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OVERVIEW OF THE SELECTED TROPICAL FRUIT IN THE PHILIPPINES

Dr. Jocelyn E. Eusebio

Director of the Crops Research Division of the Philippines Council for Agriculture,

Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD)

of the Department of Science and Technology ( DOST),

Los Baňos, Laguna 4030, Philippines.

ABSTRACT This paper presents the status of the selected tropical fruit in the Philippines based on the production and

export/import statistics, crop management, policy and regulatory laws , research and development areas, the

deliverables of the industry strategic plans, the involvement of policy makers and the role of the identified key

institutes implementing the research and development activities. There are four (4) selected tropical fruit; namely

banana, mangoes, durian and jackfruit which were considered in this paper because the banana and mangoes are

export commodities while durian and jackfruit are also promising. The Philippines ranks third as the top

banana producing countries in 2010, including India and China. Davao and Mindanao contribute heavily to the

total national banana crop. Mangoes are the third most important fruit crop of the country based on export volume

and value next to bananas. On the other hand, durian and jackfruit are gaining importance due to their increasing

demand in the local market, and potential for export as processed products.

The Industry Strategic S&T Plans (ISPs) of the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural

Resources Research and Development Council (PCAARRD) for the selected fruit were crafted and will be

transformed into doable research and development programs to develop scientific and technology based solutions

towards increased productivity and ensured profitability.

The existing regulatory laws and guidelines to produce quality fruit for the export markets are well defined and

being adopted by the key institutions and players of the fruit industry. The partnership with international

organizations or centers strengthened the capacity of the critical mass of experts and provided new techniques and

approaches for the progress of fruit crop industry in the country.

Keywords: Philippines tropical fruit, crop management, fruit statistics

INTRODUCTION

The Philippines is the 39

th largest country in the world, according to 2013 World Bank statistics, and is also one of

the emerging markets. The Philippines is considered as a newly industrialized country, which has been transitioning

from being one based on agriculture to one that is based more on services and manufacturing. According to

the World Bank ICP 2011, the estimated 2011 GDP (purchasing power parity) was US$543.7 billion. Goldman

Sachs estimates that by the year 2050, the Philippines will be the 14th

largest economy in the world, and also

included the Philippines in its list of the Next Eleven economies. According to HSBC, the Philippine economy will

become the 16th

largest economy in the world, 5th

largest economy in Asia and the largest economy in the Southeast

Asian region by 2050.

The Philippine agriculture expanded by 1.83% in 2014. The sector's growth was contributed by the production

increments in the crops, livestock and poultry subsectors. Gross earnings amounted to Php1.6 trillion at current

prices or 9.71% higher than last year's earnings. It also employs 32% of the Filipino workforce as of 2013, according

to World Bank statistics. Agriculture accounts for 12% of Philippines GDP as of 2013, according to the World

Bank. The type of activity ranges from small subsistence farming and fishing to large commercial ventures with

significant export focus. The crops subsector which shared 52% in total agricultural production grew by 3.25 % in

2014.

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The Philippines is the world's largest producer of pineapples, producing 2,198 thousand MT in 2009. The

Philippines was also in the top three banana producing countries in 2010, including India and China. Davao and

Mindanao contribute heavily to the total national banana crop. Mangoes are the third most important fruit crop of the

country based on export volume and value next to bananas and pineapples.

The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development

(PCAARRD) of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) has crafted the different Industry Strategic

Plans to provide the directions of what are the priority commodities that needs science and technology based

programs. Out of 34 Industry Strategic Plans, tropical fruit such as mango, banana, jackfruit and durian are

considered for research and development. The mango and banana are of national interest, while durian and jackfruit

are of regional concerns.

OBJECTIVES

The primary goal of this paper is to discuss the industry status of the four commodities in terms of their productivity,

research agenda and technologies. The productivity will anchor the packages of technologies and science based

research interventions that will provide increased performance of the commodities, the science based solutions to the

research gaps of the industry and R and D system to include policy concerns.

METHODOLOGY

The primary data were sourced from authorized institutions working on production statistics like the Philippine

Statistics Authority and Food and Agriculture Organizations (FAO). On the research system, the information and R

and D agenda of the PCAARRD Corporate Plan which the Industry Strategic Plans are embedded were used, and for

the technologies or science-based were retrieved from the research outputs of different implementing institutions or

research partners, both from the national and regional research and development programs. The policy concerns

were sourced from the regulatory authorities like the Department of Agriculture and from the other members of the

National Research System working on tropical fruit R and D program.

Source data

This paper will focus on four tropical fruit (banana, mango, durian and jackfruit). These fruit were selected based on

their economic importance and the research priority agenda in the Industry Strategic Plans. The Industry Strategic

S&T Plans (ISPs) were crafted to (1) set the vision and direction for S&T for the agriculture, aquatic, and natural

resources sectors, and (2) influence other NIS actors to align their collective efforts towards such S&T vision. The

ISP describes the targets for each industry and pinpoints the aspects of the industry where S&T will make a

difference. Moreover, the ISP encapsulates and proposes how the vision can be operationalized through specific

activities under each of the major banner programs. Overall, the ISP is PCAARRD's contribution in shaping and

forging desired societal outcomes. The ISPs are translated into research and development programs where science

based interventions are identified along the technology chain.

Production statistics of tropical fruit

The agricultural land area of the country is almost 10 million hectares and a big portion is devoted to tropical fruit

production which is large contributory to its economic growth as export commodities like banana and mango to

foreign markets.

