Overview of Existing Experience inHydrogen and Fuel Cellsin Germany and Europe

Overview of Existing Experience inHydrogen and Fuel Cellsin Germany and Europe

Reinhold Wursterwurster@lbst.de

L-B-Systemtechnik GmbHwww.lbst.de

Ottobrunn, Germany

Reinhold Wursterwurster@lbst.de

L-B-Systemtechnik GmbHwww.lbst.de

Ottobrunn, Germany

Recherches et perspectives industrielles sur lapile à combustible et l‘hydrogène

Paris, 13 décembre 2001

Recherches et perspectives industrielles sur lapile à combustible et l‘hydrogène

Paris, 13 décembre 2001

Overview

• Political Trends, Goals and Programs

• Motivation for the Automotive Industry

• Applications - Fuel Cells and IC Engines

• Hydrogen Production and Infrastructure

• Regulations, Standardisation & Codes of Practice

• Hydrogen Implementation (TES and CEP)

• Hydrogen Demonstration Activities

• Public Awareness regarding Hydrogen

Political Trends,Goals and Programs

Political Trends, Goals and Programs in theEuropean Union

• Proactive participation in the Kyoto Process

• Green Paper on security of energy supply

• European Parliament sets goal for doubling of RenewableEnergy Sources: 12 % share of primary energy supply byl2010

• 20% substitution of diesel and gasoline by alternative fuels by2020 [8% biofuels ? + 10% natural gas + 5% hydrogen]

• Steadily increased EU funding of Fuel Cell and HydrogenRD&D in Framework Programs 5 and 6

• Growing importance of tradeable Green Certificates forRenewable Energy on the EU-level as well as in individualmember states

Motivationfor the Automotive Industry

èè Make Make cars morecars more sustainable ! sustainable !

Motivation for the Automotive Industry

• Reduce CO2 emissions

è ACEA self commitment (140 g CO2/km in 2008)

è EU reduction goals (120 g CO2/km in 2012)

• Reduce dependency on crude oil and energy imports

• Open the transport sector for the use of renewableenergy sources

Applications -Fuel Cells and IC Engines

PSA DaimlerChrysler

DaimlerChrysler MANIrisbus DaimlerChrysler

Fuel Cells for Vehicle Applications

• Main European automotive manufacturers areworking on fuel cell propulsion

• Presently, the step from single prototypes to fleetdemonstration activities is being undertaken

GM/Opel Nissan

Stationary and Portable Fuel Cell Applications

MTU Friedrichshafen - MCFC - 300 kWe

Vaillant/ PlugPower - PEMFC-CHP - 4.5 kWe Sulzer-Hexis - SOFC - 1 kWe

FhG-ISE - PEMFC

Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines forVehicle Applications

• Several automotive manufacturers are working on H2-ICE propulsion

• Presently, the step from single prototypes to fleetdemonstration activities is being undertaken by somecompanies

MANBMW

Hydrogen Systems FordHaWa - Hamburg

Hydrogen Productionand Infrastructure

Hydrogen Production Technologies

• Natural gas reforming

• Biomass gasification/ digestion

• Renewable electrolyticproduction

• Liquefaction or pressurization

[Sources: Linde, Norsk Hydro, GHW, KTI, DM2]

LH2 transfer pumpcapacity: 3.000 l/h

cryogenicpiston pump

supplyconnection

LH2-dispenser

LH2

dispenserstandardfillingup to

3.000 l/h

vent flue

CGH2-high pressure

storageCGH2-dispenser

CGH2

dispenserstandard

fillingup to

350 bar

boil off gascompressor

boil off gasheater

ventgas; LH2 - filling

LH2 storage tank

valve &remote box

LH2fuel station

Hydrogen Infrastructure Technologies

Liquid Hydrogen Compressed Gaseous Hydrogen

[Sources: Linde & BOC]

Regulations, Standardisation& Codes of Practice

European Integrated Hydrogen Project [EIHP]The Consortium

Commissariat àl’Energie Atomique

[http://www.eihp.org]

[Source: EIHP]

Reasons for Developing Harmonised Regula-tions for the Approval of Hydrogen Vehicles

ë Each of the 15 EU member stateshas some 30 to 50 technical regu-lations, national standards or codesof practice which have to be appliedalso to hydrogen systems andcomponents

ë Each country outside the EU has acomparable set of legislation to befulfilled

ë All existing legal requirements differfrom country to country

ë This was one of the main reasonswhy in EIHP Phase 1 (1998-2000) a new draft of a regulationfor the EU-wide approval ofhydrogen fueled road vehicleswas developed

Federal US laws, standards andcodes of practice to be appliedalso to hydrogen road vehicles(not including state legislation orrequirements established by oneof the 3,500 fire marshalls)

[Source: EIHP]

• Some 47 directives have to be applied in order to receive anapproval for a road vehicle in Europe. If a vehicle is successfullytested according to these 47 directives it has to be approved.The result is a Whole Vehicle Type Approval.

