overview of bioenergy technologiesgeode.colorado.edu/~geolsci/courses/geol4080/...carbon black...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Overview of Bioenergy TechnologiesDr. Michael A. Pacheco,
Director of the U.S. DOE National Bioenergy Center
April 4, 2006
Biomass and Atmospheric Carbon Cycling
On a world scale, land biomass cycles roughly 120 billion tons/yr of carbon to and from the atmosphere
The oceans cycleanother 90 billion tons every year
Fossil fuels add roughly 5.5 billion tons per year
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle
Biomass Share of U.S. Energy Supply (2004 data)
Source: Renewable Energy Trends 2004; Energy Information Administration, August 2005.Note: Total U.S. Energy Supply is 100.278 QBtu; Energy Information Administration, August 2005.
Biomass 47%
Wind 2%
Hydroelectric 45%
Geothermal 5%Solar <1%
Renewable 6%
Natural Gas 23% Nuclear 8%
Petroleum 40% Coal 23%
Biomass StrengthsBiomass is:
AbundantRenewableCarbon-neutralThe only sustainable source of hydrocarbons.
Biomass can:
Fill the gap between energy demand and petroleum availability in the near term.Be a renewable source of hydrogen in the long term.
Typical Hog FuelBoiler System
Life Cycle CO2 and Energy Balancefor a Direct-Fired Biomass System
Net greenhouse gas emissions-410 g CO2 equivalent/kWh
Landfill andMulching
Transportation Construction Power PlantOperation
10 3
1,204
1,627
Avoided CarbonEmissions
1.0
FossilEnergyIn
FossilEnergyIn
ElectricityOut28.4
Small Modular Power SystemsGasification of Biomass to Produce Electrical Power
Three small modular power systems installed in 2003 (example: North Park High School, Walden, Colo.)Power and heat for greenhouse– Fuel: forest thinning residues– Load: 8 kW– Maintenance: 30 minutes per
weekStrong community supportOperated by studentsPartnership between DOE, USDA, and Community Power Corporation, Littleton, CO
Range of Biorefinery ConceptsProductsProductsFuels
EthanolBiodiesel“Green” Gasoline & Diesel
PowerElectricityHeat
ChemicalsPlasticsSolventsChemical IntermediatesPhenolicsAdhesivesFurfuralFatty AcidsAcetic AcidCarbon BlackPaintsDyes, Pigments, and InkDetergentsEtc.
Food and Feed
Enzymatic FermentationGas/liquid FermentationAcid Hydrolysis/FermentationGasificationCombustionCo-firingTrans-esterification
Conversion ProcessesConversion Processes
Biomass FeedstockBiomass Feedstock
TreesGrassesAgricultural CropsResiduesAnimal WastesMunicipal Solid WasteAlgaeFood Oils
Leading Biofuel TechnologiesEthanol – as a blending agent from either grain or cellulosic material from Ag and/or Forestry industry
Biodiesel – Transesterified vegetable oils blended with diesel
Green Diesel/Gasoline – fats, waste oils, or virgin oils blended with crude oil as a feedstock for making low-sulfur diesel/gasoline in petroleum refinery
Near Term
LongTerm
Ethanol Production
0123456789
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Cellulosic Ethanol2005 EPACT RFS - MinimumU.S. Ethanol Production
• Renewable Fuels Standard mandates 7.5 billion gallons by 2012• Total US gasoline market ~140 billion annual gallons
Actual and Projected U.S. Ethanol Production 1999-2012Billion Gallons of Production
Source: December 2005 Ethanol Today Magazine
Rising Natural Gas costs is driving the emergence of Closed Loop biorefineries
Integration of:
• Corn Ethanol Plant
• Cattle Feed Lots, and
• Anaerobic Digesters
Emerging “Closed Loop” Biorefineries
Corn EthanolFacility
AnaerobicDigester
Cattle Feed Lot
Manure
Bio-Gas
Distillers Grain
U.S. Biodiesel Productionhttp://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/Production_Graph_Slide.pdf (2-5-2006)
0
20
40
60
80
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
U.S
. Pro
duct
ion,
m
illio
n ga
llons
per
yea
r
Total US distillate fuels market is approximately 60 billion gallons/year
Oils, Fats & Greases as Bio-renewable Petroleum Refinery Feedstocks (a.k.a. “Green Gasoline”and “Green Diesel”)
• Co-processing of oils and greases with petroleum fractions
• Utilize existing refinery process capacity
• Lower conversion costs than biodiesel (FAME)
• Higher quality diesel blending component
• G/D flexibility
CatalyticCracker
DistillateHydrotreater
Green Gasoline& Olefins
GreenDiesel
ISBL Petroleum Refinery
Oils andGreases
Based on Presentations at 1st International Biorefinery Workshop, Washington DC, July 20-21, 2005- Future Energy for Mobility, James Simnick, BP- From Bioblending to Biorefining, Veronique Hervouet, Total- Opportunities for Biorenewables in Petroleum Refineries, Jennifer Holmgren, UOP
U.S. Biomass Resource Potentials Corn (largest volume grain and source of EtOH in U.S.)
