were prepared as an outcome of this project.

2000 APERC Power Interconnection in the APEC Region: Current Status and Future Potentials

This project represented the first phase of a study on the potential for expansion of the power supply network in the APEC region. The objectives of the study were to examine the economic advantages and benefits of meeting electricity demand through regional power interconnections within and between APEC member economies. This project examined benefits and relevant policy issues associated with cross-border power interconnections in the APEC region, identified relevant issues and proposed policy recommendations. Potential benefits resulting from power interconnections include the mutual complementarity of energy resources and power markets, and the implementation of APEC policy principles on energy cooperation.


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2000 APERC Natural Gas Pipeline Development in Northeast Asia

This project comprised Part I of a study of the costs and benefits of large scale natural gas resource development. The objective of this project was to analyse the economic feasibility of large-scale natural gas pipeline projects in Northeast Asia, focusing in particular on economic and environmental issues. Trends in gas supply and demand were analysed, and the potential for importing natural gas via pipeline into China, Japan, and Korea was assessed. The economics of pipeline natural gas projects was illustrated with simple project evaluation models, followed by discussions of key issues regarding regional pipeline projects. The cost of transporting gas under several scenarios was analysed and compared with LNG.

2000 APERC Natural Gas Pipeline Development in Southeast Asia

This project comprised Part II of a study of the costs and benefits of large scale natural gas resource development. The project focussed on Southeast Asia which includes all seven APEC economies, namely Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Viet Nam. Myanmar, being a gas producer and exporter in Southeast Asia, was also included. The major objectives of the project were to investigate the feasibility and viability of constructing large scale natural gas pipelines to supply Southeast Asian energy markets and to provide policy makers with information that can be used to support decision making to further encourage the development of cross-border pipeline infrastructure in the region. The specific objectives included assessing the latest gas reserves and market potential in Southeast Asia, assessing the latest scenarios for natural gas infrastructure development in the region, and highlighting the benefits and barriers of gas pipeline interconnections.


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2000 Canada EWG05/2000 Environmentally Sound Energy

Infrastructure (Phase 2) Phase 2 of this project covers the following areas: environmental best practices within the context of energy markets that are becoming more open (or liberalised); best practices to encourage cost-based pricing in energy; and how to encourage demand side management within the context of more open energy markets.

2001 APERC Energy Supply Infrastructure Development in the APEC Region

This project was a follow up to three studies conducted in 1999/2000 that focused on regional power interconnections and the development of large-scale natural gas pipe networks to supply the APEC region. The objectives of the project were: to investigate the merits, complementarity and competition between natural gas pipeline and power grid interconnections; to identify critical factors and issues in the choice and development of energy infrastructure networks; and to investigate the latest plans and developments of energy infrastructure linkages in Northeast and Southeast Asia. The project was intended to assist energy planners in dealing with issues related to the integration of energy networks with neighbouring economies as part of a strategy to enhance energy supply security and promote bilateral or regional energy-trade.

2001 Australia EWG03/2001T Addressing the Barriers to the Inter-connection of Power Grids in APEC Member Economies

This project carried out an evaluation of the efforts to overcome barriers to energy infrastructure investment and the attainment of transit rights. The report also develops strategies for APEC economies to address each of these barriers.


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2001 Chinese Taipei

EWG SF01-10 Earthquake Response Cooperation Initiative Phase 1: Earthquake Disaster Management of Energy Supply System of APEC Member Economies Phase 2: Earthquake Emergency Contingency Handbook for Energy Supply Systems Phase 3: Seismic Codes and Standards for Energy Supply Systems

The aim of the project was to establish a cooperative earthquake response mechanism for energy supply systems among the APEC member economies, by providing the opportunity for APEC member economies to share their experiences in both preventing the collapse of energy supply systems during earthquakes and rebuilding these systems after earthquakes. In addition to three publications, the project established an information website on earthquake response for energy systems in the Asia-Pacific region. The website address is: http://verity.erl.itri.org.tw/earthquake. The Earthquake Disaster Management report outlines APEC member economies’ experiences of earthquake damage to energy supply systems. It may provide useful information on predicting what type of damage could be expected and the stages of restoration of energy supply systems following an earthquake. The report also provides practical techniques for assessing risks that might need to be addressed following an earthquake. The Earthquake Emergency Handbook provides detailed management, technical and procedural advice on a wide range of issues associated with the inspection, repair and recovery efforts for energy supply infrastructure systems following an earthquake. The Seismic Codes and Standards report provides technical information for the development and construction of energy infrastructures, including “lifelines” such as water, electric, power, gas and telecommunications systems and networks, including highways, railroads, air and water transport systems. This report shows that earthquake damage an be minimised if appropriate seismic codes and standards are implemented during construction of energy infrastructure facilities.

2004 APERC Electric Power Grid Interconnections in the APEC Region

This project was undertaken to give policy makers a better understanding of the potential benefits from strengthened power interconnections in the APEC region, as well as some practical steps that might be taken to help ensure that those benefits can be realised.

http://verity.erl.itri.org.tw/earthquake


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2004 Australia EWG01/2004T Best Practice in Cross-border Interconnection of Natural Gas in APEC Member Economies

This project aimed to develop a best-practice approach to addressing barriers to the cross-border interconnection of natural gas in APEC member economies, encompassing both cross-border pipeline interconnection and the transportation of liquefied natural gas (LNG). The project report was based on a series of three APEC workshops held between May and August 2004.

Energy and Environmental Policy 2001 APERC Making the Clean Development

Mechanism Work The objective of this project was to investigate some of the key issues likely to influence the success of the Clean Developmnt Mechnaism in promoting clean development in the APEC region, and to calculate the likely return on investment and value of carbon credits for a number of specific electricity supply investment options in selected APEC economies. The principal findings of the project suggested that if the CDM was going to reach its potential to contribute significantly to carbon emissions reductions in developing economies, the proposed rules governing its operation would need to be reassessed.

2002 Australia EWG01/2002 Harmonising Economic and Environmental Objectives of Energy Policy Phase I

The objective of this project was to undertake a review of existing information relating to the harmonisation of economic and environmental objectives of energy policies across APEC member economies. The project aimed to bring together in a coherent manner existing related work of the Energy Working Group, as well as that undertaken by multilateral agencies such as the World Bank, Asian Development Bank and by regional groupings such as the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). The project focussed on where there are "gaps" in presently available information relating to policy harmonisation in the energy sector and, importantly from a practical perspective, what might be the benefits to APEC member economies from acquiring information to remedy these data deficiencies.


55

Energy for Local Communities

1996 EGEE&C EWG08/1996 Planning Workshop for an APEC Sustainable Cities Program

This workshop, held in California in August 1996, examined actual experiences in the use of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies and programs for the development of sustainable cities. The workshop also raised issues that currently impede effective sustainable development of cities in the Asia Pacific Region and developed a “plan of action” for promoting private sector participation in an APEC Sustainable Cities Program.

1996 EGEE&C Energy for Sustainable Communities Development of Thailand's City Energy Profiles: A Case Study of Nonthaburi and Rayong Municipalities Master Plan for Longju Sustainable Village in Guanghan, Sichuan Province, China

The Expert Sub-Group on Energy for Sustainable Communities was formed in 1996 in response to a mandate by APEC leaders to work toward development of APEC as a sustainable energy community. The Sub-Group met twice per year, rotating among cities in participating APEC economies. It sponsored the development of a series of energy profiles for a number of communities in various APEC developing economies. The objective of these profiles was to develop proposals aiming to mitigate energy and environment problems and/or raise awareness on energy conservation. The energy profiles study teams encouraged the communities to brainstorm on energy and environmental issues and develop possible activities to solve the identified problems. These interactive processes aimed to ensure that the communities would be fully capable of implementing and maintaining energy efficiency programmes.

1998 EGNRET EWG06/1998 Assessment of Integrated Rural and Village Power Programs for Potential Collaborative Projects in the APEC Region

The project assessed the potential acceleration of renewable technology deployment in the APEC region from integrating rural energy and economic development programs with village power programs.


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1999 United States

City Level Energy Decision Making: A Case Study of Bangkok

This project illustrated the value of information for facilitating policy decisions on energy efficiency and conservation and it shows how city energy data could be collected at different levels of detail. This illustration will hopefully be useful to APEC communities in profiling their energy sectors. In addition to the main task of profiling the energy sector of a city, the other tasks of this study include: (1) reviewing the existing research on health impacts related to city energy use to understand more about the true cost of using energy; (2) examining the decision making structure regarding the use of energy in a city to identify the points of contact for future work; and (3) examining the organizations that are working on energy research to reveal potential local partners for developing a proposal for project funding.

2001 Australia EWG SF01-1 A Costed Strategy and Action Plan to Convert all Municipal Services in the City of Melbourne to Renewable Energy Supplies

The City of Melbourne’s original proposal was to develop a costed strategy and action plan to convert all municipal services to renewable energy supplies. During the course of investigations, consultant advice led to a decision by the City of Melbourne to expand and refine the scope of the overall project. The scope was modified to undertake a fully costed strategy for achieving zero net greenhouse gas emissions in the municipality as a whole by 2020 (see following project).

2001 Australia EWG SF01-9 Zero Net Emissions by 2020: A Roadmap to a Climate Neutral City

This project aimed to deliver a best practice model for the City of Melbourne as well as substantial methodological development in energy planning for major cities in other APEC economies. The project also serves as a vehicle to facilitate significant greenhouse gas reduction across the APEC member economies.