The country’s banana production declined from 9,013 thousand MT in 2009 to 8,646 thousand MT in 2013. The

total area planted to banana is from 454 thousand hectares in 2012 to 446 thousand hectares in 2013. The top five (5)

producing provinces were all from Mindanao, namely, Davao del Norte, Bukidnon, North Cotabato, Compostela

Valley and Davao del Sur. Combined output from these provinces accounted 53% of the total banana production of

the country (Fig. 1). In terms of area planted, Davao del Norte shared the largest at 35,000 hectares or 8% of the

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national total (Fig. 2). Bukidnon ranked next at 5%. Compostela Valley, Maguindanao and North Cotabato

followed with a share of 4% each.

Fig. 2. Banana top producing provinces based on area planted, Philippines, 2009-2013. (PSA, 2013)

Fig. 3. Per cent distribution by banana variety, Philippines (PSA, 2013)

Fig. 1. Banana top producing provinces in the Philippines PSA, 2013

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In terms of banana varieties, Cavendish variety shared about 29% of the total banana production in the country

and Lacatan shared the least (Fig. 3). From 2009 to 2013, Cavendish banana production decreased from 4,498

thousand MT to 4,230 thousand MT. The major producing provinces were Davao del Norte, Bukidnon and

Compostela Valley with a combined share of nearly three-fourths of the national production for this variety. These

provinces comprised 69% of the total area planted.

The production of Lacatan from 2009 to 2013 increased from 917 thousand MT in 2009 to 930 thousand MT in

2013. North Cotabato had the biggest share in terms of production at 134 thousand MT (Fig. 4). Davao Oriental had

the largest area planted at 4,120 hectares.

Fig. 4. Lacatan banana top producing provinces in Philippines (PSA, 2013)

The Saba variety production dropped from 2,636 thousand MT in 2009 to 2,557 thousand MT in 2013. North

Cotabato and Davao del Sur were the major producing provinces which accounted for 22% of the total saba

production in the country (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. Saba banana top producing provinces in the Philippines (PSA, 2013)

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Mango

Mango production grew from 771 thousand MT in 2009 to 816 thousand MT in 2013 and the number of bearing

trees increased by 1.33% (Fig. 6). In 2013, mango production was higher by 6.24% over the 2012 level.

Fig. 6. Volume of mango production, area planted and bearing trees, Philippines, 2009 – 2013.

The production of Carabao variety increased by an average of 1.98% annually from 2009 to 2013. Area planted

and number of bearing trees exhibited positive growth in 2013. The 2013 production of 672 thousand MT was

higher by 6.56% from the 2012 level. Pangasinan was the major producing province. Other carabao-mango

producing provinces were Zamboanga del Norte, Cebu, Batangas and IlocosNorte.

Propagation of planting materials

The different fruit crops have different uses and forms of propagation. They vary from sources of scions and root

stocks and the different methods of propagation which can be traditional/conventional or using tissue culture

technology.

Banana

For the conventional method of planting, banana growers use suckers (preferably sword suckers), whole corms, seed

pieces (a corm cut into pieces with each piece/bit bearing at least one good bud), or ball heads. Small-hold farmers

still use the traditional planting materials.

Tissue cultured meriplants/ planting materials are being used by commercial scale plantations and small-hold

farms that are into monocropping (Fig. 7).

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Figure 7. Developed and adopted plant distribution scheme for banana tissue-cultured plantlets

TC LabBox of TC plants ready

for transport

Rooted TC plant

Private/ farmers nurseries

Banana seedlings grown

in nursery

Hardened banana

seedling

Mango

Mango is propagated by sexual (seed) and asexual (vegetative) means. Asexually propagated plants are preferred by

farmers because they bear fruit earlier, shorter and true-to-type. Cleft grafting is the most successful and popular

asexual propagation technique in the Philippines. According to the DAP benchmarking study, commercial and

backyard growers have century old trees, and no conscious and deliberate effort is done to replace the old trees.

Asexually propagated plants are used for new orchard establishment and to replace trees that no longer bear fruit, or

either dead or fallen.

The typical requirements of good planting materials are vigor and good varietal characteristics. It is highly

recommended to buy planting materials from nurseries accredited by Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI) of the

Department of Agriculture (DA). In 2013, there are eight accredited mango nurseries in the Philippines. Grafted

seedlings are sold for Php30 at BPI -Los Baños National Crop Research and Development Center (LBNCRDC).

Jackfruit

Jackfruit is usually propagated by seeds or by asexual propagation. Farmers who propagate by seeds should select

healthy, vigorous, and disease-resistant seeds from productive mother trees. A sexual propagation can be done by

enriching or grafting. Among the grafting methods, cleft grafting appears to be the most effective as it is able to

counter the devastating effects of a typhoon which usually destroys tall trees. A cleft grafted tree is high in genetic

quality, grows short but strong in stature. Its branches tend to spread sidewards.

Durian

Durian is better propagated asexually through budding and grafting. If propagated sexually, durian does not grow

true-to-type because it is highly cross pollinated (Appendix 1-3).

Asexual propagation of durian has several advantages: a) genetic make-up is known in terms of fruit quality,

size, time of flowering, length of time to maturity, fruitfulness and precocity; b) trees are generally smaller than

sexually propagated trees allowing more trees planted per hectare and more economical labor cost in maintenance

and harvesting; c) trees bear fruits early; and d) all trees will likely bear fruits.

Quality/standards required for planting materials

Pursuant to the provisions of the Seed Industry Development Act of 1992, Chapter III, Article II, Section 3C and

Administrative Order #44, the General Guidelines for Certification of Fruits and Plantation Crops, the minimum

standards for mango and durian are adopted to ensure production and distribution of high quality planting materials.

Table 1 and Table 2 show the specific requirements to attain quality plant materials that are true-to-type and of

genetic purity, planting materials should pass morphological and pomological evaluation to become certified as

scion sources.

