overview of latest results from phenix · 2019-01-08 · our primary focus. figure 1 shows the...

Overview of latest results from PHENIX

Takao Sakaguchi for the PHENIX collaboration∗

Brookhaven National LaboratoryE-mail: [email protected]

An overview of the latest results on the hard probes from the PHENIX experiment at RHIC isgiven. The results on the measurements of high pT hadrons, hadron-hadron correlations, openheavy flavor and quarkonia, and direct photons from large (Au+Au) to small collision systems(p+Al and p/d/3He+Au) provided a deeper insight on the medium created in the large systemsand the possible onset of QGP-nization in transition from small to large systems.

International Conference on Hard and Electromagnetic Probes of High-Energy Nuclear Collisions30 September - 5 October 2018Aix-Les-Bains, Savoie, France

∗Speaker.

c© Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative CommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). https://pos.sissa.it/

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PHENIX Overview Takao Sakaguchi for the PHENIX collaboration

1. Introduction

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) hasbeen operated almost for two decades, during which variety of nucleus have been collided at variousenergies, in addition to the golden colliding mode of Au+Au collisions at

√sNN = 200 GeV. In the

last five years of data taking and analysis, PHENIX focused on not only large systems like Au+Aucollisions, but also small systems like p+Al and p/d/3He+Au collisions. We will show the latestresults from these systems and discuss what we learned.

2. Results from large system

From the beginning of the experiment, the measurement of the high pT hadrons has been ofour primary focus. Figure 1 shows the latest compilation of the nuclear modification factors (RAA)for various particles emitted in 0-10 % Au+Au collisions at

√sNN = 200 GeV. It is clearly seen

(GeV/c)T

p0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

A

A R

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.4

1.61.8

22.22.4 = 200 GeV, 0-10% most centralNNsPHENIX Au+Au,

(PRL109, 152302)γdirect (PRL101, 232301)0π

(PRC82, 011902)η (PRC83, 024904)φ

p (PRC88, 024906)

0-20% cent. (PRL98, 232301)ψJ/ 0-20% cent. (PRC84, 044902)ω

(PRC84, 044905)HF±e (PRC88, 024906)±K

Figure 1: Latest compilation of RAA for various particles in 0-10 % Au+Au collisions at√

sNN = 200 GeV.

that the yields of light mesons are equally suppressed over pT , except for φ at low pT , while thedirect photons are consistent with the expectation from the primordial production. With the Cu+Aucollisions performed in the RHIC Year-2012 run, we have extend the compilation to an asymmetricsystem, as shown in Fig. 2(a). The yields of light hadrons (π0, η , ω) are again equally suppressed,while a strange hadron (φ ) is off the trend in pT < 5 GeV/c, which is consistent with the Au+Auresult. When looking at the integrated RAA for pT > 5−7 GeV/c as a function of Npart as shown inFig. 2(b), the RAA values follow a common trend. This is consistent with the fact that the φ is alsoequally suppressed when going to higher pT [1].

The hadron-hadron correlation gives us additional insight of the medium compared to singlehadrons. PHENIX has measured the π0-hadron correlations in Au+Au collisions at

√sNN = 200 GeV

in the past, and obtained the width of the near-side and away-side peak of jet functions [2]. At thattime, the particle flow was explored up to second order (v2), therefore the background flow subtrac-tion was performed only up to the second order as well. With the high statistics RHIC Year-2010

1


(GeV/c)T

p0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

AA

R

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.41.61.8

2=200 GeVNNs0-20% Cu+Au,

|y| < 0.35

published in arXiv:1805.04389γγ→)η(0π

γγ→0πγγ→η

0π0π→SKγ0π→ω

-K+K→φ

partN0 100 200 300

⟩A

AR⟨

1−10

1

10

=200 GeVNNsCu+Au, >5 GeV/c, arxiv:1805.04389

T, p0π

>5 GeV/c, arxiv:1805.04389T

, pη>5 GeV/c

T, pSK

>7 GeV/cT

, pω>5 GeV/c

T, pφ

=200 GeVNNsAu+Au, >5 GeV/c, PRL101:232301

T, p0π

>6 GeV/cT

, pSK>7 GeV/c, PRC84:044902

T, pω

>5 GeV/cT

, pφ

=200 GeVNNsCu+Cu, >6 GeV/c

T, pSK

>7 GeV/c, PRC84:044902T

, pω>5 GeV/c

T, pφ

|y| < 0.35

Figure 2: (a, left) RAA for hadrons in 0-20 % Cu+Au collisions at√

sNN = 200 GeV. (b, right) IntegratedRAA for Au+Au, Cu+Au and Cu+Cu collisions for pT above 5–7 GeV/c, as a function of Npart.