• If approval is sought for a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle, emissions,fuel consumption and engine power cannot be tested accordingto the existing directives. The reason is mainly the absence of astandardised reference fuel or the absence of a procedure fortesting the engine power.

• Some other directives can be fulfilled formally, but from thetechnical point of view they should be revised for hydrogenvehicles.

• Some requirements regarding the safety of the hydrogen on-board storage systems are missing in the existing directives.

Reasons for Developing Harmonised Regula-tions for the Approval of Hydrogen Vehicles

[Source: EIHP]

Why Develop a New Draft Regulation forHydrogen Vehicles ?

The path of Council Directive No 98/14/EC, article 8(2)c,

to approve hydrogen fuelled vehicles:

4 Excessive amount of time required

4 Uncertainty of the outcome of the process up until the very end

+ A draft regulation for hydrogenvehicles should be developed

[Source: EIHP]

Two Pathways to Present a Proposal for aRegulation

GRPEGroup de Rapporteurs de Polution et des Emisions

Working Party 29 (WP29)New Vehicles Construction

Economic Commission for Europe

Inland Transport Committee

ITC

Secretary General of the UN

REGULATIONS

MVGE

Motor Vehicle Emission Group

Motor Vehicle Group-

-

European Commission-

EU Council and EU Parliament

DIRECTIVES

UN-ECE EEC

Platform for Global Harmonisation

ECE, WP29

Harmonized regulation in a global register

JapanUSA EU Australia

......Request for a harmonized

regulation

Regulations and Standardization[Example: EIHP]

A legal framework(Global TechnicalRegulation) must leadto planning reliabilityfor car manufacturersand supply industries assoon as possible

DraftRegulation

LiquidHydrogen(LH2)Vehicle

DraftRegulation

CompressedGaseousHydrogen(CGH2)Vehicle

EIHP - Main Goals to be Achieved

Vehicles: Regulations (uniform global require-ments, i.e. equivalent requirementsin all markets or preferably GTR)

Refuelling Interface: Standards (uniform global require-ments - ISO) - one standardisedinterface and one identical refuelingprocedure

Refuelling Infrastructure: Standards and code of practice(uniform global requirements - ISO)

ULTIMATE GOAL OF EIHP2 Introduction of safe andeconomic, mass-producedhydrogen road vehicles and theirassociated refuelling infrastructure

Hydrogen ImplementationTES and CEP

Transport Energy Strategy [Members]

Source: TES

TransportEnergy

Strategy

Transport Energy Strategy [Strategic Goals]

r International leadership in the field of alternative energy and propulsion systems within the next 10 years

r Strengthening business location Europe

r Reducing transport‘s dependency on oil and fossile resources

r Reducing emissions, especially CO2 over the entire energy chain

r Positioning of TES as a European Initiative

[Source: TES]

• 30 fleet filling stations inGermany by 2007

• 2000 filling stations inGermany, or 15%, by 2010

• Continuous marketpenetration in Germanyand Europe after 2010

Strategy Building - Working Hypothesis

• Transport Energy Strategy- from a German initiative to a European platform

[Source: TES]

• Trend-setting way for the use of regenewably produced fuels

• Claim to wide use of renewable energy in traffic

• Positioning of Hydrogen as renewable source of energy for thefuture

• Showing perspectives for climate protection and saving of fossilresources

• Positioning as contribution to national strategy for sustainability

• Demonstration of leading position of the TES-members in the field ofalternative energy- and propulsion systems

Strategic goals Clean Energy Partnership Berlin (CEP)Strategic goals Clean Energy Partnership Berlin (CEP)

Trend-setting way to sustainable mobility in co-operation

between federal government and economy[Source: CEP]

• Gaining experiences in renewable production, storage and provisionof Hydrogen in liquid and gaseous form with different solutions- Methanol as a precaution

• Integration of H2-technology into existing public filling stations forthe first time

• Testing of both forms of Hydrogen in vehicles with internalcombustion engine and vehicles with fuel cells

• Realization and testing of further technical development

• Suggestions for elimination of technical and administrative barriers

• Evaluation of possible cost reductions, environmental effects ,attractiveness for the customers and acceptance by the society