Potential to displace 10-20% of our gasoline
Soybeans, fats & greases (largest sources of biodiesel)Potential to displace 5-10% of our diesel
Over 1 billion tons/year of lignocellulosic biomass (trees, grasses, etc.) could be available in the U.S.
Potential to displace 50-70% of our gasoline
Short-term: improve cost and efficiency of corn ethanol & biodieselMid to Long-term: focus on lignocellulose (trees, grasses, & residues)
FoodFoodSuppliesSupplies
Not a FoodNot a FoodSupplySupply
Starch: 70%–75% (corn)Readily available and hydrolysableBasis for existing U.S. “biorefineries”
Oil: 4%–7% (corn), 18%–20% (soybeans)
Readily separable from biomass feedstockBasis for oleochemicals and biodiesel
Protein: 20%–25% (corn), 80% (soybean meal)
Key component of foodChemical product applications
Edible Constituents of Biomass
O
NH O
OOO
NH
OHON
H
O
NH
NH2
ONH
SH
O
O
ONH
NHN
O
NH
SON
H
OH
7
77
O
O
O
O
O
O
CH 3
CH 3
CH3
OH OH O
OOH
OH
OHO
O
OH
OH OH O
OOH
OH
OHO
O
OH
OH OH O
OOH
OH
OHO
O
OH
OH OH O
OOH
Non-Edible Constituents of BiomassLignin: 15%–25%
Complex aromatic structureVery high energy contentResists biochemical conversion
Hemicellulose: 23%–32%Xylose is the second most abundant sugar in the biospherePolymer of 5- and 6-carbon sugars, marginal biochemical feed
Cellulose: 38%–50%Most abundant form of carbon in biospherePolymer of glucose, good biochemical feedstock
O
OO
O H
O H
OH
HOH O
O HO
O
OO
OH
O H
O H
HOHO
O HO
O
OO
O H
O H
OH
HO
H O
O HO
O
OO
O H
O H
O H
H O
H O
OHO
O
OO
O H
O H
O H
H O
HO
OHO
O
OO
OH
O H
O H
HO
H O
O HO
O
OO
OH
O H
O H
HO
HO
O HO
O
OO
O H
O H
O H
HO
HO
OHO
O HO
HO
H3C O
O H
OC H3
O CH3
O
O
O
O H
O CH 3
O CH 3
H3CO
OO
H O
H3C O
HO
O CH3
O CH 3
OHO
H O
H3C O
O H
O CH3
OC H3O
O
O H
O CH 3
O CH3
O CH3
O
O
O
O H
HO
O
O
O
O
OH
HO
O H
O H
O
O
O
O H
H O
OH
O H
O
O
O
O H
HO
OH
O H
O
OO
O H
O H
O H
HOHO
OHO
O
OO
O H
OH
O H
H OHO
O HO
O
OO
O H
O H
O H
H O
HO
O HO
O
OO
O H
O H
OH
HO
HO
O HO
O
OO
O H
O H
O H
HO
HO
O HO
O
OO
O H
O H
O H
H O
HO
O HO
O
OO
O H
O H
OH
HO
H O
O HO
O
OO
O H
O H
O H
HO
H O
O HO
U.S. Biomass Resource Assessment• Updated resource assessment - April 2005• Jointly developed by U.S. DOE and USDA• Referred to as the “Billion Ton Study”
Based on ORNL & USDA Resource Assessment Study by Perlach et.al. (April 2005) http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/final_billionton_vision_report2.pdf
The 1.3 Billion Ton Biomass ScenarioBillion Barrel of Oil Equivalents
DOE Goal: 30 by 30 - Replace 30% of Today’s Gasoline in 2030 with Biofuels
Required Growth of Cellulosic Ethanol to Supply 30% of U.S. Gasoline Demand by 2030
Grain Ethanol and Vegetable Oil Biodiesel0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Bill
ion
Gal
lons