and 2011 run data and taking vn (n = 2,3,4) flow components into account for background esti-mate, the jet functions are significantly improved and smooth in ∆φ as shown in Fig. 3(a). Thewidths of the away-side peaks are shown in Fig. 3(b). Comparing to the previous result, both thestatistical and systematic uncertainties are much improved, which results in a firmer conclusion thatthe widths are larger for Au+Au collisions compared to that for p+p at low pT , and they convergeas going to higher pT [3]. The result can be compared to the γ-hadron correlation result whosetrigger particles don’t interact with medium [4].

(rad)fD1- 0 1 2 3 4

fD/d

pair

N 0 p1/

N

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

2 - 3 GeV/cÄ4 - 5

-H AuAu 200GeV 0p

Au+Au (2010 & 2011)200 GeV 0-20%

-hadron0p8.8% Scale Uncertainty±

PH ENIXpreliminary

(GeV/c)T

assoc p2 4 6

(ra

d)σ

0

0.5

14 - 5 GeV/c4 - 5 GeV/c

(GeV/c)T

assoc p2 4 6

(ra

d)σ

0

0.5

1

5 - 7 GeV/c5 - 7 GeV/c-hadron0π

Away side

(GeV/c)T

assoc p2 4 6

(ra

d)σ

0

0.5

17 - 9 GeV/c

7 - 9 GeV/c

p+p (2015)200 GeV

(GeV/c)T

assoc p2 4 6

(ra

d)σ

0

0.5

1

9 - 12 GeV/c

9 - 12 GeV/c Au+Au

(2010 & 2011)200 GeV 0-20%

subtracted4

,v3

,v2v

PH ENIXpreliminary

Figure 3: (a, left) Jet function from π0-h correlations in 0-20 % Au+Au collisions at√

sNN = 200 GeV. (b,right) Away-side peak widths of the jet functions, as a function of trigger π0 pT and associated hadron pT .

A systematic study of the energy loss as a function of quark mass gives another handle onthe energy loss mechanism. PHENIX has measured electrons and muons from heavy flavor quarkdecay (charm and bottom) and unfolded to each component. Figure 4(a) shows the RAA for theinclusive heavy flavor electrons, together with the electrons from charm and bottom separately inminimum bias Au+Au collisions at

√sNN = 200 GeV. A hint of the mass ordering in the suppression

is seen; electrons from bottom quarks tend to be less suppressed compared to those from charmquarks. The large errors, however, prevented us from making a definitive conclusion. A dominant

2


[GeV/c]T

p1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

e)

→ e

, b

→ (

c A

AR

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

2.2

e (Phys.Rev.C 84,044905)→c+b

e→c

e→b

=200 GeVNNsmin. bias Au+Au,

Data 2004+2014, |y|<0.35

p+p from e-h correlationsPhys.Rev.Lett.105,202301

PH ENIXpreliminary

[GeV/c]T

Electron p1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

]-2

dy) [

mb

(GeV

/c)

T/d

pσ2

) d T pπ

(1/2

10−10

9−10

8−10

7−10

6−10

5−10

4−10

3−10

2−10 = 200 GeVNNsp+p at

| < 0.35η|

e→ e + b →c e→b e→c

Inclusive HF Electrons [PRC 84, 044905]

[GeV/c]T

Electron p1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

e)

→D

ata

/ (c+

b

0.60.8

11.21.41.61.8

22.22.4

PH ENIXpreliminary

Figure 4: (a, left) RAA for inclusive electrons from charm and bottom quarks, and electrons from charm andbottom quarks separately, measured in minimum bias Au+Au collisions at