2003 EGNRET EWG04/2003 APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative (Collaborative I): Technical Workshop to Support Village Power Applications

The workshop agenda focused on technical, financial, and institutional aspects of expanding rural access to modern energy services, especially electricity and clean fuels. It provided an excellent opportunity to obtain up-to-date information on renewable energy technologies, including a range of issues crucial to the selection, deployment, operation, maintenance, financing and scale up of these options. It also extended and deepened the APEC network of village power practitioners and related organizations and programs.


2006 EGNRET EWG03/2006A APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative (Collaborative VI): Evaluation of the Role of the Village Power Applications in Response to the Tsunami Recovery Effort

The objective of this project is to examine the role of village power applications in the tsunami recovery effort. An understanding of how village power applications played roles in this tsunami recovery effort and what obstacles might have been present that prevented more use of them, will significantly benefit APEC member economies, as well as non-member economies. The lessons learned from this event will create guidelines for the future rapid utilization of village power systems when another natural disaster happens. In addition, as village and remote power activities have been an important APEC work area, the experience from the past APEC projects and activities will be utilized in the project.

APEC Economy and Sectoral Studies 2002 APERC Alternative Development

Scenarios for Electricity and Transport to 2020 for the APEC Region

The objective of this project was to produce alternative development scenarios for the electricity and transport sectors of APEC economies to 2020, driven largely by the concept of environmental sustainability, and having the APEC Energy Demand and Supply Outlook 2002 as a reference case. One of the main results of the Outlook was the key importance of the electricity and transport sectors for the energy systems of APEC economies. Reference case projections showed the serious impacts these two sectors could have on the environment, energy security and investment requirements if the then current trends were maintained. The project report explores alternative pathways for these two sectors, with sustainability as the primary driving force. Given the short time frame of the study, the year 2020, emphasis was given to designing challenging but feasible scenarios.

2004 APERC Energy in China: Transportation, Electric Power and Fuel Markets

China has experienced enormous growth in its energy markets over the last two decades, fuelled by sustained growth in its economy. As rapidly expanding transportation and power production in China place increasing demands on markets for oil, gas and coal, the effects may well be felt elsewhere in the APEC region. This project was undertaken to afford policy-makers a better understanding of how transport and power sector trends in China may affect fuel markets and the environment, as well as measures that might be taken to moderate the impacts foreseen.

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58

2005 EBN Forum on Opportunities and Challenges in Viet Nam’s Energy Sector

The Forum was held in March 2005, in Hanoi, Viet Nam. The overall objective of the Forum was to understand Viet Nam’s objectives for energy development, share the experiences of energy companies working in Viet Nam, consider challenges to energy investment and discuss practical solutions.

Administration 2000 EWG EWG02/2000 Energy Working Group Website

Maintenance and Support in 2000

This project upgraded and provided ongoing maintenance for the EWG website.


59

CLEAN FOSSIL ENERGY Year


funding Economy


APEC Technical Seminars on Clean Fossil Energy 1993 EGCC EWG02/1993 First APEC Technical Seminar

on Clean Coal Technology Seminar held in Chiang Mai, Thailand in September 1993 provided a forum to facilitate in depth discussion of practical issues associated with the introduction of clean coal technologies including their efficiencies, economics, environmental performance, financing and policy.

1994 EGCC EWG02/1994 Second APEC Technical Seminar on Utilisation of Clean Coal Technologies

Seminar held in Jakarta, Indonesia in October 1994, provided the opportunity to share knowledge of actual commercial scale operations, addressing relevant policy issues, evaluating clean coal technologies relative to other energy options, and the promotion of means to facilitate deployment of clean coal technologies for existing and planned coal-fired facilities in the Asia-Pacific region.

1995 EGCC EWG03/1995 Third APEC Technical Seminar on Utilisation of Clean Coal Technologies

Seminar held in Taejon, Republic of Korea in August 1995 provided an opportunity for experts to examine clean coal technologies in APEC member economies from the perspective of development, operating efficiencies, environmental performance and project financing.

1996 EGCFF EWG02/1996 Fourth APEC Technical Seminar on Clean Fossil Fuels Technology

Seminar held in Beijing in October 1996. The theme of the seminar was “Clean coal technologies: energy and environmental aspects of clean coal technologies”.


60

1997 EGCFF EWG04/1997 Fifth APEC Technical Seminar on Clean Fossil Fuels Technology

Seminar held in Reno Nevada USA; in October 1997. Subjects covered by the seminar included: 1) current conventional clean fossil fuels technologies; 2) current commercial state-of-the-art technologies; 3) specific clean fossil fuels technology applications suitable for the Asia Pacific region; 4) performance characteristics and physical performance efficiency, environmental performance, and economic costs; 5) alternate energy options; and, 6) policy issues relevant to deployment of clean fossil fuels technologies.

1998 Japan EWG SF98-1 Sixth APEC Technical Seminar on Clean Fossil Energy

Seminar held in Okinawa, Japan in October 1998 focussed on promoting practical clean fossil technologies (for oil and gas as well as coal) to the developing economies in the APEC region.

1999 Chinese Taipei

EWG SF99-4 Seventh APEC Technical Seminar on Clean Fossil Energy

Seminar hosted by Chinese Taipei and held in Taipei in March 2000 and included a tour of one of Asia’s largest coal-fired power plants, and a full review of the advanced environmental technologies in use and the economics and efficiency of the plant.

APEC Coal Flow Seminars 1994 Japan EWG SF94-1 First APEC Coal Flow Seminar

1995 China EWG SF95-1 Second APEC Coal Flow Seminar

1996 Australia EWG SF96-1 Third APEC Coal Flow Seminar

1997 United States

EWG SF97-1 Fourth APEC Coal Flow Seminar

1999 Japan EWG SF99-1 Fifth APEC Coal Flow Seminar

2000 Korea Sixth APEC Coal Flow Seminar

Six Seminars held to facilitate a better understanding of the supply and demand for coal in the APEC region: 1. Tokyo, Japan, October 1994 2. Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, December 1995 3. Terrigal, Australia, November 1996 4. Honolulu, USA, November 1997 5. Yokohama, Japan, February 1999 6. Kyungju, Korea, March 2000


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2000 Thailand EWG SF00-2 Joint Seventh APEC Coal Flow Seminar & Eighth APEC Technical Seminar on Clean Fossil Energy

Seminar held in Bangkok, Thailand in November 2000. The conference theme was “The Clean and Efficient Use of Fossil Energy for Power Generation in Thailand”. The objective of the seminar was to discuss the technologies currently available to use fossil fuels in power generation plants and, in particular, to address a range of important technical, economic and policy issues facing coal utilization in power generation in APEC economies.

2001 Malaysia Joint Eighth APEC Coal Flow Seminar & Ninth APEC Technical Seminar on Clean Fossil Energy

Seminar held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in March 2002. The conference theme was ”Coal in Sustainable Development in the 21st Century”. The seminar focussed on the technological and policy approaches that APEC economies are pursuing to allow the continued use of coal in the region and as a pillar for sustainable development around the world in the 21st century.

2002 China Joint Ninth APEC Coal Flow Seminar & Tenth APEC Technical Seminar on Clean Fossil Energy

Clean Fossil Energy Technical and Policy Seminars 2003 Korea First APEC Clean Fossil

Technical and Policy Seminar incorporating Joint Tenth APEC Coal Flow Seminar & Eleventh APEC Technical Seminar on Clean Fossil Energy

This Seminar resulted from a decision to integrate the Coal Flow and Clean Fossil Energy Technical Seminars, which were held jointly in previous years. The event was held in Seoul, Korea in December 2003 under the theme “Technology: Coal’s Way Forward”.


62

2005 Philippines Second APEC Clean Fossil Technical and Policy Seminar

This second integrated clean fossil energy event was held in Cebu, Philippines in January 2005, under the theme “Meeting Today’s Challenges to Supply Tomorrow’s Energy”. The Seminar for the first time added the natural gas area. Coal topics covered included coal policies and the outlook for coal utilization in a number of APEC economies, advanced clean coal technology development, coal mine methane technologies, and carbon capture and sequestration. In the natural gas area, natural gas expansion in the APEC area was the main focus, including bringing new gas reserves to markets and utilization in new gas-fired combined cycle power generating plants.

2006 Thailand Third APEC Clean Fossil Technical and Policy Seminar

The Seminar was held in Lampang, Thailand in February 2006, under the theme “Clean Coal - Diversifying and Securing Thailand’s Energy Future”. Areas covered included coal supply and demand developments and outlook in APEC economies, national coal strategies, existing and emerging clean coal technologies, zero-emission coal-fired power generation, and carbon capture and sequestration.

2007 Vietnam Fourth APEC Clean Fossil Technical and Policy Seminar

The Seminar was held in Hanoi, Vietnam in February 2007. The theme was “Clean Coal as a Sustainable Energy Development Strategy”. Areas covered were coal supply and demand outlook in APEC economies, advanced coal mining technologies, and commercial and emerging clean coal technologies including zero-emission power plants and carbon capture and storage.

APEC Coal Trade and Investment Liberalisation and Facilitation Workshops 1997 EGCFF EWG02/1997T Inaugural APEC Coal Trade and

Investment Liberalisation and Facilitation Workshop – Indonesia

1998 EGCFE Second APEC Coal Trade and Investment Liberalisation and Facilitation Workshop – Philippines

These workshops focussed on the liberalisation and facilitation of trade and investment in the coal and coal-based energy sectors of developing member economies and supported the region’s rapidly expanding demand for clean and efficient energy. Topics included: facilitating development of the APEC economy’s coal resources and existing coal industry; environmental mine management; facilitating profitable energy development; and electricity for economic development.