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Furthermore, the following are the standards for the scion:

1. Scion must be 203 months old, 5- cms, plump and have active growing points;

2. Leaves at the growing points must be mature, green to dark green in color and crispy when crushed;

3. Scion size must equal or should be smaller than the rootstock, and

4. Scions to be gathered must be straight and free from any infection and infestation.

Planting materials qualifying for the standards for plant material certification shall be tagged/labelled with the

following code/information:

Table 1. Drian fruit standard for scion production (Agri Laws/Regulations, 2005)

Parameters

Whole fruit size shape Medium (2.5-3.0 kg)

Oblong

Peel thickness color at ripe stage (excluding spine) medium (10-15 mm)

green to brown

Flesh texture

Smooth and firm, glutinous

Flavor aroma fiber content

% edible portion

Minimum of 15⁰ brix

Mild to strong

None to scanty

High (>75%)

Seed size thickness Small (≤20g)

Tree characters

vigor

branching

bearing habit

yield

Strong and hardy

Profuse

<5 yrs (asexually propagated)

Medium to high (≥50 fruits/yr)

Table 2. Seed and seedling standards for durian (Agri Laws/Regulations, 2005)

Parameters

Distance of sowing in seedbeds 4-6 cm apart and 1 cm deep right after

drying

Growth and vigor Seedling must be robust

Age of seedlings for transplanting in plastic bags/pots 4-6 months old

Age of rootstock seedling at grafting time 6-8 months old

Height of graft union 20-40 cm above ground level

Stem size at grafting time 0.5-1.52 cm stem diameter , measured 3

cm above the union

Growth media composition Loam, or compost, sand, garden soil in

equal proportion

Condition of trunk and branches Well-formed and sturdy

Condition of the foliage Insect pests, diseases and mechanical

damages should not exceed ¼ of the total

foliage

Condition of the roots No excessive root bound and no tap root

coming out of the container

Age of the plant at transplanting 3-4 months after grafting

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DIVERSITY

Diversity of fruit species

The Philippines is endowed with rich genetic resources and is the center of diversity for banana and other tropical

fruit. The commercially available fruit varieties are registered with the National Seed Industry Council (NSIC) and

two important export commodities are Cavendish banana and Carabao mangoes. The two minor fruit crops, jackfruit

and durian are of regional importance for they have potentials in the export market.

In the Philippines, ‘Carabao’ mango is the only commercial cultivar which is known as Manila Super Mango in

the export market with excellent eating quality and aromatic flavor. There are 12 strains or selections registered in

NSIC namely Guimaras (GES73, 77, 84, 85, Fresco, Talaban, Tanaleon, Super Guimaras or Galila), BatacIlocos

MMSU Gold, Zambales Sweet Elena, Bataan Lamao No. 1, and Efondo. Aside from ‘Carabao’ mango, there are

also other important mango varieties such as ‘Pico’ and ‘Katchamitha’. ‘Pico’ and ‘Katchamitha’, popularly known

as ‘Indian’ mango.

For banana, the most popularly planted among the 80 distinct cultivars are 'Cavendish', Saba', 'Lakatan',

'Latundan', and 'Bungulan'. Cavendish as fresh banana is the only variety which is exported to other foreign markets

and the rest are for local consumption. The Saba variety , on the other hand, is the most popular for processing and

exported to other countries as processed banana chips.

The jackfruit varieties and cultivars in the Philippines are Cervantes Gold, Sinapelo and ‘EVIARC Sweet’ is

named after the Department of Agriculture - Eastern Visayas Integrated Research Center – (DA-EVIARC). This

variety was registered at NSIC in 2007. Other jackfruit cultivars grown in the Philippines are: AES Jack #1, AES

Jak # 2, AES Jak # 3 and, ACC # 4 Burabod. These cultivars have a spreading growth habit. Fruit weigh 5.20 to

12.30 kg with yellow to rich yellow flesh. There are also local cultivars namely ‘Tinumbaga’ and ‘Sinaba’.

‘Tinumbaga’ has thin pulp, strong aroma, sweet taste and has bright yellow or amber color. ‘Sinaba’, on the other

hand, has thick pulp, long aril, has small seed and good eating quality.

Farmgate price

The farmgate prices of the four selected crops showed variances among varieties and within strains. The green

Carabao mango and durian were recorded to have the highest farmgate prices while bananas, except Lakatan, were

recorded to have the lowest prices. Also Lakatan variety showed an increasing trend of its farmgate price for the

past six years (Table 3).

9

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Farm

Gate

Pri

ce (

Ph

P p

er

kg

)

Year

Carabao

Indian

Pico

Table 3. Different farmgate prices of selected fruit from 2008-20013. (PSA, 2013)

Annual price ( pesos/kg)

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Banana Bungulan, green 5.17 8.18 9.09 7.27 7.8 8.22

Banana Lakatan, green 10.47 11.92 14.26 13.74 14.27 16.78

Banana Latundan, green 7.69 8.51 9.22 9.41 9.46 10.12

Banana Saba, green 5.48 6.19 6.87 6.51 7.01 8.35

Durian 32.62 30.59 27.2 33.87 24.17 23.95

Jackfruit, ripe 12.36 12.48 13.49 12.89 11.96 12.47

Mango Carabao, green 29.46 29.11 28.22 29.23 28.94 28.64

Mango Indian, green 6.44 6.31 6.57 7.3 8.31 8.25

Mango Piko, green 17.3 16.92 18.44 17.75 19.31 17.77

Fig. 8. Different mango strains/varieties farmgate prices from 2008-2013.

(Philippine Statistics Authority, 2013)

Based on Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS) data, ‘Carabao’ mango commands the highest farmgate price

from 2008-2013 among the mangoes planted in the Philippines (Fig. 8). ‘Carabao’ mangoes are sold for Php28 -

Php29, ‘Pico’ mangoes for Php17-19, while, ‘Indian’ mangoes for P6-8.