√sNN = 200 GeV. (b, right) New

p+p baseline of the electrons from charm and bottom quarks.

source of uncertainty in this measurement is the fact that the p+p reference was made up fromthe e-h correlation result by the STAR experiment. With the RHIC Year-2015 data which hasthe VTX detector, PHENIX succeeded to measure the electrons from charm and bottom quarksseparately in p+p collisions, as shown in Fig. 4(b) [5]. A forthcoming RAA measurement will usethis new p+p baseline. If the heavy quarks lose their energies significantly, they may eventuallystop in the medium and follow the expansion of the bulk system, in which case these quarks willflow. PHENIX has also successfully measured the flow of electrons from charm and bottom quarksseparately, as shown in Fig. 5. The electrons from bottom quarks seem to flow less than those from

[GeV/c]T

p0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

c 2e

v

-0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25=200GeVNNsMin. bias Au+Au

from charm decay±e PHENIX PRC92.034913±h

PH ENIXpreliminary

[GeV/c]T

p0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

b 2e

v

-0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25=200GeVNNsMin. bias Au+Au

from bottom decay±e PHENIX PRC92.034913±h

PH ENIXpreliminary

Figure 5: v2 of the inclusive heavy flavor electrons compared with (a, left) unfolded charm electrons and (b,right) bottom electrons.

charm quarks. Together with RAA, the result implies that less energy loss of a heavy quark leads toless probability of the quark being stopped and merged into the bulk system [6].

3


3. Transition from large to small systems

Direct photons are a strong tool to shed a light on the thermodynamics of the systems, sincethe photons leave the system unscathed strongly once emitted. They are also useful for exploringthe threshold of partonic matter production. PHENIX has studied low pT direct photon productionfor various energies and collision systems, and found intriguing dNch/dη scaling. Figure 6 showsthe direct photon spectra from large collision systems scaled by (dNch/dη)1.25 [7, 8]. It shows that

[GeV/c]T

p0 5 10

]-2

[(G

eV/c

)1.

25)η

/dch

dy /

(dN

Tp2N

/d3 d

12−10

10−10

8−10

6−10

4−10

2−10

[GeV/c]T

p0 5 10

]-2

[(G

eV/c

)1.

25)η

/dch

dy /

(dN

Tp2N

/d3 d 12−10

10−10

8−10

6−10

4−10

2−10

(a)

= 62.4 GeV, 0-86%NNsAu+Au,

= 39 GeV, 0-86%NNsAu+Au, = 62.4 GeVsp+p,

= 63 GeVsp+p,

= 62.4 GeVs pQCD,

= 39 GeVs pQCD,

[GeV/c]T

p0 5 10

]-2

[(G

eV/c

)1.

25)η

/dch

dy /

(dN

Tp2N

/d3 d 12−10

10−10

8−10

6−10

4−10

2−10 = 200 GeV:NNs

Au+Au, 0-20%

Au+Au, 20-40%

Au+Au, 40-60% = 200 GeVsp+p,

= 200 GeVsp+p fit,

= 200 GeVs pQCD,

(b)

[GeV/c]T

p0 5 10

]-2

[(G

eV/c

)1.

25)η

/dch

dy /

(dN

Tp2N

/d3 d 12−10

10−10

8−10

6−10

4−10

2−10 = 2760 GeV, 0-20%NNsPb+Pb,

=200 GeV, 0-20%NNsAu+Au,

= 62.4 GeV, 0-20%NNsAu+Au,

= 200 GeV, 0-40%NNsCu+Cu, = 2760 GeVs pQCD,

= 200 GeVs pQCD,

PHENIX

(c)

Figure 6: Direct photon invariant yields scaled by (dNch/dη)1.25 for (a, left) Au+Au collisions at 39 and62.4 GeV together with p+p and pQCD calculation, (b, middle) Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV for severalcentralities, and (c, right) central Au+Au, Cu+Cu and Pb+Pb collisions.

the scaled direct photon yield are lying on top of each other for pT < 5 GeV/c that are primarily softphotons emitted from the bulk system, irrespective of the collision systems, energies, or centralities.