63

1999 EGCFE EWG05/1999T Third APEC Coal Trade and Investment Liberalisation and Facilitation Workshop – Vietnam

2000 EGCFE EWG06/2000T Fourth APEC Coal Trade and Investment Liberalisation and Facilitation Workshop – Malaysia

Clean Coal 1993 EGCC The Role of Coal and Clean

Coal Technologies in the Asia Pacific Region

The aim of the project was to develop a better understanding of regional issues concerning environmental aspects of coal and coal technologies.

1994 EGCC EWG03/1994 Technical Training Course on Clean Coal Technologies

Training course held in Sydney, Australia in November/ December 1994 to strengthened understanding of both the technical aspects of CCT’s and the techniques for evaluating technology options.

1995 EGCC EWG06/1995 Technical Training Course on Clean Coal Technologies

Training course held in Kitakyushu, Japan in September 1995 to provide training on the technical, environmental and economic aspects of clean coal technologies.

2006 EGCFE EWG05/2006 How Can Environmental Regulations Promote Clean Coal Technology Adoption in APEC Economies

This project will assess and make recommendations on regulations that will promote the use of new clean and efficient coal-fired power generation technologies (i.e., clean coal technologies, CCTs) resulting in lower emissions of air pollutants. In addition, environmental regulations related to water use for power generation in the APEC region will be included. The attributes of CCTs in regard to pollutants will be summarized, and suggestions will be made on regulations that will promote the uptake of CCTs. The analysis will include the cost implications for APEC economies, as well as the environmental benefits of implementing the recommended regulations.


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Electricity Generation

2001 APERC Sustainable Electricity Supply Options for the APEC Region

The objective of this project was to investigate ways in which rapidly growing APEC economies can sustainably meet their burgeoning electricity supply infrastructure requirements. The project considered the trend towards more distributed power systems as one industry model that could provide a cost effective alternative to the traditional electricity supply industry development pathway. The project also considered the growing importance of renewable resources and new technologies as important ingredients in any future energy development path. The project report suggests that the continued development of natural gas infrastructure will be a key to long-term energy sustainability, as natural gas has great potential as the "bridging fuel" to the future.

2003 EGCFE EWG04/2003T Costs and Effectiveness of Upgrading and Refurbishment of Older Coal-Fired Power Plants in Developing APEC Economies

This project assessed the costs and effectiveness of various power plants upgrades and operational and maintenance improvements to APEC developing economies' pulverised coal-fired power stations, indicating how to assess and prioritize them for detailed evaluation, and provided a methodology for evaluating the impacts of the higher priority improvements, both economic and environmental, as an aid to decision-makers.

2004 APERC Nuclear Power Generation in the APEC Region

Nuclear power has been an important component of the electricity systems in the APEC region since the 1950s. Yet there is debate concerning the viability of nuclear power due to concerns about its cost, safety, waste disposal and proliferation. The role nuclear power can play in APEC can be better assessed by analysing its current status and the forces driving the technology in the region, and by looking at the factors that will influence the development of nuclear power in the future. The objective of the project was to give policy makers a better understanding of nuclear power’s present standing and recent developments, as well as to give an assessment of what role nuclear power can play in the future of APEC.


65

2007 EGCFE EWG05/2007 Lessons Learned in Upgrading & Refurbishing Older Coal Fired Power Plants: A Best Practice Guide for APEC Developing Economies

A previous APEC project described upgrading and refurbishment options to improve plant efficiency, performance and reliability. The results of this project are considered sufficiently significant to warrant a follow-up of a more specific nature, drawing from project experience in APEC member economies. The objectives of this project are to (1) illustrate the methodology and its usefulness as a decision-making tool using actual case studies, (2) draw lessons from plant upgrading project experience that may serve to improve the prioritization and economic assessment methods proposed, and (3) make usable information, tools, and best practice guidelines more widely available to APEC developing economies faced with decisions on how to obtain the best value for the limited funds they have available for upgrading.

2007 EGCFE EWG06/2007 Environmental Monitoring for Coal-Fired Power Plants in Developing Asian APEC Economies

The objectives of this project are: to gather, synthesize, and assess experience in Asian APEC economies with regard to environmental monitoring and reporting by individual, both existing and new, coal-fired power generating plants; and to make recommendations regarding how monitoring should be applied and how it should interact with regulations for effective adoption of clean coal technologies.

2007 EGCFE EWG06/2007A Technology Status and Project Development Risks of Advanced Coal Power Generation Technologies in APEC Developing Economies

The objectives of this proposed project are: to gather, synthesize, and assess information on experience to date in APEC economies with regard to the status, performance, relative costs, and project development/financing risks for integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) coal-based generating plants versus supercritical and ultrasupercritical pulverized-coal plants operating in different economies; to make recommendations on policy measures and financial incentives needed to favor projects using CCTs in APEC economies where energy needs are expanding rapidly and coal is the fuel of choice, and on further international collaboration that would assist in achieving this objective; to make recommendations for power generation sector capacity-building in developing economies through improved knowledge and access to information on constructing, operating and maintaining cleaner and more efficient new coal-fired plants.


66

Natural Gas and Coal Mine Gas

1997 EGCFF EWG06/1997 APEC Joint Multilateral Demonstration Project for Recovery and Utilisation of Coal Mine Gas - Phase 1

The outputs of Phase 1 of the project comprised the publication of a site survey and selection report, an options analysis, a report evaluating possible options for use of coal mine gas in the region of the mine and an environmental impact assessment report.

1998 EGCFE EWG03/1998 Coal and Natural Gas Competition in APEC Economies

The project examined and summarised the status and potential role of coal and natural gas in each APEC economy. The survey paid particular attention to policy options that can enhance the participation of the private sector and open market forces in the selection and use of the competing energy reserves in meeting long-term electricity needs at the lowest long-term costs and with the lowest associated environmental impacts. The project also contributed to a technical resource database operated by APERC.

1999 EGCFE EWG01/1999S APEC Joint Multilateral Demonstration Project for Recovery and Utilisation of Coal Mine Gas - Phase 2 Site Survey Report of Phase 2 of the APEC Coal Mine Gas Project Study Report of Environmental Impact Assessment

Specific activities and products of Phase 2 of the project included: 1) a site survey in Tiefa coal Mining Administration and Tielin City of Liaoning Province, People’s Republic of China in January 1998; 2) a Coal Mine Gas Experts Workshop in Tokyo in May 1998; 3) two reports.

1999 EWG SF99-3 APEC Joint Project for the Recovery and Utilisation of Methane Emitted from Municipal Landfills

The major output of the project was an assessment of the quality and quantity of the land fill gas resource at selected sites in Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines. Capturing and harnessing landfill gas represents one of the promising options for APEC economies to concurrently minimise energy costs, mitigate environmental impact at the local and global levels, improve the energy security and reduce safety and general health.


67

2002 APERC Industrial Sector Natural Gas Use in APEC Economies

The objective of the study was to investigate the penetration of natural gas in the industrial sector for selected APEC economies, with the aim of providing some insights for other economies that have plans to promote the use of natural gas in the industrial sector after successfully utilising the fuel in the power sector. This study also provided a complementary analysis to the natural gas projection included in the APEC Energy Demand and Supply Outlook 2002.

2004 EGCFE EWG02/2004 Potential for Growth of Natural Gas as a Clean Energy Source in APEC Developing Economies

This project produced a report that aims to be a reference tool for policymakers in APEC economies who are considering, or wishing to expand, natural gas as a clean energy fuel to meet their respective economy's growing energy needs.

2005 Chinese Taipei United States

Workshop on Expanding the LNG Market in APEC: Policies, Commercial Practices and Technologies

This workshop was held in and hosted by Chinese Taipei in February 2005. The aim of the workshop was to progress the recommendations and best practice principles presented to APEC Energy Ministers in June 2004, regarding the facilitation of natural gas trade in the Asia-Pacific region. The workshop prioritised and identified next steps for implementation, and recommended new areas to be addressed.

2006 EGCFE EWG06/2006T Increasing LNG Trade and Investment in the APEC Region: Information Exchange on LNG Public Education Campaigns

The objective of this project is to organize and hold a Workshop to exchange information on public education campaigns related to LNG in APEC economies. The project will expand the capacity of APEC members to absorb LNG technologies and promote a free flow of information on these technologies to the public, thereby enhancing public acceptance and encouraging natural gas trade and investment.

Reducing CO2 Emissions 1996 EGCFF EWG05/1996 Study on Atmospheric

Emissions Regulations in APEC Economies and their Compliance at Coal Fired Plants

The output of this project was a major report, which for the first time correlated emission regulations within each economy and related these emissions to control systems that may or may have not exist in each of the 15 participating economies.


68

1999 EGCFE EWG04/1999 The Role of Petroleum Based and Alternative Transport Fuels in Reducing Emissions in the APEC Region

This project examined the options for petroleum-based and alternative transportation fuels and the contribution they could make towards reducing emissions and air quality impacts associated with transportation in the APEC region. The project analysed the more efficient and environmentally beneficial use of petroleum fuels, including fuel quality improvements through reformulated and oxygenated fuels. The use of alternative transport fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquid petroleum gas, alcohol fuels such as ethanol and methanol as well as coal and natural gas derived liquid fuels were also examined.