Approval and communication of sustainable energy-

and vehicle systems as an every day solution[Source: CEP]

Operative goals Clean Energy Partnership Berlin (CEP)Operative goals Clean Energy Partnership Berlin (CEP)

ElectrolysisElectrolysis

Methanol

Contents of CEP BerlinContents of CEP Berlin

[Source: CEP]

CGH2

LH2

CEP Berlin

Projektorga CEP Berlin Wei 2001-08-28

Project Organisation CEP Berlin

Project Part ‘Infrastructure‘(Project Coord.: Aral)

Project Part ‘Mobility’(Project Coord.: NN)

Aral

E.ON

GHW

Linde

Verbund

BMW

MAN

GM

DC Vehicle ApplicationCustomer SupportCommon Workshop ?

Project Support(NN)

Project Communication(H. Scheunemann, DC)

Towards Government a.PublicCoordination with Project Partners

Filling Station

certif. Wind Electricity

Electrolyser

Liquid Hydrogen

certif. Hydro-Electricity

Steering Committee:

Documentation, Budget Ad-ministration, Acceptance Analyses

Members: BMVBW (Moderation), BMWi, BMU, dena,Aral, BMW, DC, GHW, GM, Linde, MAN

Core Functions: - strategic orientation of CEP (coordinated with Green Cabinett and TES- Securing of appropriated project resources- Project controlling

State: 01OCT01

[Source: CEP]

Strategic Advantages of H2 as a Vehicle Fuel

No other vehicle fuel can be produced from as many feedstocks as hydrogen:

⇒ fossil sources (natural gas, crude oil, coal)

⇒ waste (biogenic and non-biogenic waste)

⇒ renewable sources (biomass, hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, maritime)

Hydrogen has an exactly defined fuel quality for ICE and PEMFC.

In a coordinated approach, hydrogen refueling infrastructure build-upwill not be a technical nor an economic issue !

Consequence:This allows a very robust and flexible introduction and implementationstrategy for hydrogen as a versatile vehicle fuel with a very highprobability to avoid market niches and to enter real mass markets(other than biofuels which will remain limited to niches)

HydrogenDemonstration Activities

SWB Plant in Bavaria 1987-1999

[Source: SWB]

Euro-Québec Hydro-Hydrogen Pilot ProjectEQHHPP 1989-2000

[Source: LBST + EQHHPP Partners 1999]

MANLH2 ICE City Bus

LH2TransportStorageTanks

BMWLH2 Vehicle Tank Testing

LH2-SuppliedPAFCCoge-nerationPlant

LH2 Storage Tanks and Refueling Equipment for all EQHHPP Buses

LH2 Bus Demonstration Bavaria 1996-1998

LH2 ICE City BusDemonstration in Erlangen

[Sources: MAN, ESTW, Linde]

PEMFC Bus Demonstration Bavaria 10/00-04/01

CGH2 PEMFC City Bus Demonstrationin Erlangen, Nürnberg and Fürth -OCT2000/ APR2001

[Sources: VAG, MAN, Linde, LBST]

[Sources: H2T/ LBST - 1999]

LH2 Refueling Station Layoutsafety and protection distances

Onsite delivery ofLH2 in cryo-containers, onsitestoarge in cryo-container,conditioning andLH2 dispensing toLH2 fueled vehicles.Integrated into aconventionalstandard fillingstation layout.German legalapproval require-ments for safetyzoning assumed.

Munich Airport Hydrogen Refueling Station

H2 VehicleDemonstration atMunich Airport[Source: H2MUC 1999]

Munich Airport Hydrogen ProjectLH2 Robot Refueling

[Sources: LBST 1999, BMW 2000, Linde 2000]

Munich Airport Hydrogen Refueling Station

H2MUC Refuelling Station atMunich Airport[Source: H2MUC 1999]

Discussion betweenFrench and GermanHydrogen Engineers[Source: LBST 1999]

Munich Airport Hydrogen Project - Phase II

[Source: H2MUC]

H22.5 bar125Nm³/h

H2

(Quality 5.0)

125 Nm 3/h30 ÷ 350 bar

Power converter AC/DCElectrolysis

450 kWel

~=

H2-cleaning and drying

Tubu

lar s

tora

ge35

0 ba

r, V

= 8

m3

O2

Energy supply Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen consumption

Operation at the Munich airport apron area:3 articulated buses with advanced hydrogen ICE

VIP-cars

(BMW LH2-ICE)

LH2-

stor

age

12.0

00 l

GH2

LH2

H2-vaporizer

LH2-pump120 l LH2 /h

MAN-low floor buswith advanced H2-ICE

2 PEMFC buses350 bar hydrogen storage

2.00

0 N

m3 ,

30

bar

hydr

idst

orag

e

PEM-fuel cell fork lift

Robotic-refilling station

Pipeline 1.2 km

40 b

ar

H2

SteamreformerManual

refilling station

Manual refilling station

NaturalGas

?