/Yea
r
Grain Ethanol and Conventional Biodiesel
Cellulosic Ethanol and "Green" Diesel
2015 2025 203020202005 2010
3.7
44.8
9.412.8
Integrated Cellulosic Ethanol Biorefinery
Reducing the Cost of Ethanol From Stover
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Min
imum
Eth
anol
Sel
ling
Pric
e ($
/gal
)
State of Technology Estimates
Feed $53/ton
2005 Yield65 gal/ton
Feed $30/tonYield 90 gal/ton
Feed $30/tonYield 94 gal/ton
10,000 TPD
Costs in 2002 Dollars
EnzymeConversionFeedstockCurrent DOE Cost TargetsPresident's Initiative
Energy Required to Produce Fuels
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
RFG CornEtOH: DM
CornEtOH: WM
Cell. EtOH RFG CornEtOH: DM
CornEtOH: WM
Cell. EtOH RFG CornEtOH: DM
CornEtOH: WM
Cell. EtOH
Btu for Fuel ProductionBtu in Fuel
Total Energy Fossil Energy Petroleum
Total Btu spent for 1 Btu available at fuel pumps
Fossil Energy Saved
Petroleum Energy Saved
Based on “Well to Wheels Analysis of Advanced Fuel/Vehicle Systems” Study by Wang, et.al. (2005)
Leading Biofuel TechnologiesEthanol – as a blending agent from either grain or cellulosic material from Ag and/or Forestry industry
Biodiesel – Transesterified vegetable oils blended with diesel
Green Diesel/Gasoline – fats, waste oils, or virgin oils blended with crude oil as a feedstock for making low-sulfur diesel/gasoline in petroleum refinery
Pyrolysis Liquids – as a boiler fuel or an alternative feedstock to petroleum refinery or gasification facility, also a future source of aromatics and/or phenols
Synthesis Gas – for conversion to Fischer Tropsch liquids, MeOH/DME, or mixed alcohols
Algae – as alternative source of triglycerides for biodiesel or green diesel
Alkanes – from hydrogenation of carbohydrates, lignin, or triglycerides
Near Term
LongTerm
Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oilBio-oil is water miscible and is comprised of many oxygenated organic chemicals.
• Dark brown mobile liquid,• Combustible,• Not miscible with hydrocarbons,• Heating value ~ 17 MJ/kg,• Density ~ 1.2 kg/l,• Acid, pH ~ 2.5,• Pungent odour,• “Ages” - viscosity increases with time
Bio-oil Processing in a Petroleum Refinery
• Must reduce acidity, improve stability and bio-oil miscibility with petroleum• Deoxygenation may be required on either side of battery limits• Fractionation could be beneficial, and may be performed outside the petroleum refinery
CatalyticCracker
DistillateHydrotreater
Green Gasoline& Olefins
GreenDiesel
ISBL Petroleum Refinery
Whole Bio-Oil orFractions
Based on UOP/NREL/PNNL R&D Project DOE-FG36-05GO15085 (2004 - 2005), and Colin Schaverien’s (Shell) Biorefining presentation at 1st International Biorefinery Workshop, July 20-21, 2005, Washington D.C.