2000 EGCFE EWG04/2000 Options to Reduce CO2 Emissions from Electricity Generation in the APEC Region (Phase I)

This project was undertaken to help APEC economies address greenhouse gas emissions and environmental issues associated with use of fossil energy to generate electricity. The project furthers APEC's objectives by expanding the information available on methods for improving the efficiency of current technologies and on the performance of alternative and emerging technologies. The project surveyed the current approaches taken by APEC member economies in dealing with CO2 reduction from burning fossil fuels. The results of the survey formed the basis of further studies that examined individual economies and provided suggested solutions to reducing CO2 emissions that are tailored to specific APEC economies.

2001 EGCFE EWG02/2001 Options to Reduce CO2 Emissions from Electricity Generation in the APEC Region (Phase II)

This project provided broad insights into opportunities to improve electricity generation in APEC economies by reducing CO2 emissions. Examples were selected from within the APEC region and externally to provide quantified data that can be used as a guide for other APEC economies as they develop their energy planning.

2003 EGCFE EWG03/2003T Options to Reduce CO2 Emissions from the Electric Power Generation Sector in APEC Economies (Phase III) - TILF Workshop for Developing Economies

This project drew together the results of a multi-year, two-phase project, by organizing and holding a TILF Workshop on “Options to Reduce CO2 Emissions from the Electric Power Generation Sector in APEC Economies (Phase III).” An important objective of the Workshop, was its focus on issues that can affect the coal as a future energy source in developing APEC member economies, and in particular, how CO2 emission reduction issues may distort future trade and investment decisions.


69

2003 EGCFE EWG06/2003 Assessment of Geological Storage Potential of Carbon Dioxide in the APEC Region (Phase 1)

This project was a desk top study of the geological prospectivity for carbon dioxide subsurface storage in selected APEC member economies. The study did not attempt to quantify storage capacity. The regions assessed within APEC were China, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Chinese Taipei and Thailand. The study concluded that the three main options for subsurface storage of CO2 are deep saline reservoirs, depleted oil and gas fields and deep unmineable coal beds.

2004 EGCFE EWG03/2004T Carbon Dioxide Capture and Geological Sequestration Potential of the APEC Region Phase 2

The objectives of Phase 2 of this project were to enhance the capacity of APEC economies to conduct their own carbon dioxide and geo-sequestration technical site assessments and to build awareness and capacity of the potential for the capture and geo-sequestration of carbon dioxide.

2005 EGCFE EWG07/2005 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Geological Sequestration Potential of the APEC Region (Phase 3)

This project built on assessments of the geological potential in APEC economies (EWG06/2003) and introductory training materials (EWG02/2004T) by promoting carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology transfer into developing APEC economies. The project allowed developing APEC economies to explore CCS technologies currently available or in development, and increase their adoption by holding two workshops in developing economies. The workshops disseminated the results of the two previous projects, demonstrated projects and technologies currently being undertaken in APEC economies, and discussed the future potential of these technologies in the APEC region. The workshops also provided the opportunity to bring leading edge expertise on CO2 capture geo-sequestration to APEC member economies.


70

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION Year


funding Economy


Energy Efficient Technologies 1994 EGEE&C EWG07/1994 Survey of Commercialisation

Strategies for Energy Efficiency and Conservation Technologies

The survey identified successful and unsuccessful commercialisation strategies for energy efficiency and conservation technologies in APEC member countries, to assess the relative cost effectiveness of successful commercialisation strategies.

1995 EGEE&C EWG04/1995 Workshop on Heat Recovery and Industrial Cogeneration Technologies

This workshop, held in November 1995 in Singapore, assisted in developing an ‘APEC Heat Recovery and Co-generation Plan of Action’ to facilitate the effective application of relevant technologies, systems and the establishment of the necessary energy infrastructure in the APEC region.

1998 EGEE&C EWG04/1998 Workshop on Emerging Energy-Efficient Industrial Technologies

The objectives of this workshop were: to provide a forum for manufacturers and designers and potential users to exchange information on emerging energy-efficient industrial technologies; and to identify demonstration possibilities for these technologies in APEC member economies.

1999 EGEE&C EWG02/1999 APEC Energy Efficiency Database Construction

The primary objective of this project was to collect information on the energy efficient technologies deployed in each APEC economy and to what extent, focussing on few selected economies where technology information has been limited.


71

2001 EGEE&C and

EGNRET

EWG06/2001 Workshop on Distributed Generation, Distribution, and Efficiency

The Workshop was held in Mexico City in April 2002 under the auspices of the Expert Groups on Energy Efficiency and Conservation and New and Renewable Energy Technologies. Ten speakers from five APEC economies made technical presentations at the workshop organized according to the seven activities of the distributed energy resources industry: research and development; manufacture, promotion and sale of distributed technologies; application of distributed technologies; development and use of tools to evaluate the financial and technical feasibility of DER; project development; finance of DER projects; and institutional issues such as identifying and removing barriers to deploying DER.

Energy Efficiency Performance Standards and Labelling 1997 EGEE&C EWG03/1997 Regional Harmonisation of

Appliance Energy Efficiency Standards

This project provided an overview of the trade flows of major energy-using appliances and equipment between APEC member economies, including refrigerators, air conditions, electric motors and lighting equipment. . The project report was titled Overview of Trade Flows of Energy-using Products Between APEC Member Economies. The report summarised trade flow data on the value of trade and the numbers of units traded, included a market characterisation of these products and outlined implications of trade flow study for decision making on APEC's program for regional harmonisation of energy efficiency testing. The project was intended to provide information to the APEC Steering Group on Energy Standards to assist in setting priorities for the program of work outlined by the Energy Ministers of the APEC member economies concerning cooperation related to energy efficiency standards and trade.

1997 Canada Energy Efficiency Performance Testing and Conformity Assessment in APEC Member Economies: Survey and Recommendations

This project looked at major issues such as test procedures in use for major product groups, and examined accreditation and certification practices within APEC for energy testing.

1998 EGEE&C EWG03/1998T Review of Energy Efficiency Test Standards and Regulations in APEC Member Economies

This project examined program requirements and test procedures for all electrical products that are regulated for energy efficiency within APEC member economies.


72

1999 EGEE&C EWG01/1999T Workshop on Setting up and Running An Energy Performance Testing Laboratory

This workshop, held in Manilla, Philippines in July 1999 provided an understanding of the practicalities and problems of setting up and running an energy performance testing laboratory. The workshop also defined and addressed technical issues relating to harmonization of energy performance standards, including complying with requirements for mutual recognition and dissemination of the findings.

1999 EGEE&C EWG03/1999 Colloquium on the Technical Issues of Minimum Energy Performance Standards

This Colloquium, held in Seoul, Korea in October 1999, was one of several activities initiated to stimulate progress in the alignment of international energy performance standards for electrical appliances and equipment. It provided a forum for representatives of APEC member economies to share and discuss issues related to minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) for two energy-consuming products: ballasts for fluorescent lamps and room air conditioners. Agreement was reached on the way forward to achieve closer alignment of energy performance measurement methods for the products being studied.

1999 EGEE&C EWG04/1999T Symposium on Domestic Refrigeration Appliances

This symposium, held in Wellington, New Zealand in March 2000, resulted in enhanced understanding and appreciation of the complex technical issues surrounding the process of making refrigerators and freezers more energy efficient. Participants at the symposium reached general agreement on the way towards solving these issues.


73

2000 EGEE&C EWG03/2000T Studies of Algorithm

Development for Energy Performance Testing Study 1 Selection of Product Groups Study 2 Study of Algorithms for Domestic Refrigeration Appliances Study 3 Study of Algorithms for Air Conditioners Study 4 Survey of Industry and Regulators

This project addressed requests by APEC Energy Ministers to strengthen cooperation on energy efficiency standards. A wide range of electrical products are regulated for energy efficiency within APEC member economies. This list is even more extensive if economies outside of APEC are also considered. Given the lack of harmony among the existing energy consumption and performance test procedures, industry is likely to incur a significant cost through reduced access to markets and additional testing in order to meet local regulatory energy efficiency requirements. Prior to this project, it was not sure whether conversion algorithms would be beneficial, useful, and applicable for APEC economies. The project examined the main electrical product groups that are regulated for energy efficiency with a view to assessing whether a “conversion algorithm” is feasible and desirable.

2001 EGEE&C EWG01/2001T Energy Standards Information Development and Coordination

The APEC Energy Standards Information System (APEC-ESIS) development project is the culmination of nearly ten years of co-operative activity within APEC to reduce the barriers to trade caused by duplication and the difficulty of member economies finding and remaining up to date on the technical standards that lie behind the growing number of economy specific energy performance standards and labeling programs. APEC-ESIS is an interactive database that is designed for ongoing updating and expansion. APEC-ESIS has been developed to be a widely used tool by officials, regulators, researchers, manufacturers and others in APEC and throughout the world.

2001 EGEE&C EWG06/2001T Development of Algorithm Criteria for Energy Performance Testing Introduction Study 1 Room Air Conditioners Study 2 Domestic Refrigerating Appliances

The aim of this project was to investigate and establish the feasibility of using algorithms in place of repeat testing for 1) air-conditioners and 2) domestic refrigerating appliances that are subject to energy efficiency requirements. The project followed on from Project EWG03/2000T “Study on Algorithm Development for Energy Performance Testing” which concluded that the development and acceptance of such algorithms is most beneficial, relevant and necessary to these two product groups. The two in-depth studies in this project have resulted in different conclusions for the two product groups.