EXPORT MARKET

There are different requirements to meet before the fruit crops are exported to importing countries. The following

are the strict regulatory needs before mangoes are shipped to other countries. Mangoes being exported to Japan and

Korea are being graded and classified according to the following export standards: 1) fully matured (110-125 days

from flower induction), 2) free from defective quality, cleaned and properly trimmed. 3) maximum of 5% on surface

area for latex burn, 4) no physical and mechanical defects, 5) Free from pests and diseases (insects/worm damage)

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and purely Philippine variety of typical shape. It requires also proper sizing and grading with appropriate size

classification (Table 4).

Table 4. Size classification of mango

Size Super small Small Medium Large Extra large

Label A S M L XL

Mass in grams 160-200 201-240 241-300 301-360 361 and above

Net wt. in kgs/box 12 12 12 12 12

No, of pcs/box 64-72 56-60 48 36 32

The Japanese government has specified a protocol for the control of fruitfly and imposed conditions before

Philippine mangoes are allowed entry to Japan. The fruit should be subjected to vapor heat treatment (VHT), packed

in cartons in an enclosed packaging area, and inspected before shipment by a personnel from the Japanese Ministry

of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (MAFF) (Table 5).

On the other hand, the proximity of Hongkong to the Philippines has a great advantage and has become the

trading path of most fruit crops. There are two Hongkong market distribution centers, one in Kowloon (YauMaTei)

and in Hongkong side (western wholesale and food market). Importation requirements and protocol are simple and

easy to comply with and it is a consignment market wherein no fix price is set prior to shipment and payment is

made days after shipment arrival. The terms of payment would run from seven days or more, depending on preset

arrangement. The HongKong importers are generally referred to as brokers.

For the China market, the Philippine exporters access China market thru Hongkong not only because of

logistical convenience but for credit and banking facilities. It is estimated that about 30 to 40% of Philippine

mangoes shipped to Hong Kong are transshipped to Nan Hai Li Shui. Fruit trading in Nan Hai Li Shui is one credit

term arrangement.

USA allows importation of mangoes only from Guimaras island where it was inspected and found free of

mango seed weevil and pulp weevil. Also, Philippine mangoes are exported to Hawaii and Guam from areas grown

anywhere in the Philippines except Palawan. Palawan is under strict quarantine and mangoes are prohibited to be

exported in the country because of the pulp weevil. The fruit should be subjected to vapor heat treatment, packed in

cartons in an enclosed packaging area, and inspected before shipment by a personnel from the USDA-APHIS. The

salary, transportation and accommodation of these quarantine officers are shouldered by the exporters.

The national research and development fruit crops program

The National Research and Development Agenda of Fruit Crops are identified based on ISP. Advances and

technological innovations in agriculture are addressing food security, global competitiveness and poverty alleviation

programs.

PCAARRD is the national apex for the National Agriculture System with regional consortia to coordinate the

research and development activities. The implementing arms are the research networks with members from the State

Universities and Colleges, and other government private and public entities. PCAARRD closely collaborates with

the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the DA in the complementation of R and D activities and other

government research entities including state universities and private research organizations in conducting researches.

For technology transfer modalities, PCAARRD ties up with the Agriculture Training Institute (ATI) of the DA and

local government units from provincial, municipal to barangay level in order to reach the farmers.

PCAARRD, crafted different ISPs to provide science solutions that are integral to achieving the development

goals of the Philippines. PCAARRD aims to deliver these solutions through NIS, as founded on its mandates as a

science planning and coordination council. PCAARRD thus presents (ISPs) to set and the vision and direction for

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S&T for the agriculture, aquatic, and natural resources sectors, and influence other NIS actors to align their

collective efforts towards such S&T vision. The ISP describes the targets for each industry and pinpoints the aspects

of the industry where S&T will make a difference. Moreover, the ISP encapsulates and proposes how the vision can

be operationalized through specific activities under each of the major banner programs. Overall, the ISP is

PCAARRD's contribution in shaping and forging desired societal outcomes.

Sources: Johnson et al., 1997; Armstrong, 1994

ISP outcomes for banana are: 1) reduced incidence of Fusarium wilt tropical race 4 on Cavendish in Mindanao

by 90-95% in 2015, 2) increased average yield of Lakatan (from 21.58 MT/ha to 34.52 mt/ha) by 2015, 3) reduced

incidence of banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) in Lakatan (from 70% to 20%) by 202 , and 4) developed early

fruiting dwarf Saba by 2020.

The major variety of banana produced in the Philippines (51%) is Cavendish. It generates 329,648 jobs in the

country providing Php42.3B in annual wages. Total investment to the industry is Php82.4B. In 2012, revenue

reached Php74.4B. The industry is threatened by Fusarium wilt (FW) tropical race 4, a disease caused by a soil-

borne pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), which could thrive in the soil for years, causing banana

plants to wilt and make the plantation unproductive.

The ISP aims to reduce the incidence of FW on Cavendish in Mindanao by 90-95% through the use of resistant

varieties, which are market-acceptable and through the application of microbial agents as part of the integrated

management of the disease. Likewise, the pseudo stem of bananas can be a good source of fiber. Hence, an

affordable automated decorticating machine will be developed for processing banana and pineapple fibers, to replace

the hand stripper, with improved productivity and product quality.