PHENIX has also measured the direct photons in p+Au collisions at√

sNN = 200 GeV asshown in Fig. 7. Although the errors are large, a hint of enhancement over the expectation fromp+p collisions is seen. The result is found to be consistent with hydrodynamic calculation withinerrors [9].

We have summarized the direct photon measurements from large to small systems in the formof integrated yield (pT >1 GeV/c) as a function of dNch/dη as shown in Fig. 8. The dotted lineshows the fit to the A+A data with a function of dNγ/dη = β (dNch/dη)α , where α is fixed to1.25. It is found that all the A+A points are on the dotted lines, while p+p and Ncoll scaled pQCDcalculations are on a different line which is parallel to the dotted line. The p/d+Au data pointsseem to fill the gap smoothly between A+A and p+p points, which suggests that the QGP-nizationhappens smoothly in that dNch/dη range [8, 9].

4. Results from small systems

Since the discovery of collective flow of particles in central p+A collisions at RHIC and theLHC as well as d/3He+Au collisions at RHIC, a question from the hard probe point of view has

4


[GeV/c]T

p0 2 4 6 8 10

3 c-2

mb

GeV

3/d

pσ3

d⋅E

5−10

4−10

3−10

2−10

1−10

1

+ Xγ →p + Au

= 200 GeV:NNs

0-5%, Ext. conv.n

0p

T2p

1+ Acoll

)=NT

f(p

PH ENIXpreliminary

[GeV/c]T

p0 2 4 6 8 10

p+A

uR

0

1

2

3

4

5| < 0.35η = 200 GeV, |NNs

p+Au, 0-5 %

Thermal, Shen et al

pQCD, Shen et al

PH ENIXpreliminary

Figure 7: (a, left) Direct photon spectra in 0-5 % p+Au collisions at√

sNN = 200 GeV together with theparameterized p+p yield scaled by Ncoll. (b, right) RpA of the direct photons.

0≈η |η/dchdN10 210 310

> 1

.0 G

eV/c

)T

/dy

(p

γdN

4−10

3−10

2−10

1−10

1

10

210 + X

dirγ →p(d,A) + p(A)

= 2760 GeVNNsPb+Pb,

= 200 GeVNNsAu+Au,

= 62.4 GeVNNsAu+Au,

= 39 GeVNNsAu+Au,

= 200 GeVNNsCu+Cu,

= 200 GeVNNsd+Au,

= 200 GeVNNsp+Au,

= 200 GeVsp+p,

scaled prompt photonscollN

= 200 GeVsp+p fit, = 2760 GeVspQCD, = 200 GeVspQCD, = 62 GeVspQCD,

= 1.25αPH ENIXpreliminary

Figure 8: Integrated photon yield (pT >1 GeV/c) as a function of dNch/dη for various collision systems.

been whether or not the nuclear parton distribution function (nPDF) is strongly modified in thesesystems. PHENIX has measured muon-pairs at forward (p-going) and backward (Au-going) ra-pidities in p+Au collisions at

√sNN=200 GeV, and extracted the invariant mass and pT spectra for

the Drell-Yan process, by subtracting the known hadron decay contribution, as shown in Fig. 9.The Drell-Yan process primarily probes the nPDF of the light quark sector. The RpA shows thatthe data is well described by the PYTHIA event generator with the EPPS16 nPDF [10]. With thesame dataset but a different kinematic cut, we have measured the bottom-quark pair cross-sectionin p+Au collisions as shown in Fig. 10. Although the errors are large, the agreement between dataand PYTHIA+EPPS16 nPDF seems to be a bit worse, suggesting that the gluon part of nPDF hasa room to improve since the bottom-quark pairs are primarily produced from gluons [10].