74

2002 EGEE&C EWG03/2002 Symposium on the Development and Coordination of Energy Efficiency Programs and Standards during Energy Market Restructuring

This project aimed to identify ways of coordinating certain activities, such as the development of energy efficiency standards, to prevent artificial trade barriers arising during energy market restructuring. The Symposium provided the necessary coordination by exchanging experiences and ideas over four days attended by representatives and practitioners from a majority of APEC member economies.

2003 EGEE&C EWG03/2003 Seminar on Co-operation on Energy Labeling

The seminar was attended by energy efficiency administrators, practitioners and technical experts from 16 APEC member economies. The seminar provided a comprehensive picture of the current state and knowledge of energy performance labelling in the APEC region.

2004 EGEE&C EWG05/2004T Alignment of Testing Procedures for Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps

This project developed benchmarks for the efficiency of room air conditioners in five Asian countries: Thailand, Malaysia, China, Korea, and Australia. A team of local consultants in the five countries were responsible for collecting and gathering available data in their country. The team carried out market surveys and characterized the room air conditioner market in each of the countries. Teams also reviewed manufacturers’ catalogues of models available on the market; carried out shop surveys; and collected available laboratory test data on air conditioner performance. The data collection and analysis focused on air conditioner units with up to 36,000 BTU/hr cooling capacity. A massive amount of data was collected – ranging from 23 to 46 brands per country; and from 224 up to 929 models per country.

2004 Chinese Taipei

Energy Standards and Labeling Information Network

The overall purpose of this project was to maintain and expand the APEC Energy Standards Information System (ESIS) database and web site (www.apec-esis.org). This project provided a response to the Energy Ministers’ San Diego initiative for the “establishment of the position of an APEC Energy Efficiency Test Procedures Coordinator”. It also fulfilled the APEC Energy Ministers’ requirements that APEC member economies inform others of their energy efficiency standards.

2005 Australia Korea

Australian and Korean Air-conditioner Round Robin Using the ISO standard

This project used inter-laboratory tests on two air-conditioners to verify test procedures.


75

2006 Australia Japan New

Zealand

APEC System for Managing and Benchmarking the Energy Efficiency of Traded Products

This project comprises the ongoing development and maintenance of the APEC Energy Standards Information System (APEC-ESIS) database. See www.apec-esis.org

2006 EGEE&C EWG02/2006T Harmonisation of Standards and Labeling for Compact Fluorescent Lamps in Order to Reduce Trade Barriers in APEC Economies

The purpose of this project is to continue and build on both previous and ongoing work in APEC to reduce barriers to trade created by the existence of many different energy performance test methods and energy performance requirements for compact fluorescent lamps across the 21 APEC economies.

2006 Australia Japan

Japan-Australia Air Conditioning Test Laboratory Round Robin

This project examined testing practice in Australia and Japan. A split system air conditioner was at tested at both Mechlab, University of New South Wales and Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association (JRAIA). Representatives from JRAIA attended the testing in Australia.

2006 Australia New

Zealand

Fiji Energy-Efficient Refrigerator Project

The Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) approached the Australia–New Zealand equipment energy efficiency program in 2005 to apply refrigerator labelling in Fiji. SOPAC and Fiji are currently establishing this project.

2006 Australia A Vision for Co-operation on Energy Standards and Labeling Programs

This project is centred around a White Paper that presents a vision for international cooperation on energy standards and labelling. The paper grew out of an APEC1 self-funded project (The Standards Vision Project), in which the Australian Greenhouse Office (AGO) sponsored a series of invited workshops on four continents to prompt discussion about a common strategic vision on energy-efficiency standards and labelling, with the aim to develop a consensus on implementing the best possible scheme in each economy within APEC. The Standards Vision Project has also helped to foster inter-regional cooperation by initiating discussions among and between networks of interested standards and labelling experts who might continue to exchange ideas and critique proposals through on-going informal dialogues outside of formal channels.

http://www.apec-esis.org/

http://www.apec-esis.org/


76

2007 EGEE&C EWG06/2007T Electric Motors –Alignment of Standards and Best Practice Programmes within APEC

This project aims to promote the use of efficient motors in APEC member economies by aligning test methods and energy performance standards. It builds on the recent agreement at the IEC to create a single method of test acceptable to world technical experts to measure motor efficiency. The project aims to facilitate the use of a single common test method and promote appropriate performance and efficiency endorsement levels amongst member economies. The use of a common test method and a set of aligned performance & “high efficiency” endorsement levels will enable suppliers to more easily market efficient products within APEC economies.

Standby Power 2005 EGEE&C EWG03/2005T Standby Power – Promoting

Improved Cooperation among APEC Economies in Programs to Reduce Standby Power Losses

This project promoted exchange of information within APEC on best practices in standby power loss reduction through an international survey; a regional technical workshop with APEC experts; and with specific recommendations to APEC economies that are measuring standby losses from end-use appliances and equipment and considering product regulation or certification.

2006 Australia Standby Power Conference The International Standby Power Conference was held in Canberra, Australia in November 2006. With standby power consumption for the Australian residential sector found to cost more than half a billion dollars and generate more than 500 million tonnes of CO2 per annum, effective action is needed now to combat the problem. Titled “A time for Global Action”, the conference brought together a formidable collection of international speakers from a variety of organisations, each of whom conveyed their own knowledge and insight into tackling the issue of excessive standby power.

Demand Side Management 1993 EGEE&C EWG10/1993 Workshop on Implementation of

Successful Demand Side Management Programs in the Asia Pacific Region

Workshop held in May 1993 in Seoul, Korea and assisted member economies in achieving efficiency and conservation benefits on the demand side, particularly in relation to electricity demand.


77

1994 EGEE&C EWG05/1994 A Directory of Demand Side Management Service Providers and Vendors

The directory was intended to facilitate the development of utility demand-side management programs by providing Governments, utilities and other organisations with a Directory of organisations and companies providing technical assistance and/or consulting services in support of demand side management programs.

1995 United States

EWG SF95-2 A DSM Manual for the APEC Economies

The purpose of the manual was to provide an overview of demand side management (DSM) principles and practices (published by the Inter-Utility Demand and Supply Management Liaison Group).

1996 EGEE&C EWG03/1996 Planning Workshop on Energy Efficient Gas Technologies

Workshop held in Hawaii in August 1996 to identify suitable demonstration possibilities for efficient gas technologies amongst member economies and assessed the usefulness of a gas inter-utility demand side management liaison group.

Energy Audits 1994 Chinese

Taipei EWG SF94-2 Energy Audit Workshop Workshop held in Chinese Taipei in November 1994 developed a plan for future

cooperation in the area of energy audits and monitoring of energy use. 2003 Chinese

Taipei EWG05/2003 Energy Audit Training Program

for the Industrial Sector The purpose of this project was to provide guidance and tools for implementing energy audit training to improve energy efficiency in the industrial sector. This was achieved through holding a seminar to share information and resources developed in practice in participating APEC member economies.

Energy Efficiency in Commercial Buildings 1999 EGEE&C EWG06/1999 Workshop on Energy-Efficiency

Retrofitting of Commercial Buildings

This workshop, held in Mexico City in March 1999, provided a forum for government policy makers, energy service companies and firms involved in manufacturing energy-efficient components for buildings to share information and experiences related to retrofitting building-commercial and government, public and private.

2000 EGEE&C EWG06/2000 Green Buildings- Investing in Our Future – a Showcase Workshop

The purpose of this project was to increase private sector investment in environmentally sound commercial building technologies.


78

2005 EGEE&C City of

Melbourne

Workshop on the Rise of the Green Building

The workshop was organised by the City of Melbourne and the Expert Group on Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EGEE&C). It continued the collaboration between the two organisations on the development of the Zero Net Greenhouse Emissions by 2020 strategy for the City. The Workshop took a new approach to promoting the uptake of energy efficient and environmentally sustainable technologies and practices.

Energy Efficiency in Transport 1996 New

Zealand EWG SF96-2 Urban Transport Forum Forum held in April 1996 in Auckland.

2007 EGEE&C EWG03/2007A Survey of Transport Energy Efficiency Policies in APEC Economies

This project will review the range of policies that exist to enhance the efficiency and reduce the oil use of freight and passenger transport in APEC economies, report to ministers and leaders on successful policy approaches, and draw on this best practice information to develop future projects to advance energy-efficient transportation and reduced oil dependency in the APEC region.


1996 EGEE&C EWG SF96-3 Analysis of Energy Use Benchmark Data in Member Economies

This project analysed data on energy use in commercial buildings and industry to establish benchmarks for energy use in APEC member economies.

1997 EGEE&C EWG01/1997 Energy Benchmark System Development and Implementation

The objective of this project was to institute a regularly scheduled uniform system for energy benchmark data collection and dissemination for use by APEC member economies to improve the energy efficiency of commercial buildings and industries.

1998 EGEE&C EWG02/1998 Institutionalisation of a Benchmarking System for Data on the Energy Use of Commercial and Industrial Buildings

The objective of this project was to extend pilot and development phases of APEC benchmarking activities and provide a permanent "home" for collecting energy benchmarking data on commercial and industrial buildings in APEC member economies. The database is accessible at http://eber.ed.ornl.gov/apec/index.htm but the data is from the early 1990s.

http://eber.ed.ornl.gov/apec/index.htm


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Energy Efficiency Indicators

2000 APERC Energy Efficiency Indicators: A Study of Energy Efficiency Indicators for Industry in APEC Economies

The purpose of this project was to examine three important sectors, namely iron and steel, cement, and pulp and paper. These sectors were chosen because they are energy intensive and their production flows through all other parts of the economy.

