overview of freight transport - ncsu coe people of freight transpor… · overview of freight...
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Overview of Freight Transport
Michael G. Kay
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Transport Modes
Mode
Cost in Cents per Ton-Mile
CostRelative to
Water
Water 0.007 1
Rail 0.025 4
Road 0.251 36
Air 0.588 84
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Dirt-to-Dirt Logistics Costs
($/ton-mi relative to water)
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Carrier vs. Shipper
• Carrier:– Company that transports a shipment using its equipment
• Shipper:– Person or company that owns the shipment
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Total 2016 U.S. Logistics Costs YearlyLogistics
Costs
Percent of GDP
(Tran/Inv%)
1981 16.2% (45/51)
2000 10.2%
2004 8.6%
2007 9.9%
2009 7.4%*
2011 8.6%
2013 8.2%
2016 7.5% (64/29)
410 16.32%2512
h ≈ =
*Record low
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Logistics Cost as a Percent of GDP
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Why Are U.S. Logistics Costs Low?
• Major reason is geography:1. Many natural harbors on both coasts2. Long-distance navigable inland waterways3. Many 500+ mile hauls ⇒ rail feasible
• Reason U.S. drives on right due to wide-spread early use of freight mule trains (and limited use of swords)
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Who is this person?
• He is, arguably, one of the two or three people who have had the biggest impact on global trade since WWII
• He patented his innovation, and then immediately gave it away
• He was a trucker fromMaxton, North Carolina
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ISO Container
40 ft = 2 TEU
BICCode
Used to transport 90% of international trade
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Twistlock
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Intermodal Transport
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CenterPoint Intermodal Center, Chicago
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Maritime Transportation Rates for a 40 Foot Container between Selected Ports, 2010
Source: Drewry Shipping Consultants. Note: Rates are for full container loads and include the base ocean shipping rate, port charges both at origin and at destination, fuel surcharges and all other surcharges.
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Transit Times from Shanghai and North American Routing Options (in Days)
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Far Reaching Effects of Canal Expansion
“Panamax” ship = 4000-5000 TEU Capacitypost-Panamax = too big to fit (Nimitz)
“New Panamax” = 12,000 TEU
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Piggyback and Doublestack Train Cars
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Major North American Rail Corridors Improved since 2000
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Alameda Rail Corridor
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Railcar TrackingAu
tom
atic
Equ
ipm
ent I
dent
ifica
tion
(AEI
) tag
and
read
er
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TruckingU.S. For-Hire Trucking Services
Truck Trailer
Cube = 3,332 - 3,968 CFTMax Gross Vehicle Wt = 80,000 lbs = 40 tons
Max Payload Wt = 50,000 lbs = 25 tons
Length: 48' - 53' single trailer, 28' double trailer
Int
erio
r Hei
ght :
( 8' 6
" - 9
'2" =
102
" - 1
10")
Width:
8'6" = 102"
(8'2" = 98")M
ax H
eigh
t:
13'6
" = 1
62"
Truck enclosed van semi-trailer (interior dimensions in parenthesis)
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Trucking Operations
P DPickup Delivery
P D D D
P P P D
P P P DD D
(a) Point-to-point (P2P)
(b) Peddling (one-to-many)
(c) Collecting (many-to-one)
(d) Many-to-many
P D P DP D
(e) Interleaved
Local P/D
Local P/D
LinehaulTerminal
TL routing alternatives
Logistics network used for LTL and PX
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LTL Terminal
T-shape best for 150-200 doors
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Types of Warehouses
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Transloading• Process of transferring a shipment from one
transport vehicle to another– a.k.a. (or similar to) transshipping
• Advantages of transloading at a port prior to transport to inland distribution centers (DCs):– Contents of four 40-ft containers fit into
three 53-ft domestic containers or semi-trailers
– Empty 40-ft containers don’t need to be returned from DC
– Can re-sort and delay final assignment to DCs instead of shipping full contentsto a single DC
• Disadvantage: Increased handling (cost and damage)
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Savannah Logistics Cluster
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Port of Savannah
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I-75 Commercial Vehicle Lanes• Heavy truck traffic between just south of
Atlanta and Port of Savannah• Proposed project would consist of two
barrier-separated commercial vehicle only lanes along I-75 median
• Would reduce– Congestion– Truck/car accidents– Maintenance cost of general purpose lanes
• Open to traffic in 2029• Cost estimate is $1.8 billion
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Appalachian Regional Port• Example of an inland port• Provides direct 388-mile rail
route to/from Port of Savannah• Bypasses Atlanta congestion• Reduces truck congestion at port• Eliminates need for transloading• Opened August 2018
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Misc. Freight Terms• Demurrage• per-day fee to keep container/trailer• Drayage• short-distance transport (dray horse)• Dunnage• material to secure cargo in container
(air bag, “popcorn”)• Bill of Lading (blockchain)• contract between carrier and shipper that
serves as title for shipment• FOB (Free-on-Board)• indicates when seller transfers title to
buyer
• Truck vs. Tractor-Trailer
• Reefer• refrigerated container or trailer• Bobtail
• Common Carrier (vs Private Carrier)• carrier that serves general public • 3PL (third-party logistics provider)• firm that specializes in providing
warehousing and transportation services for hire
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Misc. Freight Terms (cont)• Deadheading• truck travel without a load
• Doubles
• Fifth Wheel (and Kingpin)
• Hours-of-Service (HOS) regulations• “Drivers may drive up to 11 hours in the
14-hour on-duty window after they come on duty following 10 or more consecutive hours off duty”
• Sleeper, Driver Team• allows non-stop travel with one person
driving while other sleeps
• Tare Weight• Tare = Gross vehicle weight – Payload
• Lumper• laborer hired by a trucker to unload
freight at a warehouse