Demonstration Projects

IcelandHydrogenProject

2000-2040

CUTE Clean UrbanTransport for Europe10 European Cities2002-2005 [EvoBus]

CUTE Clean UrbanTransport for Europe10 European Cities2002-2005 [EvoBus]

EuropeanLH2 PEMFC Busfor Berlin, Lisbonand Copenhagenby MAN

EuropeanLH2 PEMFC Busfor Berlin, Lisbonand Copenhagenby MAN

Hamburg CGH2 Van Demonstration (ICE + PEMFC)Hamburg CGH2 Van Demonstration (ICE + PEMFC)

Italian Hybrid-FC-Bus with IFC

PEMFC by IrisbusTorino

Italian Hybrid-FC-Bus with IFC

PEMFC by IrisbusTorino

Articulated FC-Bus by Irisbusfor Berlin BVG(Project Idea)

Articulated FC-Bus by Irisbusfor Berlin BVG(Project Idea)

BVG - Universal Cryogenic Refueling Station

bvg Unternehmensbereich Omnibus , Source: Linde State: 14.09.2001 22-01-24

LH2-TransferpumpeFörderleistung: 3.000 l/h

kryogeneDruckerhöhungspumpe

Versorgungs-anschluß

LH2-Zapfsäule

LH2

ZapfsäuleStandard-betankungbis 3.000 l/h

Abgaskamin

CGH2-High Pressure

StorageCGH2-Dispenser

CGH2

ZapfsäuleStandard-betankungbis 350 bar

Boil-Off -GasVerdichter

Boil-Off -GasAnwärmer

Rückgasleitung; LH2-Betankung

CGH2-Hochdruck-verdampfer

LH2- Speichertank

Ventil- undSteuerblock

LH2Tankstelle

High Pressure Compressor Station

©

100

©AA1086

PRENZLAUER BERGMICHELANGELOSTR.

1086

B-V 1086

CGH2-Tank *

* Tank capacity for a daily operating range of 400km

LH2-Tank *

100PRENZLAUER BERGMICHELANGELOSTR.

©

3017 3017

B-V 3017

AA

LiquefactionElectrolysis

Reforming

- +

Water

Gaseous O2

MethanolCH3OH

Natural Gas CH4

+ Water Vapour H2O BVG is theBerlin PublicTransportOperator

Partner:TotalFinaElf

[Source: BVG]

BVG PEMFC Bus Demonstration Project

[Source: BVG]

180 kWePEMFC

System byProton Motor

Fuel CellGmbH

Selection of CGH2 Refueling Stations Worldwide

BC Hydro 70 MPa RefuelingStation, Vancouver, BC,Canada

Honda - FuelMaker 35 MPa Refuel-ing Station, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Osaka Gas- 35 MPaRefueling Station withOnsite NG-Reforming,Osaka, Japan

35 MPa Refueling Stationwith Electrolyser,Takamatsu, Japan

California FC Partnership35 MPa LCGH2-RefuelingStation, Sacramento, USA

Sunline Transit 35 MPaRefueling Station withElectrolyser, ThousandPalms, CA, USA

VaillantPEMFC-Domestic CHPFleet Test2002-2003

Stationary Demonstration Projects

• FC Fleet Demonstration Tests (Vaillant, Sulzer-Hexis)

• FC Network France

Sulzer-HexisSOFC-Domestic CHPFleet Test1998-2001

[Sources: Vaillant, Sulzer-Hexis]

Public Awarenessregarding Hydrogen

GM Presentation in BeijingOctober 2000

GM Press Event,Brussels, June 2000

Endurance Testing at GMProving Grounds in Arizona- May 2001

Berlin: May 11, 2000 Dubai: February 1, 2001 Los Angeles: July 12, 2001

BMWClean EnergyWorld Tour

Public Awareness - Promotion Activities

Important Internet Sites by LBST

http://www.hydrogen.org/index-e.html

HyWeb information - Hydrogen Cars:http://www.h2cars.de

European Integrated Hydrogen Project:http://www.eihp.org

Hydrogen Project at Munich Airport:http://www.hyweb.de/h2muc/introe.html