2001 EGEE&C endorsed

by EGEDA

EWG03/2001 Workshop on Supporting High Quality Energy Efficiency Indicators Development

The Workshop was held in Manila, Philippines in March 2002. It aimed at developing capacity in APEC economies to overcome the critical missing link in the development of energy efficiency indicators, which is the availability of quality energy end-use data, and a lack of knowledge of suitable analysis, methodologies and communication of energy efficiency indicators for monitoring and policy development purposes. The Workshop also aimed at identifying the role of the key factors that explain energy use and energy efficiency variations over time and across APEC member economies.

2001 APERC Study of Energy Efficiency Indicators in APEC Economies

This project was the second phase of a long-term project on energy efficiency in the APEC region. The first phase was completed in 2000 and analysed efficiency trends in three energy intensive industrial sub-sectors. The second phase was more extensive. It covered all major macroeconomic sectors and focused on the main drivers of energy intensity trends in these areas. The objectives of the project were four-fold: to establish a common methodology for constructing a basic set of energy efficiency indicators for APEC economies; to construct energy efficiency indicators for the whole economy, major energy consuming macroeconomic sectors (industry, residential, services and transport), and for selected industrial and transportation sub-sectors of APEC member economies; to identify environmental implications for energy consumption in APEC economies; and to develop a network of energy efficiency experts and agencies in APEC member economies. The project examined all 21 APEC member economies during the time period 1980-1998, data permitting. Energy efficiency policies and current practices in each economy were also analysed.


80

2002 APERC Energy Efficiency Indicators and Potential Energy Savings in APEC Economies

This project had the following objectives: to construct and update for APEC member economies the basic energy efficiency indicators covering the whole economy, major energy end-use macroeconomic sectors and selected industrial and transport sub-sectors. Improve data quality; to produce energy intensities and output/energy elasticities as an intermediate result in order to provide APERC Energy Outlook project with important forecasting variables tp develop methodology and identify economic energy savings potentials in major end-use sectors of APEC economies — industry, transport, residential and commercial; to identify and produce an overview of successful energy efficiency policies and programmes in APEC economies; and to develop and maintain a network of energy efficiency experts and agencies in APEC member economies. Disseminate an energy efficiency indicators database through relevant APEC organisations.

2005 EGEE&C EWG06/2005 Energy Efficiency Indicators Workshop - Capacity Building and Technical Co-operation in Quantifying Tangible Energy Efficiency Policy, Program and Projects Progress within APEC Economies Philippines Workshop Russia Workshop

The purpose of this workshop was to develop, disseminate and build capacity on the application of common agreed methodologies to analyse the specific gains achieved in energy efficiency; and its contribution to energy security, links to energy market reform, and contribution to GHG mitigation, of APEC member economies on the basis of appropriate bilateral, regional and international comparisons utilising best data gathering, analysis and reporting practices, agreed measures for evaluation, practical monitoring tools and techniques for tracking the uptake of energy efficient technologies and practices, and providing detailed training in the practical and specific application of such methodologies and indicators.

2007 EGEE&C EWG03/2007 Application of Energy Indicator Analysis in APEC Economies

In this project, APEC economies will cooperate and participate in a joint exercise to develop an energy indicator trends report for the APEC region that outlines energy demand and intensity changes in the region. This will enable an effective understanding of energy demand trends and assist economies in identifying areas where they may have room to improve their energy efficiency.


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1993 United States

EWG SF93-1 Compendium of Energy Efficiency and Conservation Programs and Projects In APEC Member Countries

The outcome of the project was the publication of a compendium of energy efficiency and conservation programs and projects in APEC member economies.

1993 EGEE&C EWG03/1993 Compendium of Policies and Program Activities in Energy Efficiency and Conservation (Industrial and Building Sector)

The outcome of the project was the publication of a compendium which focussed on the industrial and building sectors (including both commercial and residential) and examined the effectiveness of these policies.

1993 EGEE&C EWG04/1993 Compendium of Policies and Program Activities in Energy Efficiency and Conservation (Food and Beverage Industries)

The outcome of the project was the publication of a compendium of selected energy efficiency practices and conservation measures (food and beverage industries) that apply in general as well as to specific end-use sectors.

1995 EGEE&C EWG09/1995 Regulation Strategies for Energy Efficiency and Conservation Technologies in Transportation Sector

The survey identified the successful and unsuccessful regulatory strategies for energy efficiency and conservation technologies within the APEC region's transport sector, and assessed the relative cost effectiveness of the successful regulatory strategies.

2003 APERC Energy Efficiency Programmes in Developing and Transitional APEC Economies

This project developed a systematic presentation of energy efficiency programmes in developing and transitional APEC economies to identify the outlines of a successful approach to promoting energy efficiency. Developing and transitional APEC economies are often growing rapidly from relatively low levels of output, income and energy use. Thus, energy efficiency programmes can be particularly valuable to them as a means of harbouring scarce financial and energy resources. Yet their energy efficiency programmes are much less often discussed and analysed than those of more developed economies, and hence much less well understood.


82

2004 EGEE&C EWG03/2004 Symposium on the Implementation of Government Energy Efficiency Programs

The aim of the Symposium, held in Kunming, China in August 2004, was to share experiences and information and identify best practices on the implementation of energy efficiency programs, targeting the government sector in APEC economies. Areas of focus included procurement, regulatory measures, and promotion and incentives in the buildings sector.

2006 EGEE&C EWG03/2006T Government Sector Energy Management: Best Practices Inventory and Comparative Analysis to Reduce Government Market Trade Barriers in APEC Economies

This project, building on the previous symposium on the “Implementation of Government Energy Management Programs,” (EWG08/2004) will create an ongoing process for gathering, comparing, analyzing, and sharing program information and tools on government sector energy efficiency, and for organizing cooperative program initiatives among member economies. Other objectives of the project are: to make the government market for energy-efficient products more transparent and predictable; and to reduce risk and promote competition through a comparative study of energy-efficient government procurement policy and criteria and other incentive and/or restrictive policies among APEC member economies.


83

NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY Year


funding Economy


APEC Energy R&D and Technology Transfer Seminars 1992 Japan EWG SF92-1 1992/93 APEC Energy R&D and

Technology Transfer Seminar Seminar held in Bali in November 1992 to promote the introduction and diffusion of new energy technologies into the APEC region.

1993 Japan EWG SF93-2 1993/94 APEC Energy R&D and Technology Transfer Seminar

Seminar held in Chinese Taipei in February 1994.


Seminar held in Seoul, Republic of Korea in February 1995 with the theme “Transfer of Technologies and Fostering of Human Resources Related to New Energy and Energy Conservation”.


Seminar held in Beijing, China in February 1996.


Seminar held in Santiago, Chile in March 1997 to promote the introduction and popularisation of renewable energy and energy conservation technologies and efficient utilisation technologies for natural gas.


Seminar held in Okinawa, Japan in October 1998 and consisted of two parts: a half day workshop on financing new and renewable energy projects in rural areas; and a one-day symposium on the utilisation of new and renewable energy technologies in remote areas such as islands.


Seminar held in Bangkok, Thailand in October 1999 to analyse the significant barriers restricting the acceleration of the dissemination of new and renewable energy.


84


Seminar held in Morelos, Mexico in October 2000 with the purpose of facilitating the increased utilisation of new and renewable energy technologies among APEC economies through sharing information about technology introduction enhancement.

Renewable Energy Technologies and Technology Transfer 1993 EGNRET EWG SF93-3 Energy R&D Data Bank The objectives of the Data Bank were to collate energy R&D expenditures within

APEC economies by area of technology, and to establish the first directory of major R&D establishments.

1993 EGNRET EWG07/1993 Technology Cooperation Guide The purpose of the Guide was to improve information flows on the availability of renewable technologies within the region and the needs of economies for these technologies.

1996 EGNRET EWG06/1996 Assessment and Development of Technology Transfer Cooperation Needs, Skills and Capabilities for Sustainable Area-based New and Renewable Energy Projects

The output of this project was a detailed study on technology co-operation needs among APEC member economies. Through the study, existing expertise and technical capabilities in the field of new and renewable energy as well as the level of needs for new and renewable technology sharing and technology transfer was established.

1997 EGNRET EWG05/1997 Analysis of Renewable Energy Retrofit Options to Existing Diesel Mini-Grids

The focus of this project was the technical, economic, social and environmental issues associated with retrofitting diesel mini-grids with renewable energy technologies and the development of a systematic approach for evaluating various options. To set the stage for this study, general considerations of renewable energy/diesel retrofits were presented, including the characteristics and costs of diesel mini-grids, the opportunities and benefits of retrofitting the diesels with renewable energy options; and the type of financing mechanisms and means to access to capital to foster rural energy development. The output of the project was a report that presented the technical, economic, social and environmental issues associated with retrofitting diesel mini-grids with renewable energy technologies. The report also developed a systematic approach for evaluating the various retrofit options.


85

2001 EGNRET EWG05/2001 APEC Renewable Energy Infrastructure Assessment

The purpose of this project was to asses the state of the renewable energy infrastructure in the APEC economies. Renewable energy infrastructure as defined in this study includes the availability of end user financing, presence of a domestic renewable energy industry and entrepreneurs, renewable energy policies, training, and information dissemination mechanisms. To assess the level of renewable energy infrastructure a survey instrument was developed and was sent out by the United States in December 2001. The responses to the survey were inconsistent among the economies surveyed. Many of the economies simply did not have the data to properly answer many of the questions. The responses to the survey were therefore supplemented with information gathered from other sources.