Decentralized Biomass Liquids ScenarioDecentralized Biomass Liquids Scenario
Alternate Feedstock to Power Plant or Petroleum Refinery
Fuels from Syngas
SyngasCO + H2
Bottom Ash Removal
InjectorScrews
High/Low PressureGasifier
Cyclone(Optional)
AIR/O2
BARK & SLUDGE
O2/AIR / STEAM
Fluidized Bed
Freeboard Disengaging Zone
SYNGAS
Bottom Ash Removal
InjectorScrews
High/Low PressureGasifier
Cyclone(Optional)
AIR/O2
BARK & SLUDGE
O2/AIR / STEAM
Fluidized Bed
Freeboard Disengaging Zone
SYNGAS
Acetic Acid
Formaldehyde
MTBE
PolypropyleneAcrylonitrile
PolyethyleneEthylene GlycolAlpha-olefins
Ammonia Diesel Additives
Ethanol
Mixed Alcohols
Methanol
Olefins
Refineries
Hydrogen
Urea
Fischer Tropsch FuelsWaxAlpha-olefins
DME
An Evolving Biorefinery ModelFor the Pulp and Paper Industry
BL GasifierWood Residual GasifierProcess to manufacture Liquid Fuels and Chemicals
Syngas
Liquid Fuels and Chemicals
Steam, Power & Chemicals
Pulp Manufacturing
Black Liquor & Residuals
Extract HemicelluloseProduce chemicals and ethanol
Algae as a Source of Biofuels
Source of biodiesel or “green diesel” and jet fuel
Complements terrestrial biomass production
Reduces pressure on land useOption to utilize large waste CO2resource (e.g. Coal-fired Power plants, or Ethanol plants)
Outstanding productivityUp to 50 times more productive than traditional oilseed cropsVery large resource potential for producing additional biodiesel
R&D on Hydrogenation of Carbohydrates
Potential Advantages:Compatibility of alkanes with petroleum fuelsUp to 50% increase in liquid fuel per unit of biomassEffective utilization of biomass as hydrogen carrierH2 storage/carrier for intermittent sources: solar PV, wind, or photo biology
Based on research of Dumesic and coworkers. G. W. Huber; R. D. Cortright; J. A. Dumesic, “Renewable Alkanes by Aqueous Phase Reforming of Biomass Derived Oxygenates”, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 1549 and discussions with NREL staff.
Leading/Emerging Biorefinery ConceptsExtension of Ag-based corn/sugar ethanol plants to incorporate
lignocellulose feedstocks
Ethanol dry mill “closed-loop” integration with anaerobic digestion and cattle feed lot operations
Forest biorefinery concept for pulp mills: hemicellulose extraction prior to pulping, with black liquor and/or hog fuel gasification
Biomass gasification (stand alone or integrated with coal) for FT diesel, MeOH/DME, or mixed alcohol fuels
Biomass pyrolysis and pipeline transport of bio-crude to existing petroleum refinery and/or power plant
Algae production and triglyceride harvesting to produce FAME orpetroleum refinery feedstock, at power/ethanol plant or stand-alone
Integration of renewable hydrogen (Wind/Solar/Photo biological)with hydrogenation of carbohydrates to alkanes
LongTerm
Near Term
Getting There Involves…Technologies
ReducingRisk
ReducingRisk
CapitalMobilization
CapitalMobilization
Policies Markets
Summary & ConclusionsBiomass is the only domestic &
renewable option for liquid transportation fuels.
U.S. resource base sufficient to supply a large fraction of U.S. demand, with good potential to increase the resource base
A sustainable solution to meet the supply-demand “gap” expected to be caused by peaking world oil production and rising demand
On-going R&D will create many opportunities that beyond today’s biopower, ethanol, and biodiesel facilities
Additional InformationDOE Biomass Program Web Sitehttp://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/
NREL Biomass Web Sitehttp://www.nrel.gov/biomass
Biomass Research and Development Initiativehttp://www.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/
Illustration by Oak Ridge National Lab