overview of doe fuel and lubricant technologies...
TRANSCRIPT
Overview of DOE Fuel and Lubricant Technologies Subprogram
Steve Przesmitzki, Ph.D.Former Technology Development Manager – Fuels and
Lubricants (Left DOE March 31, 2014)
API Detroit Advisory Panel
April 16, 2014
• The information provided in this presentation is entirely the opinion of the presenter.
• This presentation is for informational purposes only and based on the experience of a FORMER DOE employee.
• The presentation was not supplied by DOE nor meant to be an endorsement/condemnation of DOE strategy or policy.
Disclaimer
Agenda
• Background• Fuels• Lubricants• Summary
Source: Energy Information Administration, “Oil: Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Explained” and AEO2009, Updated February 2010, Reference Case.*American Petroleum Institute.
Greater focus needed on RDD&D for a range of technologies to displace the entire barrel of petroleum crude
• U.S. spends nearly $1B each day on oil imports*
• Only about 40% of a barrel of crude oil is used to produce petroleum gasoline
• Reducing dependence on oil requires replacing diesel, jet, heavy distillates, and a range of other chemicals and products
Products from a barrel of crude (%)(2009)
22.4%
3.8%
43%
15%
8.7%
2.8%
3.8%
Motivation
DOE HQ
James V. Forrestal Building1000 Independence Ave, SWWashington, DC 20585
DOE Structure
DOE Organization
Office of the Secretary
Dr. Ernest Moniz Secretary
Office of the Under Secretary for Nuclear Security
Office of the Under Secretary for Science
and Energy
Vacant
Office of the Under Secretary for
Management and Performance
Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy
Dr. David Danielson
Indian Energy Policy
Asst. Secretary for Electricity Delivery and
Energy Reliability
Assistant Secretary for
Nuclear Energy
Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy
Office of Science Technology Transfer
Solar Energy Technology
Wind and Hydropower Technologies
Vehicle Technologies
Geothermal Technologies
Bioenergy Tech.
(biofuels)
Fuel Cell Technologies
Building Technologies
Weatherization and
Intergovernmental
Federal Energy Management
Fuels/LubesMaterialsBatteries /Electric Drive
Advanced Combustion
Engines
Vehicle Systems Deployment
DOE National Labs
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Sandia National Laboratories
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
• National Nuclear Security Administration Lab• Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy• Office of Science Lab• Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology Lab• Office of Fossil Energy Lab• Office of Environmental Management Lab
Idaho National Laboratory
National Energy Technology Laboratory
Argonne National Laboratory
Ames Laboratory
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility
Princeton Plasma Physics Library
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Savannah River National Laboratory
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
National Laboratory Emphasis
• National Labs also funded under Annual Operating Plan (AOP) funds.• AOP funding is direct from DOE, doesn’t require a competitive solicitation.
Emphasis below is from Fuels and Lubes only, Advanced Combustion Engine Program not included.
• ANL: Tribology and lubricants, analysis, combustion• LLNL: Chemical kinetics for combustion• NREL: Heavy emphasis on biofuels, combustion, emissions • ORNL: Combustion, emissions, tribology and lubricants• PNNL: Unconventional fuels, catalysis expertise, lubricants• SNL: Basic combustion research
Emphasis and funding is always changing so this is just a rough view
Vehicles FY14 Budget: $289M
Vehicle Technologies OfficeAdvanced Technologies for High Efficiency Clean Vehicles
CombustionCombustion
Batteries & Elec. Drive ComponentsBatteries & Elec.
Drive Components
MaterialsMaterials
Fuels & LubesFuels & Lubes
DeploymentDeployment
Vehicle SystemsVehicle Systems
Interaction between VTO and BETO
FeedstockProduction
FeedstockLogistics
BiofuelsProduction
FuelsInfrastructure
FuelsEnd Use
BETO VTOBoth
• VTO doesn’t work on production, BETO does
• VTO works on more than biofuels (e.g., natural gas), BETO doesn’t
• Joint activities with infrastructure activities in the past (esp. E15), more in the future?