2003 EGNRET EWG07/2003 APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative (Collaborative VI) : Workshop on Advances in Electricity Storage in Support of Distributed Renewable Energy Based Systems

The purpose of this Workshop, held in Honolulu, Hawaii in May 2004, was to present APEC representatives with a review of recent advances in electricity storage as it supports the development of distributed renewable energy based systems. This workshop directly addressed the growing need of energy planners to understand the costs and benefits of coupling advanced energy storage systems with distributed renewable energy systems.

2003 EGNRET APEC New and Renewable Energy Fair (Korea)

The Energy Fair was held in November 2002 by the Korea Institute of Energy Research. It was held in conjunction with the 2002 APEC Renewable Energy Exhibition.

2005 ISTWG/ EWG

Future Fuel Technology: An APEC-wide Foresight Study

The purpose of this project was to assess the medium and long term scenarios of future fuel technology development and to develop technology roadmaps for those scenarios.

2006 EGNRET EWG02/2006 APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative (Collaborative VI) Renewable Energy Products Database: Paving the Way for Deployment of Renewable Energy

This project will support development of a web-based database of applied renewable energy products from APEC economies, such as solar refrigerators, wind-driven water pumps, solar lanterns, and solar radios, as well as integrated power production systems. The database will be streamlined by product and would include performance, cost, and compatibility information.


86

2007 EGNRET EWG04/2007 APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative (Collaborative I): Workshop on Best Practices in Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy in Buildings

The objective of this project is to provide APEC decision makers with recent advances in the best practices for energy efficiency and renewable energy in buildings. The project will bring together experts who have been involved in developing financial and technical schemes so that APEC planners and policy makers can benefit from their experiences in learning about opportunities and challenges in the energy consumption of buildings. The topics to be reviewed are expected to include insulation and construction materials, energy efficient design, analysis of positive externalities, financial mechanisms, regulations and construction codes and the application of renewable energy devices such as solar water heaters and others.

Electricity from Renewable Sources 2004 APERC New and Renewable Energy in

the APEC Region: Prospects for Electricity Generation

The objective of this project was to investigate the penetration of new and renewable energy (NRE) technologies in the APEC region with the aim of providing some insights for other economies that have plans to promote the further use of NRE in their respective economies particularly for electricity generation.

2005 APERC Renewable Electricity in the APEC Region

The competitiveness of new and renewable energy (NRE) is undermined by a host of barriers and constraints including technological limitations and costs. This project was undertaken: first to determine the real costs of electricity generation by accounting for the cost of externalities; and second to study the benefits of internalising the cost of externalities in power generation to the economy as a whole. Externalities have been constantly negated or ignored in most electricity cost estimations. When taken into account externalities would actually leverage NRE, thereby increasing its share in future power generation structures of most developing economies in the APEC region.

Alternative Transport Fuels 1993 EGNRET EWG08/1993 Information Exchange Network

on Natural Gas Vehicles The objective of this project was to provide APEC member economies with up to date information on natural gas vehicles as a first step towards introducing them to existing information exchange networks on this topic.


87

2006 EGNRET EWG01/2006A The Future of Liquid Biofuels for APEC Economies

This project aims to analyze baseline data and information on the development of liquid biofuels and to study possible utilization of biofuels in the APEC economies, especially in the developing economies. Emphasis will be given to capacity building in the APEC developing economies which depend heavily on imported oil and natural gas for energy. Relevant topics for the study include liquid biofuel technology, liquid fuel specifications, potential benefits to auto-manufacturers, national energy policies, and regional directives in supporting and promoting the use of liquid biofuels to lessen the over-dependence on fossil fuels and to cope with environmental issues resulting from the use of fossil fuels.

2007 EGNRET EWG02/2007A APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative (Collaborative IX): Establishment of the Guidelines for the Development of Biodiesel Standards in the APEC Region

The objective of this project is to establish guidelines for development of biodiesel standards in the APEC region for enhancing the trade of biodiesel among APEC member economies. This project will also offer the possibility for a sustainable energy source with a neutral effect on greenhouse gas emissions.

2007 EGNRET EWG04/2007A APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative (Collaborative IX): Alternative Transport Fuels—Implementation Guidelines

The purpose of this project is to provide guidelines for the implementation of successful programs for the introduction of alternative transport fuels that will be both coherent throughout APEC economies and applicable to individual economies. The audience for the project will principally be governments and government agencies. The work will consist of reviewing both successful and unsuccessful alternative transport fuel programs in the APEC economies and elsewhere. Success factors and failure factors will be thus identified. From this analysis, guidelines for successful projects will be compiled. A resource database will be compiled for economies to refer to.


88

Renewable Energy Standards

2002 EGNRET EWG01/2002T Adoption of Renewable Energy Standards Action Plan Resource Guide

This project developed a Renewable Energy Standards Action Plan to provide APEC economies with a framework for the consensus development, adoption, and harmonization of quality standards for renewable energy hardware, systems, and installer training based on the priority needs of the economies.

2004 EGNRET EWG08/2004T APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative (Collaborative VI) : Development of A Sourcebook of Hydrogen Codes and Standards for APEC Member Economies

This project updated a section of TISEC’s Sourcebook for Hydrogen Applications on codes and standards. The purpose of the update was to include codes and standards information and demonstration activities within APEC member economies and to define the relevant government agencies involved in approval of codes and standards. As part of the contract, two workshops were held in November 2004 in Cuernavaca, Mexico focused on Western APEC economies and in May 2005 in Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA focused on Eastern hemisphere economies. A complete summary of the Workshops is included in the project report.

2005 EGNRET EWG01/2005T APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative (Collaborative IV) : Adoption of Renewable Energy Standards Phase II –Final Groundwork

This project developed an action plan and an alternative action plan for harmonisation of the three prioritised standards: solar water heaters, stand alone power systems (off-grid systems) and grid-connected PV systems.

Renewable Energy Resource and End-use Assessment 1995 EGNRET EWG07/1995 Workshop on Renewable

Energy Resource Assessment Techniques

This workshop was held in Beijing, People’s Republic of China in February 1996 and focused on renewable energy research and development and renewable energy resource assessment techniques. The workshop provided the professionals responsible for the planning development and implementation of renewable energy programs with an overview of the tools and techniques available for assessing renewable energy resources.


89

1996 EGNRET EWG07/1996 High Value Renewable Energy End-use Applications Analysis

The output of this project was a report that offers a qualitative assessment of renewable energy applications which have the highest opportunity value and which offer the greatest economic and social benefit to the member economies of China, Indonesia, Philippines and United States.

1998 EGNRET Overview of the Quality and Completeness of Resource Assessment Data for the APEC Region

The availability of information and data on the renewable energy resources for renewable energy technologies is a critical element in the successful implementation of these technologies. The output of this project was a report that summarised the published information about solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, and hydro resources in each of the 18 APEC economies. The report includes an extensive bibliography and reference system. Direct input from some economies regarding unpublished information was also included.

2007 Biofuels Task Force

EWG01/2007A Survey of Biomass Resource Assessments and Assessment Capabilities in APEC Economies

This project aims to understand what biomass resource assessments have been undertaken in APEC economies, as well as the capability of APEC economies to undertake such assessments. Particular attention will be paid to assessments of the potential of various crops, crop residues, forest wastes and urban wastes to be utilized for production of bioethanol and biodiesel to displace oil use in the transport sector and thereby to grow oil exports or limit growing reliance on oil imports.

Renewable Energy Policy, Regulation and Programs 1993 EGNRET EWG09/1993 Compendium of Renewable

Energy Programs and Projects in APEC Member Countries

The compendium was published in November 1995 and was designed to facilitate an improved understanding of developments and opportunities available in the field of renewable energy.

1994 EGNRET EWG08/1994 Survey of Impediments to the Use of New and Renewable Technologies

The goal of this project was to assess the barriers to the increased use of renewables, with a view to developing strategies for overcoming those barriers.


90

1995 EGNRET EWG SF95-4 Workshop on Renewable Energy as it Relates to Sustainable Development Workshop Report APEC Membership Survey of Economic and Social Development Priorities

This workshop addressed the proposition that the increased use of renewable energy in the Asia-Pacific will ultimately depend on the contributions renewable energy can make toward the region's development goals and economic growth. Prior to the workshop, the APEC Expert Group on Technology Co-operation commissioned a survey of all the APEC member economies to determine which development priorities and sectors are of the highest importance in the region. The results of this survey helped develop the agenda of the workshop. Over 50 people from 13 APEC member economies attended the workshop. Speakers from China, Mexico, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and the United States discussed both the potential contributions that renewable energy technology could make to specific national development priorities, as well as detailed country case studies exemplifying successful application in place. Following these presentations, the group split into small focus groups to discuss in detail the relevance of the material presented for their respective national development strategies, as well as to identify specific barriers and recommended actions for the increased use of renewable energy in the region. Detailed project recommendations were the result of these deliberations.

1998 EGNRET EWG05/1998 Development of Analytic Methodologies to Incorporate Renewable Energy in National Energy and Economic Planning

The objective of this project was to identify, assess and improve analytic methodologies to incorporate renewable energy options in an APEC economy's energy and economic planning.

1999 EGNRET EWG05/1999 Economy-Level Renewable Energy Roadmap

This project developed a renewable energy road map that documents important information and necessary steps for identifying and implementing successful renewable energy projects.