Importing

country

Exporting

country/variety

Required treatment/pest

Japan

Australia/Kensington

Philippines/Carabao

Taiwan/Irwin, Haden Thailand

Nang Klan Wun Nam doc Mai,

Dang, Rad, Pimsem

VHT (46.5oC, 15 min)/ Qu, Me

VHT (46oC, 10 min)/Or VHT

(46.5oC, 10 min)/Or, Me VHT

(46.5oC, 10 min)/Or, Me VHT

(47oC, 10 min)/Or, Me

US

Mexico/Manila Mexico or

Central America north of and

including Costa Rica/flat,

elongated cultivars rounded

cultivars Taiwan

Philippines/Carabao

VHT (43.3oC, 6h) Hot water

immersion (46.1oC) <375 g, 65

min; 375-570 g, 75 min <500 g,

75 min; 500-700 g, 90 min VHT

(46.5oC, 30 min) VHT (46oC, 10

min)

Australia

Philippines/Carabao

VHT (46oC, 10 min)

New Zealand

Thailand Mexico

VHT (46.5oC, 10 min) Hot water

immersion (46.5oC, 65-90 min)

Table 5. Approved disinfestation treatments of mangoes.

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The Lakatan variety of banana is a popular dessert in the Philippines, which contributes 10% of total banana

production. It is very susceptible to major diseases such as banana bunchy top disease (BBTD), Sigatoka, and FW.

With the ISP, the incidence of banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) in Lakatan is hoped to be reduced from 70% to

20% through the use of BBTV-resistant Lakatan mass produced using shoot-tip culture and through the application

of best cultural management practices.

The Saba variety is a major cooking-type banana produced in the Philippines which comprises 29% of the total

banana production. It is used in the production of banana chips, a major export product of the Philippines. In 2010,

the Philippines exported 28,084 mt chips/ crackers valued at Php1,816.76M with Vietnam, USA, and China as the

major markets. One of the major concerns of the banana chips industry is the lack of supply. Thus, the ISP aims to

develop a dwarf Saba which can bear fruit earlier at 12-18 months than the traditional Saba at 18-24 months.

For mango, ISP outcomes are: 1) increased yield by 57% (from 5.82 MT/ha to 9.11 MT/ha) by 2015, and by

90% (from 5.82 MT/ha to 11.11 MT/ha) by 2020, 2) reduced postharvest losses by 50% (from 40% to 20%) by

2015, and by 65% (from 40% to 14%) by 2020, and 3) enhanced capability of mango growers on Integrated Crop

Management (ICM), Postharvest Quality Management (PQM), and Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs).

The Philippine ‘Carabao‘ mango ranks 12th

in the top world producer and 1.86% share in the world mango

production (FAO, 2012). It is the 3rd

most important fruit crop in the Philippines based on export volume and value

(FAO, 2011). It has established its domestic market as fresh produce and with bright opportunities for the

international market both for its fresh or processed forms. Majority of the processed mangoes are exported as dried

(56%), juices and concentrates (39%) and puree (5%) valued at US$242.

For the past years, investments on R and D have been poured in by PCAARRD and other international donors

to develop technologies to address production constraints such as incidence of pests and diseases, poor cultural

management, and high postharvest losses. The packages of technologies through scientific approaches and adoption

by farmers resulted in high yields and good quality fresh produce mangoes. But in spite of ready packages of

technologies, the target to increase yields and produce good quality produce have not been attained. An impact

assessment conducted by the Socio-economic Research Division of PCAARRD revealed that the non-adoption of

technologies and limited resources of the farmers are the causal factors. The ISP aims to develop convergence of

technologies for adoption through a clustering approach or to be adopted by S and T model farms.

Deliverables of the ISPs on tropical fruit

Knowing the researchable gaps and the industry outcomes, each ISP defined the deliverables of the programs to

meet the needs of the target beneficiaries and geographical locations where the technologies will be adopted. The

Tables 6 to 9 summarize the deliverables for each ISP of banana, mango, durian and jackfruit.

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Table 6. Deliverables of ISP on banana by 2020.

Beneficiaries

233 banana (Cavendish, Lakatan, and Saba) farmers/growers, 4 tissue culture laboratories, and 1 banana

nursery

Other potential beneficiaries are banana farmers in other areas/regions/provinces

Strategic

R&D

Cavendish

Best-performing and market-acceptable GCTCV somaclone as substitute for Grand Naine suited

under Philippine condition;

Best microbial agent against Foc TR4;

Distribution map of Foc TR4 in Mindanao;

Mass production and delivery systems of healthy seedlings of GCTCV 218;

At least 5,000 planting materials of potentially dwarf Saba for field establishment and evaluation

First prototype of an automatic decorticating machine

Lakatan

Initial agronomic and yield data of banana bunchy top virus (BBTV)-resistant Lakatan in 4 provinces

(Quirino, Cavite, Laguna, and Davao)

Effective media formulation for micropropagation of floral apex

120,000 Lakatan and 60,000 Cardaba planting materials produced by the USM tissue culture

laboratory

Demonstration of the effectiveness of introduced interventions versus existing farmers’ practice

under a community-based approach of banana production in region 12.

R&D

Results

Utilization

Assistance and training to 88 farmers in Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental, and Compostela Valley

on nursery management and banana production to rehabilitate typhoon Pablo-stricken areas.

Focus geographical areas

Provinces with High Poverty Magnitude: Quezon, Camarines Sur, Leyte

Provinces with High Poverty Incidence: Maguindanao, North Cotabato

Provinces Vulnerable to Shocks and

Disasters:

Quirino, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Laguna, Cavite, Leyte

Other Provinces Included in the Program: Oriental Mindoro, Davao City, Davao del Norte, Compostela Valley, Davao

Oriental, Cotabato City, Sultan Kudarat

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Table 7. Deliverables of ISP on durian by 2020.

Banner

programs

2015 deliverables/output

Strategic R&D Determined appropriate time of flower and fruit thinning in durian, appropriate

inflorescence and number of flowers/inflorescence, effect of pruning and de-topping on

yield

Determined appropriate time of flower and fruiting in durian

Identified Phytophthora tolerant native durian lines and rootstock material

Data on the morphological characteristics of identified Phytophthora-tolerant native durian

lines

Validated optimum nutrient requirement of durian

Determined economic benefits of pruning, topping and flower and fruit thinning in durian

Establishment of durian demo farms and enhancing capabilities of growers using the best

practices in durian production.