Charmonia provide another handle on nPDF. PHENIX has studied J/ψ production in p+Al

5


dN

/dm

[arb

itra

ry u

nit

s]

12−10

11−10

10−10

9−10

8−10

7−10

dN

/dm

[arb

itra

ry u

nit

s]

12−10

11−10

10−10

9−10

8−10

7−10

]2[GeV/cµµm4 6 8 10 12 140

0.20.40.60.8

1

]2[GeV/cµµm4 6 8 10 12 14

Rel

. co

ntr

ibu

tio

n

00.20.40.60.8

1

(a) Unlike-sign pairs (Au-going) < -1.2µη> 3GeV/c, -2.2 < µp

(b) Unlike-sign pairs (p-going) < 2.2µη> 3GeV/c, 2.2 < µp

(c) (d)

raw datatotal BG

ψJ/(2s)ψ(1s)ϒ(2s)ϒ(3s)ϒ

ccbb

comb. BGcorr. hadrons

Rel

. co

ntr

ibu

tio

n

PH ENIXpreliminary

]2mass[GeV/c

/GeV

nu

cleo

n]

2/d

md

y[n

b c

σ2 d 3−10

2−10

1−10

< -1.2 (Au-going)µµ

p+Au, -2.2 < y

< 2.2 (p-going)µµ

p+Au, 1.2 < y

| < 2.2µµ

x p+p, 1.2 < |ycollN

-µ+µ →Drell-Yan

]2[GeV/cµµm6 8 10 12 14

p

+Au

R

0

1

2EPPS16 + PYTHIA (Au-going)EPPS16 + PYTHIA (p-going)

]2[GeV/cµµm6 8 10 12 14

p

+Au

R

0

1

2

PH ENIXpreliminary

Figure 9: (a, left) Invariant mass spectra for muon-pairs in forward and backward rapidities in p+Au col-lisions at

√sNN = 200 GeV, together with the various known hadron contributions. (b, right) pT spectra for

the extracted Drell-Yan contribution for p+p (scaled by Ncoll) and p+Au collisions, and corresponding RpA.

[GeV/c]T

pair p0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

pA

R

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

[GeV/c]T

pair p0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Co

un

ts[a

rbit

rary

sca

le]

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

< -1.2 (Au-going)µη-2.2< EPPS16+PYTHIA

< 2.2 (p-going)µη1.2< EPPS16+PYTHIA

X±µ±µ → X b b→p+Au

= 200 GeVNNs

] < 10.02 [GeV/c±µ±µ3.5 < m > 3 GeV/c

µp

PH ENIXpreliminary

Figure 10: RpA of the bottom-quark pairs at forward and backward rapidities.

and p/d/3He+Au collisions at√

sNN = 200 GeV. Figure 11 shows the inclusive J/ψ RAB at forward(p/d/3He-going) and backward (Au or Al-going) rapidities as a function of Npart. It is found thatthe RAB scales very well with Npart individually at forward and backward rapidities. In order toinvestigate differentially, we have performed the measurement of J/ψ RAB as a function of pT

as shown in Fig. 12. The RAB for p/d/3He+Au collisions are very consistent each other both atforward and backward rapidities, while that for p+Al collisions is out of trend, implying the RAB

is primarily determined by the nPDF or cold nuclear effects of the nucleus [11]. One thing worthnoting is that the previous single muon measurement from heavy quarks shows a different trendat backward rapidities [12]; single muon RdA is enhanced, while J/ψ RAB is suppressed. This is

6


partN0 10 20

AB

R

0

0.5

1

1.5

p+Al p+Au d+Au PRL 111 202301 (2013)

He+Au3

-2.2<y<-1.2 (Al/Au-going)=200 GeVNNs ψInclusive J/ PH ENIX

preliminary

partN0 10 20

AB

R

0

0.5

1

1.5

p+Al p+Au d+Au PRL 111 202301 (2013)

He+Au3

He-going)31.2<y<2.2 (p/d/

=200 GeVNNs ψInclusive J/ PH ENIXpreliminary

Figure 11: Inclusive J/ψ RAB at forward at backward rapidities as a function of Npart.