91

2000 EGNRET APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative: Synthesis of the Survey of APEC Member Economies’ Renewable-Energy-Based Priority Needs and Issues Relating to Sustainable Development

This project comprised a survey sent out by the United States in November 2000 as the first major activity of the APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative. The survey invited the energy officials of the APEC member economies to share information on current renewable applications relating to sustainable development and growth, and to identify barriers, issues and priorities involving these applications. Fifteen of the 21 APEC economies responded to the survey. The project report is the synthesis of the responses to the survey.

2001 EGNRET EWG04/2001 Including New and Renewable Energy Technologies in Economy Level Energy Models

The objective of this project was to enhance the energy-modeling capabilities in APEC member economies with respect to renewable energy technologies and to work with the participating member teams to perform case studies regarding the effects of different penetration rates of renewable technologies.

2002 EGNRET EWG03/2002T New Energy Technologies: Measuring Potential Impacts in APEC

The objectives of this project were to assess the current status of energy technologies in the electricity and iron and steel sectors in APEC economies and to analyse alternative scenarios of the future development and adoption of new technologies. The project found that accelerating the development and uptake of advanced technology in the energy sector has the capacity to reduce the growth in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the APEC region.

Renewable Energy Business Development 1996 EGNRET EWG04/1996 Asia Pacific Renewable Energy

and Energy Efficiency Business Development Conference

This conference, held in Denver, USA in June 1996, was designed to serve as a catalyst for sustainable renewable energy and energy efficiency investments for grid connected and village/household power with member economy specific, regional and global benefits for APEC region economies.


92

2002 EGNRET APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative (Collaborative VIII): Demonstration of the Feasibility of Operating a Renewables-related Energy-service Company (RESCO) in the Hydro-electric Field

This project aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of operating a renewables-related energy-services company (RESCO) in the hydro-electric field. Specifically, the project identified and prioritised hydro-power generation facilities possessing optimization project opportunities in APEC-member economies. Optimization projects achieve the modification of, or addition to, power generating equipment in existing facilities to provide additional power in a given locale with a lower cost and environmental impact per megawatt of capacity.

Renewable Energy Training 1993 EGNRET EWG06/1993 Solar Energy Training Program This project was a prototype information visits program on photovoltaic technology

held in Australia in July/ August 1993. The project was designed to improve the understanding of photovoltaic applications and the environmental benefits of the technology, and reduce impediments to applications of the technology.

1996 United States

EWG SF96-4 Renewable Energy Tour 1996 This tour of major renewable energy demonstration sites in the United States was held in June 1996.

2002 EGNRET EWG04/2002 APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Initiative: Training and Accreditation Needs and Capabilities Study (Stage 1)

The project responds to a recommendation from a previous EWG project to develop and implement a system for accrediting renewable energy training within the APEC region. The project encourages APEC economies to adopt training accreditation standards that are consistent throughout the region.

2003 Australia APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative (Collaborative III): Development and Implementation of a System for Accrediting Renewable Energy Training

This report recommended the adoption of the Institute for Sustainable Power’s framework into the APEC region as the mechanism for accrediting renewable energy training.


93

Renewable Energy Project Management

2003 EGNRET EWG02/2003T APEC 21st Century Renewable Energy Development Initiative (Collaborative VIII) : Building and Developing an APEC Renewable-Energy Collaboratives Projects Integrator (APEC-CPI)

This project attempted to develop a software system for project managing and integrating APEC Renewable Energy Collaboratives projects. APECC-CPI was intended to be a dynamic economic network bringing together for the first time in a seamless online environment the public and private sectors whose core focus is in new and renewable energy technologies. The system consisted of robust channels that integrated with each other or could be utilised on their own..


94

MINERALS AND ENERGY EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT Year


funding Economy


Environmental Cooperation Workshops for Sustainable Development of Mining Activities 1997 Japan EWG SF97-2 First Environmental Cooperation

Workshop for Sustainable Development of Mining Activities

1998 Chile Second Environmental Cooperation Workshop for Sustainable Development of Mining Activities

1999 Australia EWG02/1999S Third Environmental Cooperation Workshop for Sustainable Development of Mining Activities

2001 Mexico Fourth Environmental Cooperation Workshop for Sustainable Development of Mining Activities

2002 United States

Fifth Environmental Cooperation Workshop for Sustainable Development of Mining Activities

The objective of this series of five workshops was to develop and introduce environment policies, environmental standards, and mine pollution prevention techniques in individual economies and to discuss the best methods for mutual cooperation between economies in this field. The workshops were held as follows: 1. Tokyo, Japan, October 1997 2. Santiago, Chile, September 1998 3. Cairns, Australia, October 1999 4. Acapulco, Mexico, October 2001 5. Anchorage, Alaska, May 2002


95

Databases of Minerals and Energy Exploration

1996 Australia EWG SF96-6 Workshop to Develop & Design a Comprehensive Database Covering Mining & Energy Resource Related Opportunities

Workshop held in Canberra, Australia in September 1996 to develop and design a comprehensive database covering mining and energy resource related opportunities.

1997 GEMEED EWG04/1997T Comprehensive Linked Database on Mining Related Opportunities and Regional Legal Frame Work - Phase 1

The database aimed to facilitate strategic planning, definition of new trends and investment in resource development and infrastructure within and between member economies.

1998 GEMEED EWG01/1998T Comprehensive Linked Database on Mining Related Opportunities and Regional Legal Frame Work - Phase 2

The APEC Network of Minerals and Energy Databases (ANMED) has been operational on the internet since October 1997. ANMED catalogues and links individual member economies’ databases and meta-databases to provide internet access to an up-to-date bank of data and information on the mining and energy resource sectors in member economies.

1999 GEMEED EWG03/1999T Comprehensive Linked Database on Mining and Energy Related Opportunities and Regional Legal Framework within APEC Member Economies – Extension of Phase 2

The purpose of this project was to continue the development of the APEC Network of Minerals and Energy Databases (ANMED). A further objective was to attract worldwide interest in minerals and energy exploration and development in APEC member economies by making the database accessible around the globe via the internet.

2000 GEMEED EWG05/2000T Comprehensive Linked Database on Mining and Energy Related Opportunities and Regional Legal Framework within APEC Member Economies – Phase 3

The purpose of this project was to continue the APEC Network of Minerals and Energy Databases (ANMED) project. This part of the ongoing project emphasized a marketing effort to secure the independent funding of this initiative in future years.


96

2001 GEMEED EWG05/2001T Comprehensive Linked Database on Mining and Energy Related Opportunities and Regional Legal Framework within APEC Member Economies – Extension of Phase 3

An extension of Phase 3 of this project was undertaken to fully commercialise APEC Network of Minerals and Energy Databases (ANMED) and apply internet technologies needed ensure its long-term functionality.

2000 GEMEED Construction of a Database on the Oil and Gas Fields in the APEC Region

This database project overlaps to a limited extent with the APEC Network of Minerals and Energy Databases (ANMED), but emphasises geoscience based data and drilling data.

Energy Use in Mining 2004 GEMEED

and EGEE&C

EWG04/2004 Workshop on Improving Energy Efficiency in APEC Mining Industry

The workshop was held in Santiago, Chile, in May 2004. The purpose of the workshop was to help industry, governments and population in APEC economies in evaluating specific mineral extraction and processing technologies – intensive in energy consumption - by discussing methods to improve energy efficiency indicators in order to reduce cost, reduce contamination and improve the life quality in the region.

2007 GEMEED EWG04/2007T Development of Solar Thermal Market in the APEC Economies

The project aims to develop the solar thermal energy market for mining and industry. Applying the corresponding technologies solar thermal energy could be used to heat the electrolytes solutions of electrochemical cells in the mining and industry, for agro industrial drying processes in the food, wine and brewery industries, washing in the textile and leather industries, heating boilers to deliver fresh water, among other applications. These markets could be complementary with the sanitary water market for the same sectors.


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Demand for Minerals and Energy

2001 GEMEED EWG07/2001T Survey of Factors Influencing Demand for Minerals and Metals in the APEC Region

This project assisted industry and governments within the APEC region to develop their strategies for investment and production in selected base metals and energy minerals, by examining certain factors influencing demand, essentially the market promotion efforts by various industry associations and commodity groups, and also prospective increases in energy demand arising from likely increases in mineral production.

2003 GEMEED EWG06/2003T Survey of Factors Influencing Demand for Minerals and Metals in the APEC Region (Phase 2)

The second phase of this project built outputs on the first phase results, and updated the prospective increases in energy demand arising from likely increases in mineral production. The project examined factors influencing demand of specific metallic and mineral products which were identified as the most sensitive and influential in demand forecasting, and deepened analysis of market promotion efforts by industry associations and commodity groups. The specific commodities of the first phase were copper, nickel, zinc, iron and aluminium. The second phase was extended to other mineral products, metals and industrial minerals.

Mineral Exploration 2006 GEMEED EWG04/2006T Mineral Exploration in APEC

Economies This project will study the principal aspects of the exploration activities in APEC economies, including barriers to investment in this activity, a descriptive and comparative analysis of trends in mineral exploration and the current state of the exploratory activity in terms of regulatory, institutional and financing processes. The main activities of the project will be: (1) compilation of information and identification of barriers (2) elaboration of a conceptual framework (3) elaboration of a summary of main international trends in exploration (4) comparative analysis of selected national legal and organizational frameworks for exploration in APEC economies. (5) analysis of the main barriers and determinants of exploration investment, and best practices.

overview of apec energy working group projects · 2017. 5. 10. · overview of apec energy working...

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