Decrease petroleum dependency Reduce greenhouse gases
Vehicle Technologies Office
Vehicle Technologies is primarily an R&D Program focused on removing market barriers through the development of transportation technology
Vehicle Technologies is primarily an R&D Program focused on removing market barriers through the development of transportation technology
Lubricants added as a budget line item in FY2011
MissionEnable advanced combustion through improved understanding of fuel-property impacts, evaluate next-generation biofuels & develop efficiency-improving lubricants
VTP Fuel & Lubricant Technologies
Activities• Chemical and physical fuel property exploitation
• Next-generation biofuel fit-for-service evaluation
• Lubricant additives and base oil development
• Open, bench-scale lubricant testing methodology
• Fully-formulated oil fit-for-service evaluation
• Supporting analytical work
Goals• By 2020, demonstrate expanded
operational range of advanced combustion regimes to 75% of LD Federal Test Procedure
• By 2015, demonstrate cost effective lubricant with 2% fuel economy improvement
Funding in millionsFY 2012Approp.
FY 2013Approp.
FY 2014Approp.
Fuel and Lubricant Technologies $18.5 $17.5 $16.0
2003$19,164
2004$15,887
2005$12,419
2006$13,356
2007$18,413
2008$17,376
2009$19,560
2010$23,421
2011$11,000
2012$18,500
2013$17,500
Budget & AccomplishmentHistory 2003-2013
Years: 2008-2010Critical research led to improved biodiesel ASTM standards – enables B20 approved engines
Years: 2007-2011 Developed and implemented DOE Intermediate Ethanol Blends Test Program – E15 approved for use in 2001 and newer vehicles – enables additional 7 bgy of ethanol use (additional 3% of light-duty petroleum use)
Years: 1998-2003Diesel fuel sulfur effects on exhaust emission control testing program – resulted in diesel sulfur reduction to 15PPM – enables diesel engines to meet current emissions regulation
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Fuels Budget at a Glance
Years: 2011-2013Developed CNG medium-duty engines.Began work on lubricants in 2011
Agenda
• Background• Fuels• Lubricants• Summary
Past Successes in Fuel Research had Monumental Impact on Efficiency and Emissions
• Removal of lead– Enabled catalytic emissions control technologies
(1970s)– Further research for lead-free anti-knock
replacements
• Re-formulated gasoline – Oxygenates further reduced CO and HC
emissions (1990s)
• Reduced sulfur in diesel and gasoline– Enable aftertreatment systems for high-efficiency
engines
• Codes and standards– Established the paths, requirements, and
limitations to use of alternative fuels like biodiesel and ethanol in the legacy fleet
DOE fuel sulfur research cited by EPA in 2000 sulfur ruling
DOE work in Intermediate Ethanol blends cited by EPA in 2010, 2011 E15 waiver rulings
DOE Mid-Level ethanol blends studies cited by EPA in recent partial waiver for E15 (ORNL and NREL)
• Intermediate ethanol blends studied since 2007– $46M effort– SNREs, Vehicles, Infrastructure materials
compatibility, etc
• Vehicle emissions testing and aging at three sites
– 86 vehicles, >6.5 million miles– >300,000 gallons of fuel– Approximately 1000 emissions tests
• E15 now legal for 2001 and newer vehicles
The latest fuel to market – E15 (15% ethanol, 85% gasoline)
New Emphasis: Drop-In Biofuels
• “Drop-ins” are biofuels that look and act like the conventional fuel they displace– Require no changes to existing fuel infrastructure
or engines– Longer time horizon for commercialization
• Several potential pathways being researched– Biological (microorganisms: algae, fungi, bacteria)– Thermochemical (heat and catalysis)– Combined (e.g., ethanol to HC conversion)– May produce “finished fuel” ready for engine,
“blending streams” that can be readily blended with conventional fuels, or “biocrude” ready for upgrading in refinery
• EERE role in R&D
High-Octane Fuel Projects
• Fundamental studies at DOE labs to investigate combustion impacts of high-octane biofuel blends