Focus geographic areas

Provinces with high poverty magnitude: Cotabato

Provinces with high poverty incidence: Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat

Provinces vulnerable to shocks and disaster: Davao

Other provinces included in the program: N. Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Davao del Norte, S. Kudarat

Table 8. Deliverables of ISP on jackfruit by 2020.

Beneficiaries

900 jackfruit growers, 50 researchers, and 136 LGUs

Other potential beneficiaries are jackfruit growers in other areas/regions/provinces

Banner

programs

2015 deliverables/output

Strategic R&D Design and prototype of processing tools (peeler and depulper)

Focus geographic areas

Provinces with high poverty magnitude: Samar

Provinces with high poverty incidence: Leyte, Samar

Provinces vulnerable to shocks and disaster: Leyte, Samar

15

Table 9. Deliverables of ISP on mango by 2020.

Government laws for the progress of the fruit sector

There are some policies and regulatory protocols which are in place in the country to provide progress of the fruit

crops industry and create in roads for growth of the economy and improved productivity. There are two laws that

directly gear up the global competiveness and food security of the country, and these are:

1. The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) of 1997 of the Republic Act 8435 seeks the

modernization of the agriculture and fisheries sector by allocating budget and institute policy reforms such as land

use, finance and marketing, farm to market roads, product standards, research and extension, incentives for

agriculture-linked industries and administrative support. The goals of the national economy are a more equitable

distribution of opportunities, income and wealth; a sustained increase in the amount of goods and services produced

by the nation for the benefit of the people; and an expanding productivity as the key to raising the quality of life for

all, especially the underprivileged. The State shall promote industrialization and full employment based on sound

agricultural development and agrarian reform, through industries that make full and efficient use of human and

Banner

programs

2015 deliverables/output

Strategic R&D Developed ‘Carabao’ mango-specific DNA markers to determine a genuine ‘Carabao’

variety planting materials

Developed database of population genetic structure of Philippine ‘Carabao’ mango

strains

Produced diagnostic kit (dipstick kit) for identification of Philippine ‘Carabao’ Mango

Identify markers for screening genotypes with red blush and thick skin, resistance to

pest and diseases

Enhanced Integrated Pest Management (IPM) module for the control of mango twig

borer (MTB)

R&D Results

Utilization

Assisted and trained 17 mango grower clusters with 146 cluster members on

Integrated Crop Management (ICM), Postharvest Quality Management (PQM) and Good

Agricultural Practices (GAP) on mango production

Trained 6 mango growers in Central Luzon on the control of MTB

Socio-

economic and

Policy

Advocacy

Ex-ante analysis of mango ISP

Beneficiaries

350 mango growers, 3 nursery operators, 50 LGUs/ extension workers, and 15 researchers

Other potential beneficiaries are mango growers in other areas/regions/provinces

Focus geographic areas

Provinces with high poverty magnitude: Pangasinan, Quezon

Provinces with high poverty incidence: North Cotabato, Sarangani

Provinces vulnerable to shocks and disaster: Isabela, Pampanga, Laguna, Leyte

Other provinces included in the program: La Union, Bulacan, Bataan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Zambales,

Batangas, Guimaras, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat

16

natural resources, and which are competitive in both domestic and foreign markets. In pursuit of these goals, all

sectors of the economy and all regions of the country shall be given optimum opportunity to develop. Private

enterprises, including corporations, cooperatives, and similar collective organizations, shall be encouraged to

broaden the base of their ownership.

2. The "High-Value Crops Development Act of 1995, Republic Act 7900" which was declared the policy of the

State to accelerate the growth and development of agriculture in general, enhance productivity and incomes of

farmers and the rural population, improve investment climate, competencies and efficiency of agribusiness and

develop high-value crops as export crops that will significantly augment the foreign exchange earnings of the

country, through an all-out promotion of the production, processing, marketing, and distribution of high-value crops

in suitable areas of the country. The State shall be guided by the principles that land has a social function and land

ownership has a social responsibility. As such, owners and lessees of agricultural land, being stewards, have the

obligation to cultivate the lands they own or lease and make the land economically productive on a sustainable and

environmentally friendly manner. The State has the right to expropriate lands not utilized for the benefit of the

community and the country as a whole.

Major agencies responsible for fruit export

There are two major departments responsible in the export of fruit crops and other agricultural commodities to

address safety and quality of produce.

The Department of Agriculture is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for the

promotion of agricultural and fisheries development and growth. It has two major bureaus, the Bureau of

Agricultural and Fisheries Product Standards (BAFPS) and BPI that safeguard the quality and safety of the fruit

crops for exports and imports.

Another important department is the Department of Trade Industry of the Philippine Government is tasked to

expand Philippine trade, industries and investments as the means to generate jobs and raise incomes for Filipinos. It

acts as catalyst for intensified private sector activity in order to accelerate and sustain economic growth through

comprehensive industrial growth strategy, progressive and socially responsible trade liberalization and deregulation

programs and policymaking designed for the expansion and diversification of Philippine trade - both domestic and

foreign.

BAFPS under the Department of Agriculture was established in December 1997 as provided for by Republic

Act No. 8435 (1997) or the Agriculture Fisheries and Modernization Act. Its major duties include formulating and

enforcing standards of quality in the processing, preservation, packaging, labeling, importation, exportation,

distribution and advertising of fresh and primary agricultural and fisheries products. BAFPS also provides assistance

in establishing the scientific basis for food safety, trade standards and codes of practice and harmonizes them with

internationally accepted standards and practices.

BAFPS also serves as the National Enquiry Point for Codex Alimentarius and other food safety and standards

regulatory bodies. It is in charge of monitoring and disseminating information on international developments in food

safety.