(GeV/c)T

p0 2 4 6

H

e+A

3p/

d/R

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

p+Al p+Au d+Au PRL 111 202301 (2013)He+Au3

-2.2<y<-1.2 (A-going)=200 GeVNNs ψInclusive J/

PH ENIXpreliminary

(GeV/c)T

p0 2 4 6

H

e+A

3p/

d/R

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

p+Al p+Au d+Au PRL 111 202301 (2013)He+Au3

He-going)31.2<y<2.2 (p/d/

=200 GeVNNs ψInclusive J/

PH ENIXpreliminary

Figure 12: Inclusive J/ψ RAB at forward at backward rapidities as a function of pT .

consistent with the breakup of J/ψ in the Au nucleus by the cold nuclear effects.Lastly, PHENIX has recently published the collision energy and system size dependence of

light hadron flow (v2 and v3) in the small collision systems, and found that the results are welldescribed by hydrodynamic calculations [13]. PHENIX has also measured the v2 of muons fromheavy quarks at forward (d-going) and backward (Au-going) rapidities in most central d+Au col-lisions at

√sNN = 200 GeV as shown in Fig. 13 [6]. Although the errors are large, it was found the

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 [GeV/c]

Tp

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

} <

-3.

1η

-3.9

<

{EP

2v

from open heavy flavor decays-µCharged hadrons

=200 GeVNNs0-20% d+Au

< -1.4η-2.0 < = 1.9%

GlobalSys

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 [GeV/c]

Tp

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

} <

-3.

1η

-3.9

<

{EP

2v

from open heavy flavor decays-µCharged hadrons

=200 GeVNNs0-20% d+Au

< 2.0η1.4 < = 1.9%

GlobalSys

PH ENIXpreliminary

Figure 13: v2 of heavy flavor muons and charged hadrons at forward and backward rapidities in 0-20 %d+Au collisions.

7


muons also flow and the magnitudes of the flow are consistent with those of charged hadrons. Takentogether, these results are rather suggestive of QGP-droplet formation, which does not preclude thecoexistence of conventional cold nuclear matter effects in these small systems.

5. Summary

We have presented the latest results on the hard probes from large to small collision sys-tems by fully exploiting the flexibility of RHIC. The high pT hadrons in large systems are equallysuppressed at the same Npart, except for a strange hadron, φ . Away-side jet widths in Au+Au col-lisions are found to be larger than and consistent with those for p+p collisions at low and highassociated pT , respectively. The electrons from charm quarks are found to flow more than thosefrom bottom quarks. This is consistent with more energy loss for charm quarks. Soft photonyields (pT < 5 GeV/c) measured over various collision systems showed that the yields scale as:dNγ/dy = α(dNch/dη)1.25. The photon yields in p+Au collisions look to fill the gap between theyields in p+p and A+A systems when plotting against dNch/dη , hinting a transition from normalto partonic matter in this dNch/dη region. Cold nuclear effects probed by Drell-Yan and bottomquarks are reasonably described by EPPS16 nPDF and PYTHIA event generator, modulo a bitworse description for bottom quarks, suggesting a room of improvement for gluon nPDF. Compar-ison of single muon and J/ψ yields in small systems provided a strong proof of the breakup of J/ψ

in the Au nucleus. Both light-flavor hadrons and heavy quark muons are found to flow in centrald+Au collisions, implying that the "mini-QGP" production in small systems is rather suggestive.

References

[1] Y. Mitrankov, these proceedings.

[2] A. Adare et al., “Trends in Yield and Azimuthal Shape Modification in Dihadron Correlations inRelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 252301 (2010) [1002.1077 [nucl-ex]].

[3] M. Connors, these proceedings.

[4] A. Lebedev, these proceedings.

[5] T. Rinn, these proceedings.

[6] K. Nagashima, these proceedings.

[7] A. Adare et al., “Beam-energy and centrality dependence of direct-photon emission fromultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions”, [1805.04084 [hep-ex]].

[8] A. Drees, these proceedings.

[9] N. Novitzky, these proceedings.

[10] Y. Leung, these proceedings.

[11] M. Durham, these proceedings.

[12] A. Adare et al., “Cold-Nuclear-Matter Effects on Heavy-Quark Production at Forward and BackwardRapidity in d+Au Collisions at

√sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 252301 (2014) [1310.1005

[nucl-ex]].

[13] C. Aidala et al., “Creating small circular, elliptical, and triangular droplets of quark-gluon plasma”,Nature Physics, doi:10.1038/s41567-018-0360-0 [1805.02973 [nucl-ex]].

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