• BETO projects at ORNL, NREL, and ANL to investigate GHG and infrastructure aspects of a “renewable super premium” fuel
• Low-octane fuels (gasoline-range naphtha) also of interest but not currently a research area
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• CNG– Proven fuel for centrally-refueled fleets (transit buses, etc.)– Infrastructure problems for light-duty, “pipe-in, bi-fuel” possibility– Low energy density more challenging for heavy-duty, long-haul
• LNG– Suitable for some long-haul fleets that travel regular routes (UPS, etc)– High energy density is advantageous– Refueling is problematic for public applications
• EERE and ARPA-e role in natural gas R&D
• Propane, DME, other– Interesting but no major EERE activities at this time
Gaseous Fuels
Industry active in DME research
• Liquid at low pressures (similar to propane) making storage more manageable than CNG
• Volvo has a prototype heavy-duty truck designed to run on DME – Recently evaluated by DOE to collect bench-marking data– Data included fuel consumption (via carbon balance), gaseous emission,
and particulate emissions
Volvo’s Prototype DME Truck on the PSU Chassis Dynamometer for Benchmarking Cruise Phase of the HHDDT Cycle
• Methanol– Lots of interest due to low natural gas prices– Infrastructure problems with legacy equipment in the U.S.
• Butanol– Too early to tell possibilities– Looks promising on initial tests– Currently no fuel-scale supplier
• Biobutanol– More attractive than current production methods– Greater GHG and petroleum reduction– Technical issues for production are similar to other biofuels– Market issues with production cost– Potential savings at refinery – can use light compounds typically removed for
E10 BOB• EERE role in R&D
Alcohols
Gas to Liquids (GTLs)
• Promoted as the panacea by some advocates
• Produces a great fuel but not cost-effectively
• Prohibitively high capital expense
– Barely works even with free gas (as in Qatar)
– Current projects have multi-billon dollar cost overruns and long delays
• Oryx: spec was $4B; currently $16B+
– We are unaware of any breakthrough technology on the horizon
– If there is a breakthrough, it will not be brought to market by government
• No major EERE role at this time
– Office of Fossil Energy continues to work on production synthetic fuels from
coal and natural gas, but has very little funding
Agenda
• Background• Fuels• Lubricants• Summary
Base Oil: Carrier for additives, cooling– High VI for efficiency– Low viscosity with improved additives
Additives: Why engine oil works
– Current additives “poison” aftertreatmentsystems
– Push for low SAPS oil (low sulphated ash, phosphorus, sulfur)
– Anti-Wear– VI and Friction Modifiers– Extreme-pressure– Anti-oxidants– Anti-foam– Pour-point depressants– Dispersants– Detergents
Lubricants
DOE research Interest
Lubricants Research on Friction Reduction, Combustion, Emissions
Studies of lubricant formulations to enhance engine efficiency:• Ionic Liquids (ORNL)• Hyperbranched Polymers (PNNL)• Polyalkylene Glycol (Ford)• Boric Acid (ANL)• Novel formulations (MIT, Ashland,
Northwestern)
Demonstrating impacts of lubricants at the vehicle level in terms of MPG
Also investigating fuel and lubricant effects on pre-ignition phenomena and particulate matter
Agenda
• Background• Fuels• Lubricants• Summary
Summary
Fuels• Exhaust emissions will remain the key factor in fuel requirements• Fuel chemistry may enable more efficient combustion modes• Future R&D work will have less emphasis on alcohol fuels• Future R&D work will involve octane/cetane studies• Future R&D work with natural gas to improve efficiency
Lubricants• Lubricants have huge potential due to retrofit capacity• R&D on vehicle powertrain lubricants is a relatively new activity• Future emphasis areas for lubricants is a bit unsure
Contact Information
DOEKevin Stork, Technology Development Manager [email protected]
Presented by Steve Przesmitzki, Ph.D.DOE employee until Mar. 31, 2014Current: Aramco Research Center - [email protected]