The Plant Quarantine Service (PQS) is a section under the Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI). BPI, being a

member of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and other international organizations, serves as

our National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO). By virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1433, known as the

“Plant Quarantine Decree of 1978”, BPI-PQS was strengthened by adequate updated laws, regulations, resources

and facilities to monitor and control the movement of plant pests and diseases. Since then, it aims to protect

Philippine Agriculture by preventing the introduction of new pests and its further spread. The PQS has 13 regional

offices nationwide and works on both international and domestic fronts. International quarantine involves imported

and exported plants, plant products and potential animal pests. Any agricultural commodity intended for export are

thoroughly inspected, classified and graded prior to the issuance of the phytosanitary certificate to conform to the

requirements of the importing country. Similarly, imported commodities undergo verification of documentary

requirements, inspection, further examination in the laboratory, treatment if necessary, and may be held under

quarantine or subject to destruction if needed. The exporter should comply on the pre-shipment conditions/

requirements stated in the Plant Quarantine Clearance (PQC- Import Permit) that has been issued.

17

Domestic plant quarantine, on the other hand, mainly focuses on the restriction on the movement of infected

and/or infested plants and plant parts/products from one locality to another within the country. This is to prevent

further spread of indigenous quarantine pests and introduced pests and diseases to a known Pest Free Area.

The Bureau of Import Services (BIS) of the Philippine Department of Trade and Industry assists local

entrepreneur or foreign enterprise to bring products from overseas into the shores of the

Philippines. On the other hand, the Export Marketing Bureau (EMB) provides information and

tools to bring in the products of the exporters in the international market. If a foreign business

desires to source materials from the Philippines, or a local producer looking for manufacturers who

may be in need of the raw materials , EMB's Business Matching Service help to find your perfect

partner in business.

Key institutions involved in the fruit research program

PCAARRD and BAR play important role in the management of research and development programs on fruit crops.

These two institutions provide research grants to implementing entities or institutions to generate and deliver

technologies needed by the fruit crops industry. There are identified state universities and colleges, bureaus of the

DA, institutes of the DOST which are tasked to conduct basic researches to be disseminated to the fruit growers. The

technology transfer modalities and extension activities are usually executed by the local government units,

specialized cooperating agencies or government and non government organizations (Appendices 4-7).

BPI has its own research center based in Guimaras island working both for technology generation and

promotion of mango technologies for adoption in mango production. The package of technologies are designed to

meet the requirements of export quality mangoes for USA. Other technologies to meet the deliverables of the ISP on

mangoes are implemented by state universities and colleges.

The banana has no identified center but specifically for Cavendish variety, the state universities in Mindanao,

namely University of Southern Philippines (USeP), University of the Philippines of Mindanao (UPMin), University

of Southern Mindanao (USM) in collaboration with the Pilipino Banana Growers Association are conducting

researches to address the serious disease of Cavendish banana, particularly the Fusarium wilt race 4.

On other banana cultivars which are widely grown in Luzon island of the country, the University of the

Philippines Los Baňos, Cavite State University and others are the major research implementers to address the

problems of banana bunchy top virus, genetic improvement, postharvest handling and storage, transport and

packaging.

For jackfruit and durian, since these two are of regional concerns, the Visayas State University in region VIII

and DA region VIII implement both applied and basic researches on jackfruit for adoption by the fruit growers.

Durian is well populated in Mindanao, BPI Davao, USeP, UPMin and USM are the key players that address

problems on crop production management.

International research partners

There are only three international centers or institutes which are responsible for sharing technology to enhance

production of fruit in the country; namely the Bioversity International, Taiwan Banana Research Institute (TBRI)

and the Australian Center for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR).

The Bioversity International continuously provides the technologies and capacitates the researchers or scientists

through trainings and participation to conferences. On the other hand, TBRI is instrumental in the sharing of

germplasm to address the Fusarium wilt Race 4 problem in Mindanao.

The ACIAR provides research grants to key implementing institutions working on the Integrated Crop

Management of Mangoes and Value Chain Analysis in Southern Philippines of Mindanao from 2007 to date.

CONCLUSION

The tropical fruit in the country are so diverse and regarded as economically important particularly bananas and

mangoes which are the top dollar earners in the export market. Though these crops are the best bets in terms of

global competitiveness, regulatory policies must be strengthened to sustain its status in the world market. The other

minor fruit like durian and jackfruit, which are of regional importance, must be given top priority in terms of

funding to elevate its status from domestic crops to export commodities.

18

There are defined deliverables in the research and development programs, however the major institutions

providing grants must look into crafting a unified agenda to achieve the common goals which are appropriate for the

target clienteles. Moreover, there are many research implementing institutions and the critical mass of seasoned

experts are wanting, hence the establishment of a fruit crop center can be designed.

But over all, this paper affirms that status of the fruit crops industry is gaining strong foothold in the Philippine

economy but in-depth analysis on the available production and marketing statistics data and technologies must be

done to determine its impact on the country as well as to the different fruit crops stakeholders.

19

Appendix 1. Characteristics of different durian cultivars,

‘Alcon Fancy’

A local cultivar with round fruit weighing 0.5 to

1.5 kg. The flesh is sweet, canary yellow and

has slightly bitter taste and mild aroma. The

edible portion is 34%.

Fig. 1. ‘Alcon Fancy’

‘Arancillo’

Local cultivar popular among local growers. It is

a prolific and consistent bearer, bearing off-

season fruit. The fruit is ovoid in shape,

weighing about 0.65 to 2.0 kg. The flesh is

mimosa yellow, firm, sweet and creamy, and has

a mild aroma. The edible portion is 35%.

However, variety is susceptible to Phytopthora.

Fig. 2. ‘Arancillo’

‘Atabrine’ (DES 806)

This cultivar is prolific and bear fruit 7 to 8 years

after planting. The fruit is ellipsoidal, weighing

from 2 to 3 kg. The flesh is maple yellow, sweet,

and very glutinous with slightly bitter taste. The

edible portion is 25%.

Fig. 3. ‘Atabrine’ (DES 806)

20

‘Chanee’ (AC 2815)

A cultivar introduced from Thailand and also

one of the most sought after varieties in the

market. The fruit is ovoid with a broad, obtuse

tip and weighs from 2 to 4 kg. The flesh is thick,

golden yellow, sweet, and has a mild aroma. The

edible portion is 32%.

Fig. 4. ‘Chanee’ (AC 2815)

‘Duyaya’

Another local cultivar, maturity is 120-130 days

after fruit set. The fruit is oblong, weighing from

2 to 4 kg. The flesh is thick, bright yellow,

sweet, and has a mild aroma. The edible portion

is 32%.

Fig. 5. ‘Duyaya’

‘GD 69’

Another local cultivar, fruit is obovate and large,

weighing about 2-2.5 kg. The flesh is yellow

orange, firm, thick and has mild aroma, The

edible portion is 45%.

Fig. 6. ‘GD 69’

21

‘Lacson Uno’

This local cultivar bears fruit 4 to 5 years after

planting. The fruit is obovate and large,

weighing about 3-4 kg. The flesh is yellow, firm

and sweet and has a mild aroma. The edible

portion is 33%.

Fig. 7. ‘Lacson Uno’

‘Mamer’ (916)

Another prolific and consistent fruit. This

cultivar bears fruit 7 to 8 years after planting, the

fruit are ellipsoidal and weighs from 2 to 3 kg.

The flesh is barium yellow, sweet, and glutinous.

The edible portion is 25%.

Fig. 8. ‘Mamer’ (916)

‘Mon Thong’

Originally from Thailand, this cultivar is also

known as ‘Golden Pillow’. The fruit is slightly

elongated with pointed tip and weighs from 2 to

5 kg. The flesh is thick, golden yellow, sweet,

and has a mild aroma. The edible portion is

30%.

Fig. 9. ‘Mon Thong’

22

‘Puyat’

This local cultivar’s fruit is big and cylindroidal,

weighing about 2-4 kg. The flesh is chrome

yellow, firm, sweet, soft, buttery, and has a mild

aroma. The edible portion is 40%. This cultivar

is also known to be more tolerant to Phytopthora

Fig. 10. ‘Puyat’

23

Appendix 2. Summary of origin and characteristics of recommended durian cultivars

(The Philippine Recommends, 2000)

Cultivars Origin Shape Flesh

color

Weight

(kg)

Edible

portion

(%)

TSSa

(⁰Brix)

Maturity

Fruit

(Days)

Tree

(Years)

‘Alcon Fancy’ Local Round Canary

yellow

0.5-1.5 34 26 110-

120

4-5

‘Arancillo’ Local Ovoid Mimosa

yellow

0.65-2 38 27 115-

120

4-5

‘Atabrine’ Local Ellipsoidal Maple

yellow

2-3 25 24 100-

110

7-8

‘Chanee’ Thailand Ovoid, with

broad

obtuse tip

Golden

yellow

2-4 32 25 110-

115

3-4

‘Duyaya’ Local Oblong Bright

yellow

2-4 32 27 120-

130

4-5

‘GD 69’ Local Obovate Yellow

orange

2-2.5 45 27 110-

115

3-5

‘Lacson Uno’ Local Obovate Yellow 3-4 33 27 110-

120

4-5

‘Mamer’ Local Ellipsoidal Barium

yellow

2-3 25 23 100-

110

3-4

‘Mon Thong’ Thailand Slightly

elongated

with pointed

apex

Golden

yellow

2-5 30 27 120-

130

5

‘Puyat’ Local Cylindroidal Chrome

yellow

2-4 40 26 110-

125

3-4

24

Appendix 3. Durian grafting and budding methods

Cleft grafting

The most popular method of propagating

durian using 5 to 7 month old rootstocks

Hypocotyl grafting

Propagation method using 21 to 28 day-old

rootstocks. The seedling is regraftable if the

first trial fails to unite by using the other side

of the hypocotyl.

Epicotyl grafting

The most appropriate propagation method for

2-4 month old rootstocks. The procedure is

similar to hypocotyl grafting, except that the

point of union is at the epicotyl about 2.5-5.0

cm above the hypocotyl.

25

Single node grafting

This method is easier to do, cheaper and can be

done much faster than conventional grafting.

Five times more plants can be produced using

the same number of scions.

Inarching or approach grafting

The method is applicable to all growth stages

of the scion. It is not commonly practiced in

commercial nurseries due to additional labor

required in building scaffolds to hold the

rootstock up on the tree.

Patch budding

This budding method is recommended for

eight month old or older rootstocks.

26

Appendix 4. Banana R and D Network of implementers

27

Appendix 5. Durian R and D network of implementers

Appendix 6. Jackfruit R and D Network of implementers

Network of Implementers

Region 11USeP, DA-SMIARC

BPI-DNCRDCLGUs

Region 12USM, SKSULGUs

DURIAN INDUSTRY STRATEGIC S&T PLAN

28

Appendix 7. Mango R and D Network of implementers.

Region 1

DMMMS

U; PSU;

LGU Region 3

CLSU; RMTU; BPSU

BASC; TCA; PAC; LGU

Region 12

USM; SKSU;

LGU

Region

11

USeP;

LGU

Region 6

UPV

BPI-NMRDC

LGU

Region 4

UPLB;

LGU

Region 2

ISU; LGU

Region

8

VSU

Network of Implementers

ISP Interventions, Deliverables, and Potential ImpactsMANGO INDUSTRY STRATEGIC S&T PLAN

29

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